连续旋转爆轰发动机气液两相爆轰波传播特性二维数值研究

为了研究液体燃料连续旋转爆轰发动机(Continuous Rotating Detonation Engine,CRDE)中爆轰波形成与传播过程,采用二维CE/SE方法,对汽油、富氧空气两相连续旋转爆轰发动机爆轰过程进行数值模拟,分析了连续旋转爆轰发动机气液两相爆轰流场和爆轰波结构及入口和出口处的流场变化规律,揭示了CRDE自持传播机理。计算结果表明,燃料以时段阶梯填充方式来起爆旋转爆轰,可快速有效地形成单方向稳定传播的爆轰波;在周向方向上出口处的流场间断面要延后于入口处的间断面,出口流场间断面主要是由斜激波和接触间断面造成的,而入口流场间断面是由爆轰波引起的。通过对气液两相CRDE的二维数值模拟,可更好地了解液体燃料CRDE的工作过程,为液体燃料CRDE研究提供指导。     

连续旋转爆轰波传播过程试验研究

为研究连续旋转爆轰波的传播过程,采用充填H2/O2混气的切向预爆轰管起爆,开展了H2/Air连续旋转爆轰发动机试验研究。在当量比为0.76的工况下,试验成功起爆并实现了旋转爆轰波的自持传播,获得的连续旋转爆轰波传播主频为5211.25 Hz,传播波速为1439.97 m/s。分析了连续旋转爆轰波的起爆、传播和熄爆过程,发现在连续旋转爆轰波的起爆过程中,预爆轰管产生的初始爆轰波进入连续旋转爆轰发动机后,并未直接转变为连续旋转爆轰波,而是经历了一个爆燃转爆轰的过程。在此过程中,激波压力峰值的分布由疏到密,激波强度不断增大,说明连续旋转爆轰发动机内压缩波系逐渐汇合增强,形成前导激波,不断诱导引爆可燃混气,最终形成爆轰波。在旋转爆轰波的熄爆过程中,切断燃料供给之后,爆轰波并没有立即解耦,而是在旋转数周之后,才完全解耦为爆轰产物。     

用于推进的驻定斜爆轰的基本特征

基于驻定斜爆轰的基本守恒方程、多组元状态方程和考虑化学平衡移动的组元守恒方程，根据本文推导的迭代公式，计算了不同强度的驻定爆轰波后的平衡组分、反应热和绝热指数，讨论了驻定斜爆轰的基本特点、驻定条件和影响驻定的各种因素。     

连续爆轰发动机的研究进展

连续爆轰发动机是一种基于爆轰波将推进剂的化学能转化成热能的新概念发动机,近年来受到世界各主要国家的高度关注。现已成功获得多种燃料长时间稳定的连续爆轰,较深入地认识了连续爆轰流场结构,初步测得推力和比冲,验证了连续爆轰发动机的性能优势并在火箭模态、冲压模态以及涡轮模态下都实现了稳定连续爆轰。对连续爆轰发动机的工作原理,以及近年来世界各主要国家在连续爆轰发动机的基础研究和应用研究方面取得的代表性成果进行了综述,并给出尚待解决的问题,为其进一步工程化应用提供参考。     

弹丸速度对超爆轰冲压加速器性能影响

为研究超爆轰模态冲压加速器的推进性能,采用混合的Roe/HLL（Harten, Lax, Van Leer）格式,结合自适应网格加密技术(AMR )与沉浸边界法(IBM ),数值模拟了弹丸速度高于预混可燃气体C-J爆速的冲压加速器流场,揭示了弹丸速度对流场结构与推力的影响。结果表明当弹丸速度在一定范围时,斜爆轰波可驻定在弹丸肩部或头部,在弹丸尾部形成高压区加速弹丸,并且,斜爆轰波驻定在弹丸头部推力更高,稳定工作的速度范围 更宽 。     

