Effect of boundary conditions on downstream vorticity from counter-rotating swirlers

Particle image velocimetry(PIV) is utilized to measure the non-reacting flow field in a reflow combustor with multiple and single swirlers. The velocity field, vortex structure and total vorticity levels are experimentally obtained using two different boundary conditions, representing a single confined swirler and multiple swirlers in an annular combustor. The influence of the boundary conditions on the flow field at several locations downstream of the swirlers is experimentally investigated, showing that the central vortex in the multi-swirler case is more concentrated than in the single-swirler case. The vorticity of the central vortex and average cross-sectional vorticity are relatively low at the swirler outlet in both cases. Both of these statistics gradually increase to the maximum values near 20 mm downstream of the swirler outlet, and subsequently decrease. It is also found that the central vortex in the multi-swirler case is consistently greater than the single-swirler case. These results demonstrate the critical influence of boundary conditions on flow characteristic of swirling flow, providing insight into the difference of the experiments on testbed combustor and the full-scale annular combustors.     

A combined application of micro-vortex generator and boundary layer suction in a high-load compressor cascade

In the current study, the effects of a combined application between micro-vortex generator and boundary layer suction on the flow characteristics of a high-load compressor cascade are investigated. The micro-vortex generator with a special configuration and the longitudinal suction slot are adopted. The calculated results show that a reverse flow region, which is considered the main reason for occurring stall at 7.9° incidence, grows and collapses rapidly near the leading edge and leads to two critical points occurring on the end-wall with the increasing incidence in the baseline. As the micro-vortex generator is introduced in the baseline cascade, the corner separation is switched to a trailing edge separation by the thrust from the induced vortex. Meanwhile, the occurrence of failure is delayed due to the mixed low energy fluid and main flow. The synergistic effects between the micro-vortex generator and the boundary layer suction on the performance of the cascade are superior to the baseline at all the incidence conditions before the occurrence of failure, and the sudden deterioration of the cascade occurs at 10.3° incidence. The optimal results show that the farther upstream suction position, the lower total pressure loss of the cascade with vortex generator at the near stall condition. Moreover, the induced vortex with a leg can migrate the accumulated low energy fluid backward to delay the occurrence of stall.     

Transonic wing stall of a blended flying wing common research model based on DDES method

Numerical simulation of wing stall of a blended flying wing configuration at transonic speed was conducted using both delayed detached eddy simulation(DDES) and unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS) equations methods based on the shear stress transport(SST) turbulence model for a free-stream Mach number 0.9 and a Reynolds number 9.6 × 10~6. A joint time step/grid density study is performed based on power spectrum density(PSD) analysis of the frequency content of forces or moments, and medium mesh and the normalized time scale0.010 were suggested for this simulation. The simulation results show that the DDES methods perform more precisely than the URANS method and the aerodynamic coefficient results from DDES method compare very well with the experiment data. The angle of attack of nonlinear vortex lift and abrupt wing stall of DDES results compare well with the experimental data. The flow structure of the DDES computation shows that the wing stall is caused mainly by the leeward vortex breakdown which occurred at x/x_(cr)= 0.6 at angle of attack of 14°. The DDES methods show advantage in the simulation problem with separation flow. The computed result shows that a shock/vortex interaction is responsible for the wing stall caused by the vortex breakdown. The balance of the vortex strength and axial flow, and the shock strength, is examined to provide an explanation of the sensitivity of the breakdown location. Wing body thickness has a great influence on shock and shock/vortex interactions, which can make a significant difference to the vortex breakdown behavior and stall characteristic of the blended flying wing configuration.     

InvesInvestigation of the Effects of Airfoil-probes on the Aerodynamic Performance of an Axial Compressor

In order to investigate the effects of the airfoil-probes on the aerodynamic performance of an axial compressor,a numerical simulation of 3D flow field is performed in a 1.5-stage axial compressor with airfoil-probes installed at the stator leading-edge(LE).The airfoil-probes have a negative influence on the compressor aerodynamic performance at all operating points.A streamwise vortex is induced by the airfoil-probe along both sides of the blade.At the mid-operating point,the vortex is notable along the pressure side and is relatively small along the suction side(SS).At the near-stall point,the vortex is slightly suppressed in the pressure surface(PS),but becomes remarkable in the suction side.A small local-separation is induced by the interactions between the vortex and the end-wall boundary layer in the corner region near the hub.That the positive pitch angle of the airfoil-probe at 6.5% span is about 15° plays an important role in the vortex evolution near the hub,which causes the fact that the airfoil-probe near the hub has the largest effects among the four airfoil-probes.In order to get a further understanding of the vortex evolution in the stator in the numerical simulation,a flow visualization experiment in a water tunnel is performed.The flow visualization results give a deep insight into the evolution of the vortex induced by the airfoil-probe.     

