一种大幅宽空间光学遥感器调焦控制系统设计

传统调焦控制系统的驱动力和体积大小,已无法满足大幅宽空间光学遥感器大焦面调焦的需求,为此,文章提出了一种双路直线驱动调焦控制系统设计。调焦控制系统通过焦面位置遥测单元的精确测量和焦面调焦控制单元的自主决策原则,运用分步调焦、实时监控、实时调整的闭环反馈控制方法,实现高精度、高可靠性的大焦面调焦控制。该系统设计具有调焦驱动力大、调焦精度高、调焦机构设计简单和调焦可靠性高等特点。调焦性能测试和外景成像试验,验证了系统设计的可行性。该设计可用于大幅宽空间光学遥感器的调焦控制,从而保证光学遥感器调制传递函数(MTF)及成像质量。     

空间光学相机调焦技术研究

调焦技术是空间光学相机研制的关键技术之一,对于保证相机成像质量具有重要作用.文章阐述了造成相机离焦的主要因素,在调研分析国内外空间光学相机调焦方式的基础上,对相机调焦方式的选用原则进行了归纳,并介绍了常用调焦机构的基本结构形式和优缺点,以及具有发展前景的调焦光学元件,可为相机调焦技术的研究提供借鉴和帮助.     

静止气象卫星可见,红外自旋扫描辐射计（VISSR）在轨调焦方法的研究

根据富里叶光学中调制传函数的理分析了ＶＩＳＳＲ成象光学系统的性质，并提出调焦的判据，途径和方法，包括利用快速富里叶变换（ＦＦＴ）对卫星数字云图进行了频谱分析的频谱分析法，对数字云图灰度起伏统计的最大绝对灰度差值和方法，给出了这两种方法的实验和结果，通过接收日本ＧＭＳ－４卫星展宽数字云图的试验表明所介绍的方法可以作为静止气象了卫星ＶＩＳＳＲ在轨调焦的实用方法。其方法及设备并可用于卫星发射前与ＶＩＳＳ     

红外调焦仪及其装调技术

介绍某型号红外光学系统装配专用红外调焦仪的结构与工作原理。着重论述其组成部分的关键装调技术、要求与方法以及有关示意图。考核表明，该红外调焦仪的性能和装配精度可满足要求。     

一种调焦机构运动方向与光轴平行性测试方法

调焦机构运动方向与光轴平行性的好坏直接影响调焦过程中光学系统主点位置、像质均匀性、像面照度均匀性等多项指标。为了在安装过程中保证调焦机构运动方向与光轴平行,需要测量调焦机构运动方向与光轴之间的角度关系。文章通过三坐标测量系统和自准直经纬仪,设计了一种对感光元件非接触式的测量方法,来测量调焦机构运行方向与焦平面法线方向之间的角度关系,通过结构设计与加工补偿实现两者的平行装调。试验结果表明,调焦机构运动方向与焦平面法线方向的角度测量模型准确可靠,数据处理算法合理可行。     

CBERS-02B卫星高分辨率相机的在轨调焦方法

卫星发射时的振动、由空气到真空环境的转变、微重力的影响等因素都可能会改变相机的焦面位置,导致相机焦面位置发生变化。CBERS-02B卫星在轨测试期间,对高分辨率相机进行了在轨调焦,并取得了明显效果。文章对高分辨率相机的在轨调焦方法和调焦结果进行介绍。     

北京三号B卫星相机在轨自动调焦方法

提出利用面阵凝视成像的方式通过在轨成像电路与综合电子控制单元协同配合完成相机在轨自动调焦的方法。对比自动调焦方法中常用的平均灰度梯度法、点锐度法、平均边缘强度法和平均边缘宽度法4种图像清晰度评价算法,并结合实际应用进行仿真,最终确定基于均值作为阈值的平均灰度梯度法。平均灰度梯度法在连续帧成像的前提下具备较好的单峰性,对运算的资源需求适中,并且具备很高的可靠性。文章提出的在轨自动调焦方法在北京三号B相机中实现应用,在无云的地物丰富场景下能有效完成范围内搜索最佳焦面的工作,可为其他遥感相机的自动调焦提供参考。     

精密圆柱滚动导轨制造工艺

本文介绍JTT500型立式光学投影仪测量工作台垂直升降机构中圆柱滚动摩擦导轨(以下简称滚动导轨)的几个关键零件加工工艺(图1)。 滚动导轨的作用是实现仪器测量工作台的垂直升降,正确调焦。由图1可知,     

