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1.
The ESA/NASA spacecraft Ulysses is making, for the first time, direct measurements in the solar wind originating from virtually all places where the corona expands. Since the initial two polar passes of Ulysses occur during relatively quiet solar conditions, we discuss here the three main regimes of quasi-stationary solar wind flow: the high speed streams (HSSTs) coming out of the polar coronal holes, the slow solar wind surrounding the HSSTs, and the streamers which occur at B-field reversals. Comparisons between H- maps and data taken by Ulysses demonstrate that as a result of super-radial expansion, the HSSTs occupy a much larger solid angle than that derived from radial projections of coronal holes. Data obtained with SWICS-Ulysses confirm that the strength of the FIP effect is much reduced in the HSSTs. The systematics in the variations of elemental abundances becomes particularly clear, if these are plotted against the time of ionisation (at the solar surface) rather than against the first ionisation potential (FIP). We have used a superposed-epoch method to investigate the changes in solar wind speed and composition measured during the 9-month period in 1992/93 when Ulysses regularly passed into and out of the southern HSST. We find that the patterns in the variations of the Mg/O and O7+/O6+ ratios are virtually identical and that their transition from high to low values is very steep. Since the Mg/O ratio is controlled by the FIP effect and the O7+/O6+ ratio reflects the coronal temperature, this finding points to a connection between chromospheric and coronal conditions. 相似文献
2.
U. Feldman 《Space Science Reviews》1998,85(1-2):227-240
Recent spectroscopic measurements from instruments on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) find that the coronal
composition above a polar coronal hole is nearly photospheric. However, similar SOHO observations show that in coronal plasmas
above quiet equatorial regions low-FIP elements are enhanced by a factor of ≈ 4. In addition, the process of elemental settling
in coronal plasmas high above the solar surface was shown to exist. Measurements by the Ulysses spacecraft, which are based
on non-spectroscopic particle counting techniques, show that, with the exception of He, the elemental composition of the fast
speed solar wind is similar to within a factor of 1.5 to the composition of the photosphere. In contrast, similar measurements
in the slow speed wind show that elements with low first ionization potential (FIP < 10 eV) are enhanced, relative to the
photosphere, by a factor of 4-5. By combining the SOHO and Ulysses results, ideas related to the origin of the slow speed
solar wind are presented. Using spectroscopic measurements by the Solar Ultraviolet Measurement of Emitted Radiation (SUMER)
instrument on SOHO the photospheric abundance of He was determined as 8.5 ± 1.3% (Y = 0.248).
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
This paper contains a summary of the topics treated in the working group on abundance variations in the solar atmosphere and
in the solar wind. The FIP bias (overabundance of particles with low First Ionization Potentials over photospheric abundances)
in coronal holes and coronal hole associated solar wind amounts to values between 1 and 2. The FIP bias in the slow solar
wind is typically a factor 4, consistent with optical observations in streamers. In order to distinguish between different
theoretical models which make an attempt to explain the FIP bias, some observable parameters must be provided. Unfortunately,
many models are deficient in this respect. In addition to FIP fractionation, gravitational settling of heavy elements has
been found in the core of long lived streamers. The so-called electron 'freeze in' temperatures derived from in situ observed
ionization states of minor ions in the fast wind are significantly higher than the electron temperatures derived from diagnostic
line ratios observed in polar coronal holes. The distinction between conditions in plumes and interplume lanes needs to be
further investigated. The 'freeze in' temperatures for the slow solar wind are consistent with the electron temperatures derived
for streamers.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
4.
By the time of the 34th ESLAB symposium, dedicated to the memory of John Simpson, Ulysses had nearly reached its peak southerly latitude in its second polar orbit. The global solar wind structure observed thus far
in Ulysses' second orbit is remarkably different from that observed over its first orbit. In particular, Ulysses observed highly irregular solar wind with less periodic stream interaction regions, much more frequent coronal mass ejections,
and only a single, short interval of fast solar wind. Ulysses also observed the slowest solar wind seen thus far in its ten-year
journey (∼270 km s−1). The complicated solar wind structure undoubtedly arises from the more complex coronal structure found around solar activity
maximum, when the large polar coronal holes have disappeared and coronal streamers, small-scale coronal holes, and frequent
CMEs are found at all heliolatitudes.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
5.