吸气式PDE点火室引入氧气的试验研究

为了改善吸气式脉冲爆轰发动机的爆轰效果,在发动机的点火室内引入了氧气,并开展了系列试验研究,研究结果表明,点火室内引入氧气,提高了吸气式PDE的爆轰波压力与传播速度,缩短了点火起爆的时间,增加了发动机的平均推力,简化了发动机内的强化燃烧装置。与纯空气状况相比,爆轰波压力最大增加了1.28倍、爆轰波传播速度与发动机平均推力的最大增幅分别为69.57%和62.84%,点火起爆时间则相应减少了36.47%。点火室引入的氧气量存在临界值,小于临界值时随着引入氧气量的提高,发动机爆轰效果的改善越显著;大于临界值时,发动机会形成连续燃烧。     

连续旋转爆轰发动机外流场三维数值模拟

为研究连续旋转爆轰发动机(CRDE)内外流场的变化特性,采用氢气-空气单步有限速率化学反应模型,对内径为40 mm、外径为60 mm、长度为50 mm的连续旋转爆轰发动机进行三维数值模拟,获得了CRDE内外流场结构特征和旋转爆轰波相关参数的变化特性,分析了不同进气总压条件对流场结构和发动机性能的影响。结果表明:爆轰产物在燃烧室出口附近膨胀加速,压力和温度大幅降低,在流场下游产生激波使压力回升,且随进气总压的升高,激波距燃烧室出口距离增加;出口附近羽流中心形成低压高温区域,中心平面上的平均压力低于环境压力,给发动机推力带来了副作用;羽流外围的空气受出口处斜激波的扰动,压力呈现出周期性变化;发动机推力随进气总压的升高而呈线性增加,进气总压为0.55MPa时,发动机推力达到了1160 N。计算仿真结果对掌握连续旋转爆轰发动机外流场特性具有一定的参考价值。     

含铝凝胶燃料脉冲爆轰发动机工作过程瞬态特性

为了解含铝凝胶燃料脉冲爆轰发动机工作过程的瞬态机理,建立了含铝凝胶燃料脉冲爆轰发动机数学物理模型。采用守恒元与求解元数值计算方法,对单循环含铝凝胶燃料脉冲爆轰发动机流场进行了数值仿真,分析了其爆轰反应过程与冲量产生过程的瞬态特征。计算结果表明,爆轰波作用下,凝胶燃料液滴变化以剥离破碎为主,燃料液滴中铝颗粒随液滴剥离弥散于爆轰管内并参与反应,累积在最后阶段反应的铝颗粒较少。凝胶燃料爆轰燃气排放过程可划分为爆轰附着膨胀、燃气"壅塞"膨胀和膨胀减弱等3个典型特征阶段。研究结果对凝胶燃料脉冲爆轰发动机的应用研究具有参考意义。     

铝粉浓度对汽油-纳米铝粉悬浮液滴多相爆轰影响的一维数值计算

采用带化学反应的一维多相流模型,运用CE/SE数值计算方法和处理源项的四阶龙格-库塔方法对爆轰管内汽油/纳米铝粉悬浮液滴、空气混合物的多相爆轰过程进行了数值模拟,讨论了悬浮液滴中纳米铝粉浓度对爆轰参数及燃烧转爆轰过程的影响。数值结果表明,添加纳米铝粉后,稳定传播的爆轰波速度变大;随着纳米铝粉浓度的增加,爆轰波压力峰值与...     