Computations of unsteady transonic flow over airfoil at low Reynolds number

Transonic flow over a thin airfoil at low Reynolds number was studied numerically by directly solving two-dimensional full Navier-Stokes equations through 5th order weighted essentially non-oscillatory(WENO) scheme without using any turbulence model.A series of distinguished unsteady phenomena for a thin 2-D transonic airfoil flow were presented.Due to continuous adverse pressure gradient in the subsonic flow downstream of the sonic line, the unsteady separated boundary layer with main vortex and secondary vortex was developed at the rear of the airfoil.At the trailing edge,the vortex-shedding was characterized by periodical connection of the main vortex and secondary vortex on the other side of the airfoil.The unsteady separation and vortex-shedding occurred with the same period.On the airfoil surface,the average pulse pressure related to the unsteady supersonic region was obviously smaller than that related to the vortex-shedding at the trailing edge.With the attack angle increasing from 0° to 2°, the frequency of vortex-shedding decreases about 4.2%.At last, the turbulence intensity and many second-order statistics in the wake region were investigated.      

Vortex structures downstream a lobed nozzle/mixer

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the evolutions of unsteady vortex structures downstream a lobed mixer/nozzle.Anovel dual-plane stereoscopic PIVsystem was used to measure all 3-components of vorticity distributions to revealed both the large-scale streamwise vortices produced by the lobed mixer/nozzle and the Kelvin-Helmholtz vortex structures generated due to the Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities simultaneously and quantitatively for the first time.The instantaneous and the ensemble-averaged vorticity distributions displayed quite different aspects about the evolutions of the unsteady vortex structures.While the ensemble-averaged vorticity distributions indicated the overall effect of the special geometry of the lobed nozzle/mixer on the enhanced mixing process,the instantaneous vorticity distributions elucidated many details about how the enhanced mixing process was conducted.In addition to quantitatively confirming conjectures of previous studies,further insight about the formation,evolution and interaction characteristics of the unsteady vortex structures downstream of the lobed mixer/nozzle were also uncovered quantitatively in the present study.      

Influence of artificial tip perturbation on asymmetric vortices flow over a chined fuselage

An experimental study was conducted with the aim of understanding behavior of asymmetric vortices flow over a chined fuselage.The tests were carried out in a wind tunnel at Reynolds number of 1.87 · 105 under the conditions of high angles of attack and zero angle of sideslip.The results show that leeward vortices flow becomes asymmetric vortices flow when angle of attack increases over 20.The asymmetric vortices flow is asymmetry of two forebody vortices owing to the increase of angle of attack but not asymmetry of vortex breakdown which appears when angle of attack is above 35.Asymmetric vortices flow is sensitive to tip perturbation and is nondeterministic due to randomly distributed natural minute geometrical irregularities on the nose tip within machining tolerance.Deterministic asymmetric vortices flow can be obtained by attaching artificial tip perturbation which can trigger asymmetric vortices flow and decide asymmetric vortices flow pattern.Triggered by artificial tip perturbation, the vortex on the same side with perturbation is in a higher position, and the other vortex on the opposite side is in a lower position.Vortex suction on the lower vortex side is larger, which corresponds to a side force pointing to the lower vortex side.     

Generalized Kutta–Joukowski theorem for multi-vortex and multi-airfoil flow(a lumped vortex model)

For purpose of easy identification of the role of free vortices on the lift and drag and for purpose of fast or engineering evaluation of forces for each individual body,we will extend in this paper the Kutta–Joukowski(KJ) theorem to the case of inviscid flow with multiple free vortices and multiple airfoils. The major simplification used in this paper is that each airfoil is represented by a lumped vortex,which may hold true when the distances between vortices and bodies are large enough. It is found that the Kutta–Joukowski theorem still holds provided that the local freestream velocity and the circulation of the bound vortex are modified by the induced velocity due to the outside vortices and airfoils. We will demonstrate how to use the present result to identify the role of vortices on the forces according to their position,strength and rotation direction. Moreover,we will apply the present results to a two-cylinder example of Crowdy and the Wagner example to demonstrate how to perform fast force approximation for multi-body and multi-vortex problems. The lumped vortex assumption has the advantage of giving such kinds of approximate results which are very easy to use. The lack of accuracy for such a fast evaluation will be compensated by a rigorous extension,with the lumped vortex assumption removed and with vortex production included,in a forthcoming paper.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF UNSTEADY FLOW AROUND A CIRCULAR CYLINDER AT HIGH REYNOLDS NUMBERS