The solar wind charge state and elemental compositions have been measured with the Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometers
(SWICS) on Ulysses and ACE for a combined period of about 25 years. This most extensive data set includes all varieties of
solar wind flows and extends over more than one solar cycle. With SWICS the abundances of all charge states of He, C, N, O,
Ne, Mg, Si, S, Ar and Fe can be reliably determined (when averaged over sufficiently long time periods) under any solar wind
flow conditions. Here we report on results of our detailed analysis of the elemental composition and ionization states of
the most unbiased solar wind from the polar coronal holes during solar minimum in 1994–1996, which includes new values for
the abundance S, Ca and Ar and a more accurate determination of the 20Ne abundance. We find that in the solar minimum polar coronal hole solar wind the average freezing-in temperature is ∼1.1×106 K, increasing slightly with the mass of the ion. Using an extrapolation method we derive photospheric abundances from solar
wind composition measurements. We suggest that our solar-wind-derived values should be used for the photospheric ratios of
Ne/Fe=1.26±0.28 and Ar/Fe=0.030±0.007. 相似文献
6.
On the Slow Solar Wind 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A theory for the origin of the slow solar wind is described. Recent papers have demonstrated that magnetic flux moves across
coronal holes as a result of the interplay between the differential rotation of the photosphere and the non-radial expansion
of the solar wind in more rigidly rotating coronal holes. This flux will be deposited at low latitudes and should reconnect
with closed magnetic loops, thereby releasing material from the loops to form the slow solar wind. It is pointed out that
this mechanism provides a natural explanation for the charge states of elements observed in the slow solar wind, and for the
presence of the First-Ionization Potential, or FIP, effect in the slow wind and its absence in fast wind. Comments are also
provided on the role that the ACE mission should have in understanding the slow solar wind.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
7.
R. Wieler 《Space Science Reviews》1998,85(1-2):303-314
Lunar soil and certain meteorites contain noble gases trapped from the solar wind at various times in the past. The progress
in the last decade to decipher these precious archives of solar history is reviewed. The samples appear to contain two solar
noble gas components with different isotopic composition. The solar wind component resides very close to grain surfaces and
its isotopic composition is identical to that of present-day solar wind. Experimental evidence seems by now overwhelming that
somewhat deeper inside the grains there exists a second, isotopically heavier component. To explain the origin of this component
remains a challenge, because it is much too abundant to be readily reconciled with the known present day flux of solar particles
with energies above those of the solar wind. The isotopic composition of solar wind noble gases may have changed slightly
over the past few Ga, but such a change is not firmly established. The upper limit of ~5% per Ga for a secular increase of
the 3He/4He ratio sets stringent limits on the amount of He that may have been brought from the solar interior to the surface
(cf. Bochsler, 1992). Relative abundances of He, Ne, and Ar in present-day solar wind are the same as the long term average
recorded in metallic Fe grains in meteorites within error limits of some 15-20%. Xe, and to a lesser extent Kr, are enriched
in the solar wind similar to elements with a first ionisation potential < 10 eV, although Kr and Xe have higher FIPs. This
can be explained if the ionisation time governs the FIP effect (Geiss and Bochsler, 1986).
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
8.
R. Kallenbach F.M. Ipavich H. Kucharek P. Bochsler A.B. Galvin J. Geiss F. Gliem G. Gloeckler H. Grünwaldt S. Hefti M. Hilchenbach D. Hovestadt 《Space Science Reviews》1998,85(1-2):357-370
Using the high-resolution mass spectrometer CELIAS/MTOF on board SOHO we have measured the solar wind isotope abundance ratios
of Si, Ne, and Mg and their variations in different solar wind regimes with bulk velocities ranging from 330 km/s to 650 km/s.
Data indicate a small systematic depletion of the heavier isotopes in the slow solar wind on the order of (1.4±1.3)% per amu
(2σ-error) compared to their abundances in the fast solar wind from coronal holes. These variations in the solar wind isotopic
composition represent a pure mass-dependent effect because the different isotopes of an element pass the inner corona with
the same charge state distribution. The influence of particle mass on the acceleration of minor solar wind ions is discussed
in the context of theoretical models and recent optical observations with other SOHO instruments.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
9.
The interstellar cloud surrounding the solar system regulates the galactic environment of the Sun, and determines the boundary
conditions of the heliosphere. Both the Sun and interstellar clouds move through space, so these boundary conditions change
with time. Data and theoretical models now support densities in the cloud surrounding the solar system of n(H0)=0.22±0.06
cm−3, and n(e−)∼0.1 cm−3, with larger values allowed for n(H0) by radiative transfer considerations. Ulysses and Extreme Ultraviolet
Explorer satellite He0 data yield a cloud temperature of 6400 K. Nearby interstellar gas appears to be structured and inhomogeneous.