富氢燃气与液氧爆轰及补燃特性试验研究

为了研究富氢燃气与液氧之间的爆轰及补燃特性,以某发动机故障归零为依托,采用试验研究的方法,分析了非预混和预混两种情形下发生爆轰的可能性,探究了富氢燃气与液氧自动发生补燃的条件。通过分析试验现象和试验结果发现,在较低混合比和较低温度条件下富氢燃气与液氧不会自动发生补燃,火焰颜色呈无色透明状,白天不可见。管内预混状态下,富氢燃气和液氧可以发生爆轰,最大爆轰压比约34,且持续时间为毫秒级,在上游无预混物的情况下,爆轰波不会持续向上游传播。     

粉末燃料冲压发动机自维持稳定燃烧试验研究

为了实现粉末燃料冲压发动机的持续稳定工作,采用设计的发动机进行了直连式试验研究.通过试验,验证了粉末燃料供应方式的可行性,获得了燃烧室压强及发动机推力曲线,计算了发动机的燃烧效率.结果表明,利用突扩回流稳定火焰的方法不适用随流性差的金属粉末燃料,钝体火焰稳定器可实现粉末燃料的自维持稳定燃烧,但稳定器周围沉积较多,降低了发动机效率.     

Defining life

Any definition is intricately connected to a theory that gives it meaning. Accordingly, this article discusses various definitions of life held in the astrobiology community by considering their connected "theories of life." These include certain "list" definitions and a popular definition that holds that life is a "self-sustaining chemical system capable of Darwinian evolution." We then act as "anthropologists," studying what scientists do to determine which definition-theories of life they constructively hold as they design missions to seek non-terran life. We also look at how constructive beliefs about biosignatures change as observational data accumulate. And we consider how a definition centered on Darwinian evolution might itself be forced to change as supra-Darwinian species emerge, including in our descendents, and consider the chances of our encountering supra-Darwinian species in our exploration of the Cosmos. Last, we ask what chemical structures might support Darwinian evolution universally; these structures might be universal biosignatures.     

Developing the next phase in NASAs satellite communications program

NASAs early efforts in satellite communications development brought confidence in space technology use for improved telecommunications. New, worldwide satellite communications systems have resulted, and are now on a commercial, self-sustaining operational basis. Since 1973, NASA has conducted hundreds of user experiments and demonstrated newer technology using ATS-1, -3, -6 and CTS. Now, projections show that the commercial demand will continue to increase, soon exceeding the current technology's capacity.As a result, U.S. Space Policy affirmed in 1978 that NASA should embark again on a research and development program for satellite communications with specific, characterized goals. The resulting plan's elements include $\text{30}\text{20}\text{GHz}$ Ka-band technology, extending the current work in advanced multi-beam antennas; a narrowband system and technology study that could lead to mobile and transportable communications developments; and studies of future uses of technology in communications. The program plan and its evolution are described, followed by a report of current progress and future expectations.     

双电弧室轴线式电弧等离子体炬热特性试验研究

在航天领域,电弧等离子体技术是进行高温气体动力学试验的重要技术。文章对自稳弧型双电弧室轴线式电弧等离子体炬在不同参数条件下的总体热特性进行地面试验研究,并从电弧、气流和电极间热量传递的角度对热特性变化规律进行分析。结果表明:输入功率在104～300 kW变化时,热效率在49.1%～70.8%范围内与功率呈正相关性变化,射流的比焓和平均温度在输入功率为152 kW时达到最大值,分别为10.29 MJ/kg和5006 K。特定功率条件下,较小的电弧电流和较高的负载电压匹配能够获得较高的热效率,但射流的比焓和平均温度会降低。气体流量不变时,随着电弧电流的增大,热效率单调降低,而射流的比焓和平均温度依然提高。     

Planetary resources and astroecology. Planetary microcosm models of asteroid and meteorite interiors: electrolyte solutions and microbial growth--implications for space populations and panspermia

