不完备轨道信息下的LEO轨道面内机动检测方法

针对某些因轨道信息不完整而无法直接外推的LEO轨道飞行器的机动检测问题,提出了一种基于轨道摄动影响的面内机动检测方法。该方法将半长轴和偏心率作为检测量,通过分析大气阻力摄动和J 2 项摄动对 LEO 飞行器轨道的影响,从而确定目标飞行器的轨道参数允许边界值,再通过和实际轨道参数进行比较来判定被检测数据点参数是否超出正常范围。最后,采用这种方法对X\|37B飞行器轨道数据进行了仿真验证,共检测出10个机动点,结果表明该方法可以较为准确地利用有限轨道信息检测目标的轨道机动情况。     

The use of three-impulse transfer to insert the spacecraft into the high Moon Artificial Satellite orbits

The problem of the optimal spacecraft’s insertion from the Earth into the high circular polar Moon Artificial Satellite’s orbit (MAS) with a radius of 4000–8000 km has been investigated. A comparison of single- and three-impulse insertion schemes has been performed. The analysis was made taking into account the disturbances from the lunar gravity field harmonics and the gravity fields of the Earth and the Sun, as well as the engine’s limited thrust. It has been shown that the three-impulse transfer from the initial selenocentric hyperbola of the approach into the considered final high MAS orbit is noticeably better with respect to the final mass than the ordinary single-impulse deceleration. The control parameters that implement this maneuver and provide nearly the same energy expenses as in the Keplerian case have been presented. It was found that, in contrast to the Keplerian case, in the considered case of the real gravity field, there is the optimal maximum distance of the maneuver. Recently, the Moon exploration problem became actual again.     

Optimization of the trajectory of the spacecraft insertion into the system of heliocentric orbits

The possibility of the spacecraft insertion into the system of operational heliocentric orbits has been analyzed. It has been proposed to use a system of several operational heliocentric orbits. On each orbit, the spacecraft makes one or more revolutions around the Sun. These orbits are characterized by a relatively small perihelion radius and relatively high inclination, which allows one to investigate the polar regions of the Sun. The transition of the spacecraft from one orbit to another has been performed using an unpowered gravity assist maneuver near Venus and does not require the cruise propulsion operation. Each maneuver transfers the spacecraft into the sequence of operational heliocentric orbits. We have analyzed several systems of operational heliocentric orbits into which the spacecraft can be inserted by means of the considered transportation system with electric propulsion (EP). The mass of the spacecraft delivered to these systems of operational orbits has been estimated.     

Analytical solutions for the relative motion of spacecraft subject to Lorentz-force perturbations

A spacecraft capable of producing higher-than-natural electrostatic charges may achieve propellantless orbital maneuvering via the Lorentz-force interaction with a planetary magnetic field. Development of maneuver strategies for these propellantless vehicles is complicated by the fact that the perturbative Lorentz force acts along only a single line of action at any instant. Relative-motion dynamical models are developed that lead to approximate analytical solutions for the motion of charged spacecraft subject to the Lorentz force. These solutions indicate that the principal effects of the Lorentz force on a spacecraft in a circular orbit are to change the intrack position and to change the orbit plane. A rendezvous example is presented in which a spacecraft with a specific charge of ?3.81 $\times$ 10^?4 C/kg reaches a target vehicle initially 10 km away (on the same equatorial low-Earth orbit) in 1 day. Fly-around maneuvers may be achieved in low-Earth orbit with specific charges on the order of 0.001 C/kg.     

Halo轨道维持的线性周期控制策略

共线型平动点附近的Halo轨道具有指数不稳定性,轨道维持是必不可少的。推导了基于Halo轨道的误差动力学方程,并证明其一阶近似即为线性周期系统。以一次维持的作用时间为离散步长,并通过定常变换,将所得误差动力学化为线性离散定常系统;则仅需通过极点配置,即可实现Halo轨道镇定。研究结果表明,利用Halo轨道周期性设计的线性周期控制策略,可以满足轨道维持任务的需要。     

Design and implementation of the flight dynamics system for COMS satellite mission operations

