发达国家城市环境治理的五大措施

城市环境治理是运用法律、经济、行政、技术和教育等各种手段,调控人类生产生活行为,协调城市经济社会发展与环境保护之间关系的一种经济社会管理模式。城市环境治理具有综合性、区域性、群众性与动态性等特征,其本质是通过影响人的行为,转变城市经济发展模式。发达国家在治理过程中,先后采取了环境行政、环境经济、环境立法、环境技术与环境教育等措施,有效地控制了主要污染的肆意蔓延,从根本上改善了环境质量,这些经验及其教训,值得中国学习与借鉴。     

农村图书馆的困境及发展出路

作为科技兴农的重要教育阵地,建设农村图书馆是实现城乡居民文化平等的根本保障,是促进基层图书馆有序发展的重要手段,是加强农村精神文明建设的根本需要,是推动农村经济发展的基础工程。然而,当前农村图书馆面临着基础设施较为落后、经济投入不足、专业人才严重缺乏、农民意识相对淡薄等问题,这严重阻碍着农村精神文明建设与中国文化教育事业的进步。因此,探索农村图书馆的发展出路势在必行。     

辽中南城市群产业状况调查及结构优化研究

产业结构作为以往经济增长的结果和未来经济增长的基础，已经成为经济发展的基本要素。以辽中南城市群作为研究对象，调查其产业结构现状，探讨影响和决定产业之间比例关系的因素。分析产业结构的变动趋势，提出优化该地区产业结构的方案。优化辽中南地区的产业结构，主要从深化产业分工，提升产业功能入手，以期形成既具有强大的综合竞争力，又具备活力，符合产业结构发展趋势，符合辽中南地区要素禀赋的辽中南产业群。     

企业成长力及其评价指标体系设计

企业的成长是一个复杂的动态过程,各种影响企业成长的因素相互关联、渗透,必须建立一套指标体系以便对其进行评价、控制。文章探讨了企业可持续成长所必须具备的能力,论述了评价企业成长力的指标体系设计原则,即指标体系需要有完备性、适度性、实用性和动态性。提出指标的设计要针对影响企业成长的重要因素——外部规则结构、内部治理结构、市场—技术结构作出具体选择和调整。     

Chaos and Determinism: A Paradigm

Policy makers depend upon ability to predict the outcome of their policies. Increasingly, in the field of international security ? in matters of war and peace ? prediction is based upon quantitative models. The point made here is that just because a model is mathematical, it does not follow that it can be used to make predictions, that non-linear models allow both predictive and chaotic regimes. After illustrating these matters with physical models, the paper turns to the modeling of an arms race between two antagonistic nations (or groups of nations). After discussing static and dynamic arms race models which are predictive, we turn to a simple non-linear arms race model which allows a transition from predictabililty to chaos. We then postulate that such a transition describes the transition from peace to war in the two party hostile competitive system being modeled by the nonlinear equations, that peace is to war in reality as determinism is to chaos in a mathematical model of that reality. Thus, escalation from peace to war through various levels of hostility may not be controllable, the ``slipping' from peace to war may be as inadvertent as the slipping from laminar flow to turbulence as an aircraft stalls and loses control. The lessons to be learned are to stay away from critical transition points if at all possible and ? more importantly ? to be very wary of claims of controllability in any escalation of a crisis.     

Analysis of Some Modified Cell-Averaging CFAR Processors in Multiple-Target Situations

A serious degradation of detection probability (Pd) in a cellaverging constant false alarm rate (CA-CFAR) detector is known to be caused by the presence of an interfering target in the set of reference cells. A technique which is often used to prevent excessive false alarms at clutter ?edges? is a ?greatest of? (GO) selection between the leading and lagging sets of cells (GO-CFAR). However, it is demonstrated for a Rayleigh target that the abovementioned suppression effect is more acute in the GO-CFAR. Practically, detection of closely separated targets is almost inhibited. Selection of the ?smallest of? (SO) the means for the adaptive threshold has been proposed to alleviate this problem. An analytic expression for Pd of this detector is also derived, and it is shown that though it does prevent the suppression effect, a large sensitivity loss is introduced unless the number of reference cells is sufficiently large. A modified CO-CFAR detector, combining a ?censoring? circuit, is proposed for automatic detection in a complex nonhomogeneous environment.     

