一种双S形进气道流场特性及控制的试验研究

首先利用高速风洞对一种与机身保形的双S进气道原始模型进行了研究,结果表明进气道出口截面总压周向畸变指数较大.继而,在低速风洞试验的基础上选择了一种基于涡流发生器的流场控制方案,并在高速风洞中开展了对该进气道高速风洞流场控制试验研究,分别获得了流量特性、速度特性、攻角特性和侧滑角特性规律.研究结果表明:(1)原型方案的高速风洞试验结果说明双S弯进气道第二S弯上壁面产生了气流分离,在横截面二次流的共同作用下,导致该方案出口截面的上方存在一较大的低压区,当Ma0=0.8,α=0°,β=0°时匹配点处总压恢复系数σ为0.958,周向总压畸变指数Δσ0达到11.7%,超过了一般航空发动机的忍受范围.(2)与原型方案的风洞试验结果相比,涡流发生器控制技术能够有效抑制双S弯进气道第二S弯上壁面的气流分离,大幅度降低了该进气道的流场畸变.设计状态下(Ma0=0.8,α=0°,β=0°)总压恢复系数σ为0.953,周向总压畸变指数Δσ0仅有2.3%,综合畸变指数W为4.1%,满足了发动机的使用条件.(3)研究范围内,较低的飞行马赫数使得流场控制方案出口截面的总压恢复系数略有升高,但对周向畸变指数有着不利影响.此外,随着攻角从-4°增加到8°,出口总压恢复系数和周向畸变指数均逐渐降低.而当侧滑角从0°变化到6°时总压恢复系数几乎不变,但大侧滑角给周向畸变指数带来的不利影响较为显著.(4)在飞行马赫数Ma0=0.6～0.85,攻角α=-4°～8°,β=0°～6°的范围内,匹配点处进气道的总压恢复系数在0.936～0.961之间,周向畸变指数在1.4％～5.4％之间,综合畸变指数在3.8％～7.0％之间,表明采用流场控制后的进气道方案已达到实用水平.     

一种双S弯非常规进气道地面工作状态的试验

对一种双S弯非常规进气道进行了地面工作状态下的试验研究,得到了该类进气道的地面工作特性,结果表明:(1)双S弯非常规进气道在地面工作状态下,随着出口马赫数的增加,总压恢复系数呈下降趋势;稳态周向畸变指数、紊流度和综合畸变指数均上升;稳态径向畸变指数变化不大.(2)与飞行状态下的高速风洞流场控制试验研究结果相比,在相同的出口马赫数下,地面抽吸试验中进气道出口截面的总压恢复系数较低,稳态周向畸变指数、紊流度和综合畸变指数较大,本研究的双S弯非常规进气道在出口马赫数Mae=0.45时,总压恢复系数为0.90,稳态周向畸变指数达到了9.24%,紊流度为4.6%,综合畸变指数为13.85%,畸变比较大,超出了一般发动机的承受范围.(3)在地面抽吸状态下,进气道出口马赫数Mae≤0.37时,综合畸变指数W≤10%,说明发动机可在适当的降转速下稳定工作,随着飞机在地面滑行速度的增加,满足发动机稳定工作要求的进气道最大出口马赫数不断增加.     

一种腹下S弯进气道低速大攻角下气动特性实验

对一种腹下S弯进气道进行了实验研究,得到了低速大攻角下的气动特性,结果表明:随出口马赫数的增加,腹下S弯进气道出口截面的总压恢复系数不断下降,稳态周向畸变指数、紊流度和综合畸变指数均上升;出口马赫数为0.45时,进气道出口总压信号的功率谱在220Hz处存在峰值,内通道发生了局部流动分离;与地面抽吸状态相比,该进气道在低速大攻角状态下具有较高的总压恢复系数,虽综合畸变指数也偏大,但能够满足发动机正常工作的要求.      

带前输出轴直升机进气道侧滑特性

本文针对带有前输出轴直升机进气道结构特点,以实验的方法,在直升机飞行包线范围内,着重研究在侧滑角从0°到135°状态下的直升机进气道流场特性,测量分析了沿程静压分布、进气道出口截面流场畸变指数、总压恢复系数等进气道性能参数。研究结果表明,这类进气道在各种侧滑状态下总压恢复系数较高,且与侧滑角的关系不大。但是进气道内气流分离的区域和出口截面流场畸变指数却与侧滑角的大小密切相关。其中在侧滑角为90°时,进气道出口截面流场品质最佳。      