The first Korean multi-mission geostationary Earth orbit satellite, Communications, Ocean, and Meteorological Satellite (COMS) was launched by an Ariane 5 launch vehicle in June 26, 2010. The COMS satellite has three payloads including Ka-band communications, Geostationary Ocean Color Imager, and Meteorological Imager. Although the COMS spacecraft bus is based on the Astrium Eurostar 3000 series, it has only one solar array to the south panel because all of the imaging sensors are located on the north panel. In order to maintain the spacecraft attitude with 5 wheels and 7 thrusters, COMS should perform twice a day wheel off-loading thruster firing operations, which affect on the satellite orbit. COMS flight dynamics system provides the general on-station functions such as orbit determination, orbit prediction, event prediction, station-keeping maneuver planning, station-relocation maneuver planning, and fuel accounting. All orbit related functions in flight dynamics system consider the orbital perturbations due to wheel off-loading operations. There are some specific flight dynamics functions to operate the spacecraft bus such as wheel off-loading management, oscillator updating management, and on-station attitude reacquisition management. In this paper, the design and implementation of the COMS flight dynamics system is presented. An object oriented analysis and design methodology is applied to the flight dynamics system design. Programming language C# within Microsoft .NET framework is used for the implementation of COMS flight dynamics system on Windows based personal computer.     

航天器近距离视觉制导自主机动轨道优化

研究具有视觉导引路径约束的航天器近距离机动轨道优化数值计算问题。首先,给出了带路径约束的椭圆参考轨道航天器近距离轨道机动最优化问题数学模型。利用高斯伪谱法将上述最优化问题转化为非线性规划问题,优化参数为配点上的状态量和控制量。然后,利用MATLAB的SNOPT软件包对非线性规划问题进行求解。最后通过数值仿真验证了方法的有效性和鲁棒性。     

远程自主接近轨道设计技术

对完成任务的运载火箭末级、失效卫星等空间非合作目标进行空间操作是复杂的,需要地面测控网与主动航天器的密切合作才能完成抵近及相应操作。以火箭末级残骸作为空间非合作目标,给出了远程自主接近的轨道设计方法。通过地面遥控上传的目标轨道参数,主动航天器进行自主异面机动、主动调相等多次点火,完成对非合作目标的远程接近,接近距离在50km之内,2016年6月底远征一号甲上面级的成功飞行验证了该方法和设计结果的有效性。     

一种挠性航天器的对偶四元数姿轨耦合控制方法

为解决复杂的挠性航天器的姿轨控制问题,对于挠性航天器的姿轨耦合动力学建模与控制展开研究。基于对偶四元数原理,推导给出一套挠性航天器的姿轨一体化动力学模型。此种模型能够紧凑描述航天器的轨道和姿态,且能够自动引入航天器平动、转动与挠性附件振动三者之间的关联耦合作用。基于此模型设计了一种自适应位置姿态跟踪控制器,该控制器能够在航天器质量特性参数未知的情况下,对其位置和姿态进行轨迹跟踪控制,并使位置和姿态误差收敛。该自适应控制器还可对航天器上挠性附件对系统的耦合作用进行估计,进而在控制输出中对其进行补偿,提高卫星控制系统的稳定性。通过仿真对控制律进行校验,结果表明该控制律对挠性航天器控制效果良好,具有一定的工程应用参考价值。     

Analysis of the orbital motion of the asteroid Apophis’ satellite

We have analyzed the orbital disturbed spacecraft motion near an asteroid. The equations of the asteroidocentric spacecraft motion have been used with regard to three perturbations from celestial bodies, the asteroid’s nonsphericity, and solar radiation pressure. It has been shown that the orbital parameters of the main spacecraft and a small satellite with a radio beacon can be selected such that the orbits are rather stable for a fairly long period of time, i.e., a few weeks for the main spacecraft with an orbit initial radius of ~0.5 km and a few years before approaching Apophis with the Earth in 2029, for a small satellite at an orbit initial radius of ~1.5 km. The initial orientation of the spacecraft orbital plane perpendicular to the sunward direction is optimal from the point of view of the stability of the spacecraft flight near an asteroid.     