Planetary microcosms were constructed using extracts from meteorites that simulate solutions in the pores of carbonaceous chondrites. The microcosms were found to support the growth of complex algal and microbial populations. Such astroecology experiments demonstrate how a diverse ecosystem could exist in fluids within asteroids, and in meteorites that land on aqueous planets. The microcosm solutions were obtained by extracting nutrient electrolytes under natural conditions from powders of the Allende (CV3) and Murchison (CM2) meteorites at low (0.02 g/ml) and high (10.0 g/ml) solid/solution ratios. The latter solutions contain > 3 mol/L electrolytes and about 10 g/L organics, that simulate natural fluids in asteroids during aqueous alteration and in the pores of meteorites, which can help prebiotic synthesis and the survival of early microorganisms. These solutions and wet solids were in fact found to support complex self-sustaining microbial communities with populations of 4 x 10(5) algae and 6 x 10(6) bacteria and fungi for long periods (> 8 months). The results show that planetary microcosms based on meteorites can: assay the fertilities of planetary materials; identify space bioresources; target astrobiology exploration; and model past and future space-based ecosystems. The results show that bioresources in the carbonaceous asteroids can sustain a biomass of 10(18) kg, comprising 10(32) microorganisms and a human population of 10(14). The results also suggest that protoplanetary nebulae can support and disperse microorganisms and can be therefore effective environments for natural and directed panspermia.     

Decadal opportunities for space architects

A significant challenge for the new field of space architecture is the dearth of project opportunities. Yet every year more young professionals express interest to enter the field. This paper derives projections that bound the number, type, and range of global development opportunities that may be reasonably expected over the next few decades for human space flight (HSF) systems so those interested in the field can benchmark their goals. Four categories of HSF activity are described: human Exploration of solar system bodies; human Servicing of space-based assets; large-scale development of space Resources; and Breakout of self-sustaining human societies into the solar system. A progressive sequence of capabilities for each category starts with its earliest feasible missions and leads toward its full expression. The four sequences are compared in scale, distance from Earth, and readiness. Scenarios hybridize the most synergistic features from the four sequences for comparison to status quo, government-funded HSF program plans. Finally qualitative, decadal, order-of-magnitude estimates are derived for system development needs, and hence opportunities for space architects. Government investment towards human planetary exploration is the weakest generator of space architecture work. Conversely, the strongest generator is a combination of three market drivers: (1) commercial passenger travel in low Earth orbit; (2) in parallel, government extension of HSF capability to GEO; both followed by (3) scale-up demonstration of end-to-end solar power satellites in GEO. The rich end of this scale affords space architecture opportunities which are more diverse, complex, large-scale, and sociologically challenging than traditional exploration vehicle cabins and habitats.     

Aquatic modules for bioregenerative life support systems based on the C.E.B.A.S. biotechnology [correction of biotechnilogy