一种场景无关的图像清晰度评价方法

图像清晰度是遥感相机调焦技术中度量离焦状况的关键参量,调焦系统根据对比不同焦面的图像清晰度来获取最佳焦面的位置。高分辨率线阵CCD遥感相机成像时地面场景不断变化,而常用的图像清晰度评价方法由于依赖景物不变性而失效,因此,文章提出了一种空域和频域相结合的清晰度评价方法。该方法在空域中提取图像内的有效边缘并计算得到图像有效边缘宽度;在频域中,仅抽取图像频域特定高频成分并得到高频成分的频谱强度均值,计算得到基于边缘宽度和高频强度的图像清晰度。经试验验证,该方法适用于场景不断变化的线阵CCD遥感相机图像清晰度的评价,相较传统方法更加准确有效。     

独立设置现代电子工程实验课程的探索与实践

电子技术基础实验已不能完全适应科学技术发展的需要，为此探索了将电子技术基础实验以现代电子工程实验形式单独设课，改进现有了电子技术实验模式，增设综合性系统性实验，加强实验师资队伍建设，完善实验考核制度，使电子技术实验室成为提高学生综合素质的场所。     

Biological induced corrosion of materials II: New test methods and experiences from mir station

During previous long-term manned missions, more than 100 species of microorganisms have been identified on surfaces of materials (bacteria and fungi). Among them were potentially pathogenic ones (saprophytes) which are capable of active growth on artificial substrates, as well as technophilic bacteria and fungi causing damages (destruction and degradation) to various materials (metals and polymers), resulting in failures and disruptions in the functioning of equipment and hardware.

Aboard a space vehicle some microclimatic parameters are optimal for microorganism growth: the atmospheric fluid condensate with its specific composition, chemical and/or antropogenic contaminants (human metobolic products, etc.) all are stimulating factors for the development of bacteria and mould fungi on materials of the interior and equipment of an orbital station during its operational phase(s).

Especially Russian long-term missions (SALJUT, MIR) have demonstrated that uncontrolled interactions of microorganisms with materials will ultimately lead to the appearence of technological and medical risks, significantly influencing safety and reliability characteristics of individual as well as whole systems and/ or subsystems.

For a first conclusion, it could be summarized, that countermeasures and anti-strategies focussing on Microbial Contamination Management (MCM) for the International Space Station (ISS, next long-term manned mission) at least require a new materials test approach.

Our respective concept includes a combined age-ing/biocorrosion test sequence. It is represented here, as well as current status of MCM program, e.g. continuous monitoring (microbiological analyses), long-term disinfection, frequent cleaning methods, mathematical modeling of ISS, etc.     

Innovations for competitiveness: European views on “better-faster-cheaper”

The paper elaborates on “ lessons learned” from two recent ESA workshops, one focussing on the role of Innovation in the competitiveness of the space sector and the second on technology and engineering aspects conducive to better, faster and cheaper space programmes. The paper focuses primarily on four major aspects, namely:

1. a) the adaptations of industrial and public organisations to the global market needs;

2. b) the understanding of the bottleneck factors limiting competitiveness;

3. c) the trends toward new system architectures and new engineering and production methods;

4. d) the understanding of the role of new technology in the future applications.

Under the pressure of market forces and the influence of many global and regional players, applications of space systems and technology are becoming more and more competitive. It is well recognised that without major effort for innovation in industrial practices, organisations, R&D, marketing and financial approaches the European space sector will stagnate and loose its competence as well as its competitiveness. It is also recognised that a programme run according to the “better, faster, cheaper” philosophy relies on much closer integration of system design, development and verification, and draws heavily on a robust and comprehensive programme of technology development, which must run in parallel and off-line with respect to flight programmes.

A company's innovation capabilities will determine its future competitive advantage (in time, cost, performance or value) and overall growth potential. Innovation must be a process that can be counted on to provide repetitive, sustainable, long-term performance improvements. As such, it needs not depend on great breakthroughs in technology and concepts (which are accidental and rare). Rather, it could be based on bold evolution through the establishment of know-how, application of best practices, process effectiveness and high standards, performance measurement, and attention to customers and professional marketing. Having a technological lead allows industry to gain a competitive advantage in performance, cost and opportunities. Instrumental to better competitiveness is an R&D effort based on the adaptation of high technology products, capable of capturing new users, increasing production, decreasing the cost and delivery time and integrating high level of intelligence, information and autonomy. New systems will have to take in to account from the start what types of technologies are being developed or are already available in other areas outside space, and design their system accordingly. The future challenge for “faster, better, cheaper” appears to concern primarily “cost-effective”, performant autonomous spacecraft, “cost-effective”, reliable launching means and intelligent data fusion technologies and robust software serving mass- market real time services, distributed via EHF bands and Internet.