一种具备星间链路的中轨对地观测星座设计

采用轨道高度为2165.6 km、回归周期为1天的太阳同步回归轨道建立了一个包含6颗卫星、具备星间链路的中轨对地观测星座。通过卫星自身的侧摆姿态机动功能,可以实现对同一目标1天之内的多次观测,以完成区域性准实时成像、灾害灾情监测等任务,极大地提高了观测的时间分辨率。在星座内部,相邻两颗卫星之间建立了5000 bit/s码速率测控和250 Mbit/s码速率数传的星间链路,能够充分利用单颗卫星在境内的可视弧段,通过地面与单颗卫星建立星地链路就可以同时完成与所有卫星的星地通信。     

LISA — a study of the ESA cornerstone mission for observing gravitational waves

The primary objective of the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) mission is to detect and observe gravitational waves from massive black holes and galactic binaries in the frequency range 10⁻⁴ to 10⁻¹ Hz. This low-frequency range is inaccessible to ground-based interferometers because of the unshieldable background of local gravitational noise and because ground-based interferometers are limited in length to a few km. LISA is an ESA cornerstone mission and recently had a system study (Ref. 1) carried out by a consortium led by Astrium, which confirmed the basic configuration for the payload with only minor changes, and provided detailed concepts for the spacecraft and mission design. The study confirmed the need for a drag-free technology demonstration mission to develop the inertial sensors for LISA, before embarking on the build of the flight sensors. With a technology demonstration flight in 2005, it would be possible to carry out LISA as a joint ESA-NASA mission with a launch by 2010 subject to the funding programmatics. The baseline for LISA is three disc-like spacecraft each of which consist of a science module which carries the laser interferometer payload (two in each science module) and a propulsion module containing an ion drive and the hydrazine thrusters of the AOCS. The propulsion module is used for the transfer from earth escape trajectory provided by the Delta II launch to the operational orbit. Once there the propulsion module is jettisoned to reduce disturbances on the payload. Detailed analysis of thermal and gravitational disturbances, a model of the drag-free control and of the interferometer operation confirm that the strain sensitivity of the interferometer will be achieved.     

面向空间目标相对轨道确定的编队优化方法

针对提高空间目标相对轨道确定精度的问题，研究了在主航天器轨道运动受限时，通过设计和优化辅航天器相对轨道要素的航天器编队优化方法。首先，介绍了基于扩展卡尔曼滤波的双视线测量相对轨道确定方法；之后，通过研究双视线测量下的空间目标定位误差变化规律，得到了减小定位误差的角度条件；然后，通过分析该角度条件和辅航天器相对轨道要素的关系，设计并采用遗传算法优化了辅航天器相对轨道；最后，数学仿真结果表明，设计的编队可保证目标相对位置估计误差收敛，优化后的编队可使目标相对位置估计误差减小至0.3 km且不超过1.2 km。     

小推力轨道保持方法

对小推力轨道保持方法进行了研究。用快、慢变量控制器分别控制轨道要素的快慢变量,基于推导的经典轨道要素与2个推力方向角和最佳变轨位置的关系,给出了最优推力方向角的解析表达式。用Lyapunov反馈控制实现卫星轨道机动的轨道转移,并引入相位调整,实现了卫星的站位保持。仿真结果表明:基于Lyapunov的反馈控制可实现小推力轨道的转移和保持。     

超低轨航天器气动力分析与减阻设计

轨道降低,航天器受到的气动力增大,气动力对航天器影响显著。考虑自由分子流态 下的超低轨航天器,利用分割法把简单外形的航天器分割为几部分,分别计算各部分的气动 力,然后相加获得总的气动力效果;通过对平面的气动力进行计算分析,提出了超低 轨航天器的减阻设计方法;结果表明：当轨道高度降低到250 km左右时,航天器受到的气动 阻力比500 km高出约2个数量级;一般情况下,超低轨航天器应采用细长体构型,减小迎风 面积;侧面积引起的航天器阻力已经不可忽略,应采用侧面光滑技术,减少侧面阻力;当超 低轨航天器长细比超过一定限度后,随着长细比增大,大气阻力升高。
     