Most concepts for bioregenerative life support systems are based on edible higher land plants which create some problems with growth and seed generation under space conditions. Animal protein production is mostly neglected because of the tremendous waste management problems with tetrapods under reduced weightlessness. Therefore, the "Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System" (C.E.B.A.S.) was developed which represents an artificial aquatic ecosystem containing aquatic organisms which are adapted at all to "near weightlessness conditions" (fishes Xiphophorus helleri, water snails Biomphalaria glabrata, ammonia oxidizing bacteria and the rootless non-gravitropic edible water plant Ceratophyllum demersum). Basically the C.E.B.A.S. consists of 4 subsystems: a ZOOLOGICAL (correction of ZOOLOGICASL) COMPONENT (animal aquarium), a BOTANICAL COMPONENT (aquatic plant bioreactor), a MICROBIAL COMPONENT (bacteria filter) and an ELECTRONICAL COMPONENT (data acquisition and control unit). Superficially, the function principle appears simple: the plants convert light energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis thus producing biomass and oxygen. The animals and microorganisms use the oxygen for respiration and produce the carbon dioxide which is essential for plant photosynthesis. The ammonia ions excreted by the animals are converted by the bacteria to nitrite and then to nitrate ions which serve as a nitrogen source for the plants. Other essential ions derive from biological degradation of animal waste products and dead organic matter. The C.E.B.A.S. exists in 2 basic versions: the original C.E.B.A.S. with a volume of 150 liters and a self-sustaining standing time of more than 13 month and the so-called C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE with a volume of about 8.5 liters. In the latter there is no closed food loop by reasons of available space so that animal food has to be provided via an automated feeder. This device was flown already successfully on the STS-89 and STS-90 spaceshuttle missions and the working hypothesis was verified that aquatic organisms are nearly not affected at all by space conditions, i.e. that the plants exhibited biomass production rates identical to the sound controls and that as well the reproductive, and the immune system as the embryonic and ontogenic development of the animals remained undisturbed. Currently the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODLULE is prepared for a third spaceshuttle flight (STS-107) in spring 2001. Based on the results of the space experiments a series of prototypes of aquatic food production modules for the implementation into BLSS were developed. This paper describes the scientific disposition of the STS-107 experiment and of open and closed aquaculture systems based on another aquatic plant species, the Lemnacean Wolffia arrhiza which is cultured as a vegetable in Southeastern Asia. This plant can be grown in suspension culture and several special bioreactors were developed for this purpose. W. arrhiza reproduces mainly vegetatively by buds but also sexually from time to time and is therefore especially suitable for genetic engineering, too. Therefore it was used, in addition, to optimize the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE to allow experiments with a duration of 4 month in the International Space Station the basic principle of which will be explained. In the context of aquaculture systems for BLSS the continuous replacement of removed fish biomass is an essential demand. Although fish reproduction seems not to be affected in the shortterm space experiments with the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE a functional and reliable hatchery for the production of siblings under reduced weightlessness is connected with some serious problems. Therefore an automated "reproduction module" for the herbivorous fish Tilapia rendalli was developed as a laboratory prototype. It is concluded that aquatic modules of different degrees of complexity can optimize the productivity of BLSS based on higher land plants and that they offer an unique opportunity for the production of animal protein in lunar or planetary bases.     

Aquatic modules for bioregenerative life support systems based on the C.E.B.A.S. biotechnology

Most concepts for bioregenerative life support systems are based on edible higher land plants which create some problems with growth and seed generation under space conditions. Animal protein production is mostly neglected because of the tremendous waste management problems with tetrapods under reduced weightlessness. Therefore, the “Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System” (C.E.B.A.S.) was developed which represents an artificial aquatic ecosystem containing aquatic organisms which are adpated at all to “near weightlessness conditions” (fishes Xiphophorus helleri, water snails Biomphalaria glabrata, ammonia oxidizing bacteria and the rootless non-gravitropic edible water plant Ceratophyllum demersum). Basically the C.E.B.A.S. consists of 4 subsystems: a ZOOLOGICASL COMPONENT (animal aquarium), a BOTANICAL COMPONENT (aquatic plant bioreactor), a MICROBIAL COMPONENT (bacteria filter) and an ELECTRONICAL COMPONENT (data acquisition and control unit). Superficially, the function principle appears simple: the plants convert light energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis thus producing biomass and oxygen. The animals and microorganisms use the oxygen for respiration and produce the carbon dioxide which is essential for plant photosynthesis. The ammonia ions excreted by the animals are converted by the bacteria to nitrite and then to nitrate ions which serve as a nitrogen source for the plants. Other essential ions derive from biological degradation of animal waste products and dead organic matter. The C.E.B.A.S. exists in 2 basic versions: the original C.E.B.A.S. with a volume of 150 liters and a self-sustaining standing time of more than 13 month and the so-called C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE with a volume of about 8.5 liters. In the latter there is no closed food loop by reasons of available space so that animal food has to be provided via an automated feeder. This device was flown already successfully on the STS-89 and STS-90 spaceshuttle missions and the working hypothesis was verified that aquatic organisms are nearly not affected at all by space conditions, i . e. that the plants exhibited biomass production rates identical to the ground controls and that as well the reproductive, and the immune system as the the embryonic and ontogenic development of the animals remained undisturbed. Currently the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODLULE is prepared for a third spaceshuttle fligt (STS-107) in spring 2001. Based on the results of the space experiments a series of prototypes of aquatic food production modules for the implementation into BLSS were developed. This paper describes the scientific disposition of the STS-107 experiments and of open and closed aquaculture systems based on another aquatic plant species, the Lemnacean Wolffia arrhiza which is cultured as a vegetable in Southeastern Asia. This plant can be grown in suspension culture and several special bioreactors were developed for this purpose. W. arrhiza reproduces mainly vegetatively by buds but also sexually from time to time and is therefore especially suitable for genetic engineering, too. Therefore it was used, in addition, to optimize the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE to allow experiments with a duration of 4 month in the International Space Station the basic principle of which will be explained. In the context of aquaculture systems for BLSS the continuous replacement of removed fish biomass is an essential demand. Although fish reproduction seems not to be affected in the short-term space experiments with the C.E.B.A.S. MIMI MODULE a functional and reliable hatchery for the production of siblings under reduced weightlessness is connected with some serious problems. Therefore an automated “reproduction module” for the herbivorous fish Tilapia rendalli was developed as a laboratory prototype. It is concluded that aquatic modules of different degrees of complexity can optimize the productivity of BLSS based on higher land plants and that they offer an unique opportunity for the production of animal protein in lunar or planetary bases.     