The interstellar gas in the Local Fluff cloud complex exhibits elemental abundance patterns in which refractory elements are
enhanced over the depleted abundances found in cold disk gas. Within a few parsecs of the Sun, inconclusive evidence for factors
of 2–5 variation in Mg+ and Fe+ gas phase abundances is found, providing evidence for variable grain destruction. In principle,
photoionization calculations for the surrounding cloud can be compared with elemental abundances found in the pickup ion and
anomalous cosmic-ray populations to model cloud properties, including ionization, reference abundances, and radiation field.
Observations of the hydrogen pile up at the nose of the heliosphere are consistent with a barely subsonic motion of the heliosphere
with respect to the surrounding interstellar cloud. Uncertainties on the velocity vector of the cloud that surrounds the solar
system indicate that it is uncertain as to whether the Sun and α Cen are or are not immersed in the same interstellar cloud.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
10.
Results from a series of SOHO/Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer (CDS) observations of coronal holes and plumes are presented,
including analysis of a low-latitude plume observed in August 1996. Spectroscopic diagnostic techniques using the CHIANTI
atomic database are applied to derive the plasma parameters: electron density, temperature, and element abundances. The results
are compared with quiet sun values. Coronal electron densities in the holes are found to be about 2 × 108 cm-3, a factor of two to three lower than in the quiet sun. The plasma thermal distribution exhibits differences between coronal
holes, the quiet sun and plumes. For example, the peak of the emission in coronal holes is at a lower temperature (T ⋍ 8 ×
105 K) than in the quiet sun (T ⋍ 1 × 106 K), while plumes are cooler (T ⋍ 7.6 × 105 K) and show a different distribution, closer to an isothermal state.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
11.
We discuss isotopic abundance measurements of heavy (6 ≤ Z ≤ 14) solar energetic particles with energies from ∼15 to 70 MeV/nucleon,
focusing on new measurements made on SAMPEX during two large solar particle events in late 1992. These measurements are corrected
for charge/mass dependent acceleration effects to obtain estimates of coronal isotopic abundances and are compared with terrestrial
and solar wind isotope abundances. An example of new results from the Advanced Composition Explorer is included.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
12.
We propose a new phase-mixing sweep model of coronal heating and solar wind acceleration based on dissipative properties of
kinetic Alfvén waves (KAWs). The energy reservoir is provided by the intermittent ∼1 Hz MHD Alfvén waves excited at the coronal
base by magnetic restructuring. These waves propagate upward along open magnetic field lines, phase-mix, and gradually develop
short wavelengths across the magnetic field. Eventually, at 1.5–4 solar radii they are transformed into KAWs. We analyze several
basic mechanisms for anisotropic energization of plasma species by KAWs and find them compatible with observations. In particular,
UVCS (onboard SOHO) observations of intense cross-field ion energization at 1.5–4 solar radii can be naturally explained by
non-adiabatic ion acceleration in the vicinity of demagnetizing KAW phases. The ion cyclotron motion is destroyed there by
electric and magnetic fields of KAWs. 相似文献
13.
Although coronal mass ejections have traditionally been thought to contribute only a minor fraction to the total solar particle
flux, and although such events mainly occur in lower heliographic latitudes, the impressive spectacle of eruptions - observed
with SOHO/LASCO even at times of solar minimum - indicates that an important part of the low-latitude solar corona is fed
with matter and magnetic fields in a highly transient manner. Elemental and isotopic abundances determined with the new generation
of particle instruments with high sensitivity and strongly enhanced time resolution indicate that, apart from FIP/FIT-fractionation,
mass-dependent fractionation can also influence the replenishment of the thermal ion population of the corona. Furthermore,
selective enrichment of the thermal coronal plasma with rare species such as 3He can occur. Such compositional features have until recently only been found in energetic particles from impulsive flare
events. This review will concentrate on this and other aspects of the present solar maximum and conclude with some outlook
on future investigations of near-terrestrial space climate (the generalized counterpart of ‘space weather’).
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
Radio occultation, ultraviolet, and white-light measurements have expanded our knowledge of the morphology of density and
velocity in polar coronal holes, and made it possible to carry out the first systematic comparisons between the Ulysses solar wind measurements and quantitative white-light observations of the solar corona. This paper summarizes the rationale
and salient features of this new approach which has been used to relate the solar wind observed by Ulysses in 1993–1995 to the inner corona. The statistical characteristics (average, standard deviation, and autocorrelation function)
of the Ulysses density measurements of the fast wind are found to be mirrored in those of polarized brightness measurements of path-integrated
density made by the High Altitude Observatory (HAO) Mauna Loa K-coronagraph at 1.15 R
⊙. These results reinforce the conclusions from comparisons between measurements of the outer and inner corona. They show that
the polar coronal hole extends radially into the solar wind, and that sources of the fast wind are not limited to coronal
holes.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
15.