A Lagrangian-Eulerian hybrid scheme to solve unsteady N-S equation in two-dimensional incompressible fluid at high Reynolds numbers is presented in this paper. A random walk is imposed to simulate the viscous diffusion, the vortex-in-cell method is used to obtain the convection velocity, and nascent vortices are created on a cylinder to satisfy the zero-slip condition. The impulsively started flow around a circular cylinder and the separation induced by a pair of incident vortices symmetrically approaching a circular cylinder have been successfully simulated by the hybrid scheme. The impulsively started flow from rest has been computed at Reynolds numbers 3000 and 9500. Comparisons are made with those results of finite-difference method, vortex method and flow visualization. Agreement is good. The particular attention has been paid to the evolutions of flow pattern. A topological analysis has been proposed in the region of the near wake. The bulge, isolated secondary vortex, a pair of secondary vortices     

Numerical study of separation on the trailing edge of a symmetrical airfoil at a low Reynolds number

This study focuses on the trailing-edge separation of a symmetrical airfoil at a low Rey-nolds number. Finite volume method is adopted to solve the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation. Flow of the symmetrical airfoil SD8020 at a low Reynolds number has been simulated. Laminar separation bubble in the flow field of the airfoil is observed and process of unsteady bubble burst and vortex shedding from airfoil surfaces is investigated. The time-dependent lift coefficient is characteristic of periodic fluctuations and the lift curve varies nonlinearly with the attack of angle. Laminar separation occurs on both surfaces of airfoil at small angles of attack. With the increase of angle of attack, laminar separation occurs and then reattaches near the trailing edge on the upper surface of airfoil, which forms laminar separation bubble. When the attack of angle reaches certain value, the laminar separation bubble is unstable and produces two kinds of large scale vortex, i.e. primary vortex and secondary vortex. The periodic processes that include secondary vortex production, motion of secondary vortex and vortex shedding cause fluctuation of the lift coefficient. The periodic time varies with attack of angle. The secondary vortex is relatively stronger than the primary vortex, which means its influence is relatively stronger than the primary vortex.     

Visualization and PIV study of wing-tip vortices for three different tip configurations

The planform, profile, and cross-sectional views of the wing-tip region of a half-wing model with an aspect ratio of 3.2 and three different wing configurations, namely, square-cut, simple fairing, and Whitcomb?s full winglet wing-tip, were visualized at various angles of attack using smoke-wire visualization technique. Visualization pictures clearly show that the wing-tip vortices at different angles of attack and wing-tip configurations had distinct formation and structure characteristics. A comparison of simple fairing and Whitcomb?s winglet configurations shows that the wing-tip vortices of the Whitcomb?s winglet configuration were reduced in strength and displaced outboard and upward, at least in the near-wake region. This resulted in an increased lift-to-drag ratio for the Whitcomb?s winglet configuration. The changes in the wing-tip vortex characteristics and the improved aerodynamic performance of the winglet were confirmed by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements of the cross-flow velocity of the wing-tip trailing regions and the force measurement of the model.     

The turbulent decay of trailing vortex pairs in stably stratified environments

The decay of trailing vortex pairs in thermally stably stratified environments is investigated by means of large eddy simulations. Results of in-situ measurements in the wakes of different aircraft are used to find appropriate intitializations for the simulation of wake turbulence in the quiescent atmosphere. Furthermore, cases with weak atmospheric turbulence are investigated. It is shown that the early development of the vortices is not affected by turbulence and develops almost identically as in 2D simulations of wake vortices in stably stratified environments. In a quiescent atmosphere the subsequent vortex decay is controlled by the interaction of short-wave disturbances, owing to the aircraft induced turbulence, and baroclinic vorticity, owing to stable stratification. As a consequence, vertical vorticity streaks between the vortices are induced which are substantially intensified by vortex stretching and finally lead to rapid turbulent wake-vortex decay. When in addition atmospheric turbulence is also present, the long-wave instability is dominantly promoted. For very strong stratification (Fr<1) it is observed that wake vortices may rebound but lose most of their strength before reaching the flight level. Finally, the simulation results are compared to the predictive capabilities of Greene's approximate model.     

轻型飞机翼梢减阻外形的风洞实验研究

介绍了三种翼梢减阻装置：后掠翼梢、分段后掠机翼和下弯翼梢。重点给出改变后掠翼梢的几何参数对减阻效果的影响。风洞实验表明,经优化设计的后掠翼梢可使诱导效率ｅ提高４％～７％。后掠翼梢使飞机纵向静稳定性增大。水洞实验表明,后掠翼梢减阻的原因主要是在有迎角时,翼梢前缘涡和后缘涡共问作用削弱了翼梢涡,从而减小了飞机的诱导阻力。     

Equilibrium state of trailing vortices: two-dimensional model of a far-field vortex wake

The equilibrium statistical mechanics of a system composed of a large number of two-dimensional point vortices is employed to describe the vortex system shed from aircraft wings. According to this theory, these higher energy states of the vortex system can only be achieved by segregating the point vortices of like kind into two clusters that descend with a constant velocity. The solution is given in terms of the integral constraints for each cluster: total circulation, center of inertia, and kinetic energy. The negative non-dimensional inverse temperature of the system and the length scale related to angular momentum of a single trailing vortex are obtained versus initial interaction energy of the vortex system. Comparison of the theoretical results with available experimental data shows good agreement between the calculated tangential velocity distribution in the trailing vortex and the data. The flow characteristics for three different wing loads are also compared to emphasize the effect of initial circulation distribution along a lifting wing on the vorticity distribution in the equilibrium trailing vortices.     