枚举结构主要失效模式的一种方法

由于各失效模式发生的概率不同,在实用中只需挑选出那些发生概率较大的模式——主要失效模式,并将它们对系统失效的影响加以综合就足以较准确地估算出结构系统总的失效概率。因而,有效地识别主要失效模式就成为结构系统可靠性分析和设计中的一个核心问题。本文在优化准则法的基础上,提出了自动生成结构系统主要失效模式的载荷     

专家系统在机翼结构布局优化中的应用研究

1.方法原理 一般结构优化仅将离散化后的有限元特征尺寸作为设计变量(例如板杆结构中的杆元横截面积和板元厚度),而其它布局参数(如板、杆元的数目、位置和材料等)在一次上机优化过程中是不变的。当然,可以将元件位置(用节点坐标表示)和元件材料包括进     

Adaptive Correlation Regions for Alpha-Beta Tracking Filters

The design of correlation regions for track-while-scan systems is examined, assuming the requirement to maintain a constant probability of successful correlation. Starting with the assumption of independent and Gaussian-distributed range and azimuth errors in the sensor and assuming a constant-coefficient isotropic ?-? tracking filter, it is shown how the correlation region design must include such factors as sensor errors, timing jitter, tracking errors, and the asynchronous operation of the tracking function with respect to the sensor measurements. For a maneuvering target, it is shown that the size of the correlation region must be equal to the sum of the radius used for the straight-line case plus the magnitude of any tracking bias which results from deviation from the straight-line trajectory assumed in the tracking filter. An upper bound is derived for the magnitude of the bias which could reasonably be expected in typical maneuvers. By specifying the size of the correlation region on a constant probability basis, it is possible to obtain better discrimination against false targets and improved detection of maneuvers by sensing the development of tracking biases.     

无限寿命可靠性分析方法

1.引言 材料在冶炼、加工和使用过程中,不可避免地存在各种初始缺陷或裂纹,对某些关键的或不易检修的构件(如螺旋桨叶、发动机气门弹簧等),常采用无限寿命设计,期望其中的初始缺陷或裂纹不继续扩展。这要求应力强度因子变程△K小于疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值△K_(th),而应力强度因子变程△K是应力变程△σ的函数X(△σ)与初始裂纹尺寸α_0的函数     

斜削梁协调元素族及其在梁固有振动分析上的应用

本文给出了位移函数为三次、五次、七次幂多项式时斜削梁元素刚度与质量矩阵的显表达式以及计算任意奇次幂高阶斜削梁元素族刚度与质量矩阵显表达式的一般方法。然后应用高阶协调元素计算了六种线性斜削梁在悬臂支持、二端简支、二端固支等情况下的头五阶固有频率及振型。结果表明,在所有情况下,与低阶元素相比,高阶元素均显出有较好的收敛性。但若施加以力的边界条件,则在使用少量元素和梁的斜削度较大的情况下,高阶元素的结果反而不如低阶元素的结果好。     

Integrated Diagnostics: The Navy Perspective

As part of the DOD Logistics Research and Development Program, the Navy is embarking on the development of an Integrated Diagnostics Support System. This System is composed of a number of diagnostic design tools, which are aimed at automating the diagnostic design process. When completed, the tools will be utilized in a comprehensive integrated diagnostic demonstration project applied to a Naval weapon system. The last three years have been characterized by increasing attention given to the definition, implementation, and evaluation of integrated diagnostics concepts. Integrated diagnostics is a structured process which maximizes the effectiveness of diagnostics by integrating pertinent elements, such as testability, automatic and manual testing, training, maintenance aiding, personnel and computer-aided engineering as a means for providing a cost-effective capability to detect and unambiguously isolate all faults known or expected to occur in weapon systems and equipment, and to satisfy weapon system mission requirements.     

大型结构的失效分析

用半模加虚元法计算大型结构元件的破坏问题,只限于对称的破坏型式,非对称的破坏分析,如用虚元法,必须建立全结构模型。本文旨在将结构的刚度变化问题,转化为力的变化问題,固定原有的结构刚度,用等效附加力来替代破坏元件的刚度效应,以达到用半模解大型结构元件非对称破坏问题的目的。     

航空结构动力分析系统HAJIF-Ⅱ

HAJIF-Ⅱ是中国航空研究院领导研制的航空结构动力分析系统。它可以进行结构的固有动力特性计算,以及带主动控制系统的飞机颤振计算和突风响应计算。它具有31条固定流程、2600条FORTRAN语句。允许使用99个原级子结构,每个子结构的自由度数可达7000。颤振计算和突风响应计算中,可以使用50个形态。非定常空气动力计算的分块数可达300个。在刚度矩阵和质量矩阵的管理上,采用超元矩阵方法做“宏观处理”,并用有效列方法做“微观处理”,发展了新的同时迭代算法,以提高实特征值计算的效率。设计了比较完整的形态综合法计算程序,除固定界面法和自由界面法之外,还发展了分级综合和逐步综合的新方法。非定常空气动力计算方面,引入了用曲线拟合方法把谐振荡空气动力转入拉氏平面的技术。用本系统计算了一批典型的结构,取得了良好结果。     