一种平面埋入式进气道的地面工作特性及流态特征

对一种平面埋入式进气道的地面工作特性进行了实验研究, 结合数值仿真技术, 分析了地面工作状态下该类进气道的流态特征, 并探讨了其出口总压图谱的形成成因.结果表明:(1)虽然进气道出口截面的二次流较弱, 但通道内却存在强的以对涡为特征的旋流, 该对涡因埋入式进气道进口侧棱的存在而产生, 与后唇口前缘的气流分离共同导致了进气道出口截面的大面积低总压区;(2)地面工作状态下, 埋入式进气道的总压恢复系数随出口马赫数的上升而下降, 周向畸变指数、紊流度和综合畸变指数则随着出口马赫数的增加而增加.在相同的出口马赫数下, 地面工作状态的总压恢复系数高于飞行状态, 各种畸变指数也明显偏高.但当发动机的进口工作马赫数为0.35左右时, 进气道出口截面的综合畸变指数W小于10.0%, 满足常规发动机的稳定工作要求;(3)计算和实验结果对比表明, 所得到的进气道出口总压恢复系数相对误差在1.2%以内, 但畸变指数整体偏大.      

亚声速S弯进气道研究的新进展

当前推进系统与飞行器正朝着高度融合的方向发展,超紧凑蛇形进气道和边界层吸入式进气道则是实现两者融合的关键之一。本文综述了近十余年来国内外关于这两类亚声速S弯进气道的最新研究进展。受显著横向压力梯度、流向逆压梯度的作用,两类进气道内部均存在明显的流动分离,并诱发了大尺度的流向对涡和显著的出口总压畸变。为此,研究者发展了被动式、主动式、混合式等多种流动控制方法,可在不显著降低总压恢复系数的前提下,大幅降低设计工况时出口周向总压畸变。并且,已经建立可适应任意异形进口的S弯进气道气动型面通用设计方法。最后,已有的CFD方法可以较为准确地预测AIP截面平均总压恢复系数,但畸变指数偏差较大。     

不同进气状态对矩形大S弯扩压器流动特性的影响

通过亚音扩压器内壁面流谱图、有关截面的总压恢复分布图、速度矢量图以及各壁面沿程静压恢复系数分布分析对比了四种进气状态下矩形大Ｓ弯扩压器流动特性。试验表明不同进气状态对矩形大Ｓ弯扩压器性能有很大影响，其中均匀核心流进气条件下的流动代表了大Ｓ弯扩压器流动的一般特征，其出口平均总压恢复系数最高，周向总压畸变指数不大，旋流很弱。研究腹部或两侧进气道地面起飞进气状态下矩形大Ｓ弯扩压器的流动特性更具有实际意义。试验表明其出口平均总压恢复系数较低，周向总压畸变指数较大，旋流较强且很不规则。     

“X”型布局二元进气道与弹体的一体化计算研究

以数值模拟为研究手段,分别研究了来流马赫数、出口反压以及攻角对二元进气道性能的影响。计算结果显示,在相同的来流马赫数情况下,增大出口反压,则扩压段内的正激波向进气道唇口方向移动,总压恢复系数不断增大,而出口马赫数则呈不断减小;进气道工作在临界状态时,进气道的总压恢复系数达到最大值。在攻角不为零时,迎风区进气道中的正激波位置比背风区进气道靠后,其出口马赫数、流量系数都较大,总压恢复系数较小。     

有无边界层吸入对S弯进气道流动特性的影响

为了深入认识一种吸入大量来流边界层的S弯进气道,在完成其设计的基础上,采用仿真方法对其流动特性展开了研究,并与无边界层吸入的S弯进气道进行了对比。结果表明:由于吸入大量来流边界层,该进气道进口段流场主要受钝体绕流与平板边界层相互干扰作用;在内通道第二弯段后半段,二次流逐渐发展成为对涡,并将堆积在下壁面的低能流卷向截面中间,最终在出口截面的中下半部形成了低总压恢复区。另外,边界层的吸入使得进气道总压恢复系数下降约0.04,且随出口马赫数的升高,总压恢复系数先升高后降低,而在无边界层吸入的S弯进气道中总压恢复系数随之单调降低。     

S弯进气道中流场畸变的监测研究

本文研究了 S弯进气道在大攻角条件下的畸变流场特性。结果表明 ,S弯进气道出口的总压低能量区位置和攻角之间存在极为密切的对应关系。本文提出可以用管道出口的低能量气流位置角度作为 S弯进气道旋流的一个监测参数     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.     

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nano-powder via Ion-exchange Hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 and Azeotropic Drying

Antimony-doped tin hydroxide colloid precipitates have been synthesized by hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 using: (1) an ion-exchange hydrolysis to remove chlorine ions, and (2) isoamyl acetate as an azeotropic solvent to obviate water. The obtained dried powder is of high dispersivity without any need for further grinding. The size and dispersivity of the final particles are investigated with the aid of TG-DTA, BET, XRD and TEM. After having calcined, the antimony-doped tin oxide nanopowder possesses a tetragonal rutile structure with high dispersivity, uniform particles and low hard agglomeration.     