基于太阳能热推进的应急飞行器系统优化设计

基于太阳能热推进的航天器推进系统具备高比冲、高效率等诸多性能优势。文章基于太阳能热推进原理实现应急轨道航天器的轨道补偿控制,并对系统关键参数进行了优化设计。首先建立轨道控制系统的数学模型,然后根据太阳能热推进原理与轨道特性实现吸热剂质量与聚光器吸热面积的优化计算,最后仿真验证该方案的可行性。仿真结果表明:该方案适用于210～300 km高度的应急轨道,且吸热剂质量与聚光器面积需求均在合理范围内。     

The Use of Quaternions in the Optimal Control Problems of Motion of the Center of Mass of a Spacecraft in a Newtonian Gravitational Field: II

The problem of a rendezvous in the central Newtonian gravitational field is considered for a controlled spacecraft and an uncontrollable spacecraft moving along an elliptic Keplerian orbit. For solving the problem, two variants of the equations of motion for the spacecraft center of mass are used, written in rotating coordinate systems and using quaternion variables to describe the orientations of these coordinate systems. In the first variant of the equations of motion a quaternion variable characterizes the orientation of an instantaneous orbit of the spacecraft and the spacecraft location in the orbit, while in the second variant it characterizes the orientation of the plane of the spacecraft instantaneous orbit and the location of a generalized pericenter in the orbit. The quaternion variable used in the second variant of the equations of motion is a quaternion osculating element of the spacecraft orbit. The problem of a rendezvous of two spacecraft is formulated as a problem of optimal control by the motion of the center of mass of a controlled spacecraft with a movable right end of the trajectory, and it is solved on the basis of Pontryagin's maximum principle.     

近地卫星星历的高精度星载算法研究

随着星载计算机系统结构和性能的改善,利用星载计算机实现高精度的星历计算成为可能。本文针对近地轨道卫星提出了一种适合星上轨道预报的数值算法。通过采用简化的动力学模型和一种嵌套插值算法的积分器,有效提高了计算效率,降低了对星载计算系统的性能要求,从而实现高精度的卫星星历星载计算。该算法在星载计算机系统平台上进行仿真验证的结果表明,对于某飞行器可实现轨道预报1天优于1km的星历计算。     

基于偏心率和倾角矢量的共位隔离策略

在同一个标准的位置保持窗口内并置多颗卫星,并且避免相互之间的碰撞、干扰和遮蔽,是充分利用地球静止轨道资源的一种比较好的办法。针对我国卫星共位隔离的工程需要,文章提出了一种基于偏心率矢量和倾角矢量实现共位隔离的方法,给出了基于偏心率矢量和倾角矢量联合隔离的基本方法、约束方程,以及工程实现时的位置保持策略。通过仿真计算和工程实际应用,验证了该方法的正确性。     

Analysis of the Accuracy of Ballistic Descent from a Circular Circumterrestrial Orbit

The problem of the transportation of the results of experiments and observations to Earth every so often appears in space research. Its simplest and low-cost solution is the employment of a small ballistic reentry spacecraft. Such a spacecraft has no system of control of the descent trajectory in the atmosphere. This can result in a large spread of landing points, which make it difficult to search for the spacecraft and very often a safe landing. In this work, a choice of a compromise scheme of the flight is considered, which includes the optimum braking maneuver, adequate conditions of the entry into the atmosphere with limited heating and overload, and also the possibility of landing within the limits of a circle with a radius of 12.5 km. The following disturbing factors were taken into account in the analysis of the accuracy of landing: the errors of the braking impulse execution, the variations of the atmosphere density and the wind, the error of the specification of the ballistic coefficient of the reentry spacecraft, and a displacement of its center of mass from the symmetry axis. It is demonstrated that the optimum maneuver assures the maximum absolute value of the reentry angle and the insensitivity of the trajectory of descent with respect to small errors of orientation of the braking engine in the plane of the orbit. It is also demonstrated that the possible error of the landing point due to the error of specification of the ballistic coefficient does not depend (in the linear approximation) upon its value and depends only upon the reentry angle and the accuracy of specification of this coefficient. A guided parachute with an aerodynamic efficiency of about two should be used at the last leg of the reentry trajectory. This will allow one to land in a prescribed range and to produce adequate conditions for the interception of the reentry spacecraft by a helicopter in order to prevent a rough landing.