In conclusion, it can be noticed that in the past few years new approaches have considerably enlarged the ways in which space missions can be implemented. They are supported by true innovations in mission concepts, system architecture, development and technologies, in particular for the development of initiatives based on multi-mission mini-satellites platforms for communication and Earth observation missions. There are also definite limits to cost cutting (such as lowering heads counts and increasing efficiency), and therefore the strategic perspective must be shifted from the present emphasis on cost-driven enhancement to revenue-driven improvements for growth. And since the product life-cycle is continuously shortening, competitiveness is linked very strongly with the capability to generate new technology products which enhance cost/benefit performance.     

基于雪崩二极管的太赫兹高次谐波混频器

文章介绍了一种基于雪崩二极管的太赫兹高次谐波混频器。雪崩击穿效应中的非线性特性能够引起高次谐波的频率变换效应。这种特性使雪崩二极管能够应用于毫米波及太赫兹频段的高次谐波混频。文章基于雪崩击穿效应中的非线性特性产生高次谐波的频率变换效应,提出将雪崩二极管应用于太赫兹频段的高次谐波混频,并从理论上分析高次谐波特性及其电路结构。16次谐波混频器获得了15dB的变频损耗,实验结果表明雪崩管高次谐波混频技术是一种极具应用价值的技术。     

基于高轨导航接收机的自动化地面测试系统

高轨卫星导航接收机是实现高轨航天器自主定轨的核心设备。为在地面测试阶段对高轨卫星导航接收机进行充分高效的验证，亟需设计基于高轨卫星导航接收机的地面测试系统。设计了一种基于高轨卫星导航接收机的自动化地面测试系统，主要创新点如下：第一，本系统可对高轨卫星导航接收机实际在轨状态下接收到的导航星座信号进行仿真；第二，具有模拟包含北斗三号等多导航卫星星座信号的功能；第三，本系统充分考虑自动化、通用化与一体化设计。提出的基于高轨卫星导航接收机的自动化地面测试系统能够在地面测试阶段对高轨卫星导航接收机进行充分验证，并充分考虑测试实施，从自动化、通用化、一体化方面提升测试效率，减少人为操作失误导致的质量问题，解决人工判读带来的误判漏判问题。     

热真空试验中的热控方法

文章给出控制热真空试验变温速率和高低温限的方法,它可以保证受试产品(组件、有效载荷以及航天器系统级)满足试验要求,不会因试验过程中产生的过高变温速率和超出高低温限而受到损坏,也不会由于过低的变温速率而延长热真空试验时间.     

铝合金弹丸超高速撞击玄武岩纤维布损伤分析

高强度、高模量纤维防护材料是航天器空间碎片超高速撞击防护结构材料的发展趋势之一。开展弹丸超高速撞击高强纤维材料时的损伤分析是空间碎片防护结构研究开发设计的重要环节。玄武岩纤维是近年来受到人们关注的一种高强度、高模量纤维。文章对铝合金弹丸超高速撞击玄武岩纤维布的损伤特性进行了分析研究,观察到了弹丸前部的损伤形态。根据试验结果拟合得到了铝合金弹丸后部产生初始破坏的临界破碎速度方程。分析表明:在试验范围内,铝合金弹丸撞击玄武岩纤维布的临界破碎速度低于撞击铝合金板的,即玄武岩纤维布对铝合金弹丸的破碎能力优于铝合金板。     

一种高动态环境下PCM-FM的低信噪比检测方法

针对PCM-FM遥测信号的特点,提出一种基于快速傅里叶变换的自相关检测方法。首先利用自相关处理,消除多普勒频率变化对检测性能的影响,可适应目标高动态变化环境。然后通过对自相关输出进行快速傅里叶变换,提高在低信噪比情况下的检测性能。仿真结果表明所提方法在高动态、低信噪比条件下能够高概率检测到PCM-FM信号。     

应用圆盘工装谐振实现高量级随机振动

针对高量级随机振动试验提出了一种利用工装谐振原理在振动台上实现高量级振动的试验方法。首先在理论上分析振动台系统的圆盘工装的振动特性,利用谐振原理设计了结构响应放大装置,并在理论上分析了该装置的结构响应放大的可行性,最后应用该装置成功完成了伺服机构高量级步进随机振动试验,验证了其在高量级随机振动试验中的有效性。