组合结构强度与稳定性计算

 本文用有限元素法和对于几何非线性结构问题的增量法求解组合结构强度与稳定性问题。结构元素包括杆元、平面梁元、空间梁元、平面三角板元、平面矩形板元和弯曲矩形板元等。粱与板杆之间的协调采用无限刚性元处理的方法。在用联立迭代法求解广义特征值问题时,可由随机数自动产生初始试验向量。文中还叙述了计算过程中的一些处理技巧,并给出了几个数值例子。 计算程序用标准的FORTRAN Ⅳ语言编制,具有计算时间短,通用性强,使用方便等特点。     

On Superconductive Gravity Gradiometry in Space

Superconductive gravity gradiometers for space have been expected in vain for more than fifteen years, since the niobium superconductor technology has maturated and became commonly regarded as adequate to the purpose. Therefore an old design idea may be suspected of inefficiency, and new concepts should be considered. We propose one that abandons an attractive yet restrictive method of spatial differentiation by the principle of the magnetic flux conservation. Instead, it uses the SQUID just as a low noise sensor in the test mass displacement transducers, and differentiates by means of a negative feedback. We argue that the feedback can ease the known obstacles. Especially, it provides convenient practical means for neutralization of the low frequency SQUID noise, and for correction of dimensional inaccuracies of the sensor mechanics. Moreover, the feedback can organize a cluster of twelve elementary accelerometers into a precise tensor gradiometer that can self-correct its inaccuracies by tuning the cross-coupling between its elements. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

航空工业仿真数据管理解决方案

本文分析了航空航天行业企业对于仿真数据管理（SDM）平台建设的普遍需求和挑战,总结了与之对应的SDM平台方案建设的要素与益处。提出了采用多学科CAEBOM来进行仿真业务数据的结构化管理这一概念,强调了SDM如何与设计流程协同、平台如何同外部工具联合构建自动化流程两个平台建设的关键要素。最后,通过用户案例说明了国外宇航工业在这方面的最佳实践。     

Key Questions for Low Metallicity Stars Rapporteur Summary of the Working Group on Low-Z Stars

An overview of the discussions of the working group on Low-Z stars is presented. Key questions addressed include how the abundances of lithium observed in these stars should be compared to that produced in the Big Bang. Evidence for and against a small star-to-star variation in Li abundances is reviewed, and whether such a variation, if real, necessarily indicates that stellar depletion has occurred, necessitating correction to the value compared to primordial nucleosynthesis calculations. A second key question concerns how and where the light elements are produced. Taken together, their abundance ratios strongly suggest that in low-Z stars the light elements other than 7Li are produced by cosmic ray spallation. The most recent evidence suggests that a minority of this spallation happens in the general interstellar medium, and that a larger fraction might happen in the immediate vicinity of Supernovae, possibly producing observable star-to-star variation. Finally, the question of the overall metallicity of the Galaxy is discussed. How homogeneous in space and time is its evolution? Can we identify subsystems or individual stars which indicate a pregalactic contribution to the galactic metallicity?

     

变循环发动机后涵道引射器的研究现状与关键技术

变循环发动机是航空发动机的发展方向。相较于传统的航空发动机,变循环航空发动机在加力燃烧室中设置了后涵道 引射器这一典型可调几何机构,以满足整机对气动匹配、推力和燃油经济性的需求。讨论了变循环发动机后涵道引射器的发展历 程、布置位置、结构形式等,分析了后涵道引射器的结构特征和功能特点,点明了对加力燃烧室气动热力性能、结构尺寸的影响和 对发动机推力、耗油率的影响。同时,结合后涵道引射器的发展历程和技术特征,指出了其在性能、结构和控制等方面需要深入研 究的快速响应、精准控制和高可靠性等关键技术。通过对后涵道引射器的讨论和分析,以期为变循环发动机乃至未来涡轮基组合 循环发动机的后涵道引射器性能和结构设计提供参考。     

WO3基低浓度NO2气敏传感器的研究

分别采用改进前后的溶胶-凝胶法制备WO3纳米材料,制作成直热式球形气敏元件,对低浓度的NO2气体进行测试.结果表明,改进后的溶胶-凝胶法制备的WO3材料,粒径小,表面疏松,对低浓度甚至极低浓度的NO2气体有很好的灵敏度,响应恢复时间很快,选择性好,而且所有元件都在较低的工作电压下有最高的灵敏度,说明工作温度低有利于降低功耗.