Self-sustaining Mars colonies utilizing the North Polar Cap and the Martian atmosphere

A revolutionary new concept for the early establishment of robust, self-sustaining Martian colonies is described. The colonies would be located on the North Polar Cap of Mars and utilize readily available water ice and the CO2 Martian atmosphere as raw materials to produce all of the propellants, fuel, air, water, plastics, food, and other supplies needed by the colony. The colonists would live in thermally insulated large, comfortable habitats under the ice surface, fully shielded from cosmic rays. The habitats and supplies would be produced by a compact, lightweight (~4 metric tons) nuclear powered robotic unit termed ALPH (Atomic Liberation of Propellant and Habitat), which would land 2 years before the colonists arrived. Using a compact, lightweight 5 MW (th) nuclear reactor/steam turbine (1 MW(e)) power source and small process units (e.g., H2O electrolyzer, H2 and O2 liquefiers, methanator, plastic polymerizer, food producer, etc.) ALPH would stockpile many hundreds of tons of supplies in melt cavities under the ice, plus insulated habitats, to be in place and ready for use when the colonists landed. With the stockpiled supplies, the colonists would construct and operate rovers and flyers to explore the surface of Mars. ALPH greatly reduces the amount of Earth supplied material needed and enables large permanent colonies on Mars. It also greatly reduces human and mission risks and vastly increases the capability not only for exploration of the surrounding Martian surface, but also the ice cap itself. The North Polar Cap is at the center of the vast ancient ocean that covered much of the Martian Northern Hemisphere. Small, nuclear heated robotic probes would travel deep (1 km or more) inside the ice cap, collecting data on its internal structure, the composition and properties of the ancient Martian atmosphere, and possible evidence of ancient life forms (microfossils, traces of DNA, etc.) that were deposited either by wind or as remnants of the ancient ocean. Details of the ALPH system, which is based on existing technology, are presented. ALPH units could be developed and demonstrated on Earth ice sheets within a few years. An Earth-Mars space transport architecture is described, in which Mars produced propellant and supplies for return journeys to Earth would be lifted with relatively low DeltaV to Mars orbit, and from there transported back to Earth orbit, enabling faster and lower cost trips from Earth to Mars. The exploration capability and quality of life in a mature Martian colony of 500 persons located on the North Polar Cap is outlined.     

浅谈构建部队后勤保障社会化顺畅高效运行机制

部队后勤保障社会化取得的成效是有目共睹的，但是由于种种原因，部分单位还没有取得预期效果，本文尝试从部队后勤保障社会化中出现的矛盾人手，分析其产生的原因，提出构建顺畅高效社会化的运行机制的对策。