Effects of Mo on the Microstructure and Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Ti-Mo Getters

The effects of Mo on the microstructure evolution, porosity and hydrogen sorption properties of Ti-Mo getters are investigated in this work. The results show that the addition of Mo prolongs the densification process of Ti-Mo getters and results in a significant amount of sintered pores. With the Mo content increasing, the porosity of getters firstly increases reaching the maximum value as it at- tains about 7.5wt.%, and then drops. At the room temperature, the hydrogen sorption property of getters increases progressively with the Mo content increasing, but the tendency is not very clear before its content lies below 2.5wt.%. When the Mo content achieves about 7.5wt.%, the hydrogen sorption property proves to be the best. The discussion is made about the above mentioned phenomena inclusive of hydrogen sorption properties of getters under different activation conditions (from 500-750 ℃).     

超声速燃烧数值模拟中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型

高精度数值模拟有助于理解超声速湍流燃烧中湍流与化学反应的相互作用,可为发动机燃烧室等工程应用设计提供可靠的预测模型。除直接数值模拟外,目前在湍流燃烧应用中使用的大涡模拟和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes模拟均需要借助模型模化发生在湍流小尺度上的流动与化学反应过程对湍流大尺度运动的影响。现有的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型大致可分为:火焰面类模型和概率密度函数类模型,2类模型在不同的应用中各自具有优势和局限性。此外,现有模型大都基于低马赫数燃烧,而超声速燃烧中通常会伴随快速混合、局部熄火和再着火以及激波等复杂过程,这为发展其中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型提出了更多的挑战。     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的单核共享树组播算法(英文)

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,本文提出了一套单核共享树组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)和加权核心群合并共享树(w-CCST)算法。CCST 算法包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法专为周期、规律运动的低轨卫星网络提出,不需要复杂的星上计算。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的带宽利用率和组播传输效率。w-CCST 算法中所提出的加权因子可以调整树代价和端到端传播时延之间的折衷程度,因此,可以通过调整加权因子来适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延以支持某些端到端时延要求苛刻的实时组播业务。最后,与低轨卫星 IP 网络中典型算法进行了性能比较,仿真结果说明,CCST 算法的平均树代价比其它算法显著降低,w-CCST 算法的平均端到端传播时延小于 CCST 算法。     

Jet Vectoring Control Using a Novel Synthetic Jet Actuator

A primary air jet vectoring control system with a novel synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is presented and simulated numerically. The results show that, in comparison with an existing traditional synthetic jet actuator, which is able to perform the duty of either “push” or “pull”, one novel synthetic jet actuator can fulfill both “push” and “pull” functions to vector the primary jet by shifting a slide block inside it. Therefore, because the new actuator possesses greater efficiency, it has potentiality to replace the existing one in various appli- cations, such as thrust vectoring and the reduction of thermal signature. Moreover, as the novel actuator can fulfill those functions that the existing one can not, it may well be expected to popularize it into more flow control systems.     

Nonlinear Adaptive Slewing Motion Control of Spacecraft Truss Driven by Synchronous V-gimbaled CMG Precession

The slewing motion control of a truss arm driven by a V-gimbaled control-moment-gyro (CMG) is a nonlinear control problem. The V-gimbaled CMG consists of a pair of gyros that must precess synchronously. The moment of inertia of the system, the angular momentum of the gyros and the external disturbances are not exactly known. With the help of feedback linearization and recursive Lyapunov design method, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed to deal with the unknown items. Performance of the proposed controller is verified by simulation.     

An SOR Implicit Time-accurate Scheme in Calculating Unsteady Flows

A new time-accurate marching scheme for unsteady flow calculations is proposed in the present work. This method is the combination of classical Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) iteration method and Jacobian matrix diagonally dominant splitting method of LUSGS. One advantage of this algorithm is the second-order accuracy because of no factorization error. Another advantage is the low computational cost because the Jacobian matrices and fluxes are only calculated once in each physical time step. And, the SOR algorithm has better convergence property than Gauss-Seidel. To investigate its accuracy and convergency, several unsteady flow computa- tional tests are carried out by using the proposed SOR algorithm. Roe’s FDS scheme is used to discritize the inviscid flux terms. Un- steady computational results of SOR are compared with the experiment results and those of Gauss-Seidel. Results reveal that the numerical results agree well with the experimental data and the second-order accuracy can be obtained as the Gauss-Seidel for unsteady flow computations. The impact of SOR factor is investigated for unsteady computations by using different SOR factors in this algorithm to simulate each computational test. Different numbers of inner iterations are needed to converge to the same criterion for different SOR factors and optimal choice of SOR factor can improve the computational efficiency greatly.