空气涡流器的机理实验

 本文首先用实验表明了空气涡流器可以改善未分离和分离的附面层,其效果可与金属涡流器相比美。而后用荧光微丝法找到空气涡流器后的涡,并找出了涡的轨迹与强度随射流速比、射流侧射角等的变化情况。最后通过水洞中的观察,初步弄清了空气涡流器涡的形成的机理。本文对空气涡流器的设计理论基础进行了一一些探索。     

Experimental investigation of counter-rotating four vortex aircraft wake

An experimental investigation on the wake vortex formation and evolution of a four vortex system of a generic model in the near field and extended near field as well as the behaviour and decay in the far field region has been conducted by means of hot-wire anemometry in a wind tunnel. The results were obtained during an experimental campaign as part of the EC project “FAR-Wake”. The model used consists of a wing–tail plane configuration with the wing producing positive lift and the tail plane negative lift. The circulation ratio of tail plane to wing is ?0.3 and the span ratio is 0.3. Thus, a four vortex system with counter-rotating neighboured vortices exists. The model set-up was chosen on the condition to create a most promising four vortex system with respect to accelerate wake vortex decay by optimal perturbations enhancing inherent instability mechanisms. The flow field has been investigated for a half plane of the entire wake up to a distance of 48 span dimensions downstream of the model. The results obtained at 1, 12, 24 and 48 span distances are shown as non-dimensional axial vorticity and vertical turbulence intensities. A significant decay in peak vorticity, swirl velocity and circulation is observable during the downward motion of the vortices. Spectral analysis of the unsteady velocity data reveals a peak in the power spectral density distributions indicating the presence of a dominating instability. Using two hot-wire probes cross spectral density distributions have also been evaluated, which highlight the co-operative instability leading to a rapid wake vortex decay within 30 span dimensions downstream.     

近失速状态下压气机转子叶尖旋涡流动研究

在低速大尺寸单级压气机实验台上,利用SPIV技术测量了近失速状态下压气机转子尖区多个截面的三维瞬态速度场。基于瞬态场测量结果,详细阐述了近失速状态下压气机转子叶尖泄漏涡的演化过程和角区旋涡的形成过程。测量结果表明角区旋涡是一种总体意义上的旋涡,其涡核是由多个涡团组成的,形成角区旋涡的一个关键机制是压气机的旋转运动对源于近吸力面的正负涡量的涡团具有选择性。     

Numerical study of aircraft wake vortex evolution near ground in stable atmospheric boundary layer

The evolutions of aircraft wake vortices near ground in stable atmospheric boundary layer are studied by Large Eddy Simulation(LES). The sensitivity of vortex evolution to the Monin-Obukhov(M-O) scale is studied for the first time. The results indicate that increasing stability leads to longer lifetimes of upwind vortices, while downwind vortices will decay faster due to a stronger crosswind shear under stable conditions. Based on these results, an empirical model of the vortex lifetime as a function of 10-m-high crosswind and the M-O scale is summarized. This model can provide an estimate of the upper boundary of the vortex lifetime according to the realtime crosswind and atmospheric stability. In addition, the lateral translation of vortices is also inspected. The results show that vortices can travel a furthest distance of 722 m in the currentlystudied parameter range. This result is meaningful to safety analysis of airports that have parallel runways.     

利用PIV技术对非光滑表面湍流边界层的实验研究

利用在线式 Ｐ Ｉ Ｖ 系统在低速风洞中对两种非光滑表面：阵列涡发生器表面和波纹壁面的湍流边界层进行了实验测量。观察到了壁面几何形状的改变对非光滑表面湍流边界层拟序结构的产生和发展的影响：阵列涡发生器表面（１０ｍ ／ｓ）湍流边界层内有明显的双剪切带状结构,外剪切带状结构接近边界层的外边界,小尺度的涡在内剪切带状结构的附近产生;波纹壁面（２０ｍ ／ｓ）湍流边界层内涡的尺度比较小。并在相同的壁面几何形状条件下,在不同的流动工况下,研究了非光滑表面对湍流边界层拟序结构的影响。实验结果表明,壁面几何形状的改变对外层的大尺度横向涡的产生和发展有明显的影响;而这种影响效果在不同的流动工况下相差很大。