M. Neugebauer 《Space Science Reviews》1994,70(1-2):319-330
The solar wind emanating from coronal holes (CH) constitutes a quasi-stationary flow whose properties change only slowly with the evolution of the hole itself. Some of the properties of the wind from coronal holes depend on whether the source is a large polar coronal hole or a small near-equatorial hole. The speed of polar CH flows is usually between 700 and 800 km/s, whereas the speed from the small equatorial CH flows is generally lower and can be <400 km/s. At 1 AU, the average particle and energy fluxes from polar CH are 2.5×108 cm–2 sec–1 and 2.0 erg cm–2 s–1. This particle flux is significantly less than the 4×108 cm–2 sec–1 observed in the slow, interstream wind, but the energy fluxes are approximately the same. Both the particle and energy fluxes from small equatorial holes are somewhat smaller than the fluxes from the large polar coronal holes.Many of the properties of the wind from coronal holes can be explained, at least qualitatively, as being the result of the effect of the large flux of outward-propagating Alfvén waves observed in CH flows. The different ion species have roughly equal thermal speeds which are also close to the Alfvén speed. The velocity of heavy ions exceeds the proton velocity by the Alfvén speed, as if the heavy ions were surfing on the waves carried by the proton fluid.The elemental composition of the CH wind is less fractionated, having a smaller enhancement of elements with low first-ionization potentials than the interstream wind, the wind from coronal mass ejections, or solar energetic particles. There is also evidence of fine-structure in the ratio of the gas and magnetic pressures which maps back to a scale size of roughly 1° at the Sun, similar to some of the fine structures in coronal holes such as plumes, macrospicules, and the supergranulation. 相似文献
16.
L. Ofman M. Romoli G. Noci G. Poletto J. L. Kohl R. A. Howard C. St. Cyr C. E. Deforest 《Space Science Reviews》1999,87(1-2):287-290
In recent UVCS/SOHO White Light Channel (WLC) observations we found quasi-periodic variations in the polarized brightness
(pB) in the polar coronal holes at heliocentric distances of 1.9 to 2.45 solar radii. The motivation for the observation is
the 2.5D MHD model of solar wind acceleration by nonlinear waves, that predicts compressive fluctuations in coronal holes.
In February 1998 we performed new observations using the UVCS/WLC in the coronal hole and obtained additional data. The new
data corroborate our earlier findings with higher statistical significance. The new longer observations show that the power
spectrum peaks in the 10–12 minute range. These timescales agree with EIT observations of brightness fluctuations in polar
plumes. We performed preliminary LASCO/C2 observations in an effort to further establish the coronal origin of the fluctuations.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
17.
With Ulysses approaching the south solar polar latitudes during a period of high solar activity, it is for the first time possible to
study the distribution of solar energetic particles (SEPs) in solar latitude as well as in radius and longitude. From July
1997 to August 2000, Ulysses moved from near the solar equator at ∼5 AU to ∼67° S latitude at ∼3 AU. Using observations of >∼30 MeV protons from Ulysses and IMP-8 at Earth we find good correlation between large SEP increases observed at IMP and Ulysses, almost regardless of the relative locations of the spacecraft. The observations show that within a few days after injection
of SEPs, the flux in the inner heliosphere is often almost uniform, depending only weakly on the position of the observer.
No clear effect of the increasing solar latitude of Ulysses is evident. Since the typical latitudinal extent of CMEs, which most likely accelerate the SEPs, is only ∼30°, this suggests
that the enhanced cross-field propagation for cosmic rays and CIR-accelerated particles deduced from Ulysses’ high latitude studies near solar minimum is also true for SEPs near solar maximum.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
18.
R. Von Steiger 《Space Science Reviews》1998,85(1-2):407-418
This rapporteur paper discusses the solar corona and the solar wind in the context of their chemical composition. The abundances
of elements, both obtained by optical and by in situ observations, are used to infer the sources of the slow solar wind and
of the fast streams. The first ionisation potential (FIP) fractionation effect is also discussed, in particular the agreed
basics and the open questions.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
19.
Ester Antonucci 《Space Science Reviews》2006,124(1-4):35-50
The dynamics of the solar corona as observed during solar minimum with the Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer, UVCS, on
SOHO is discussed. The large quiescent coronal streamers existing during this phase of the solar cycle are very likely composed
by sub-streamers, formed by closed loops and separated by open field lines that are channelling a slow plasma that flows close
to the heliospheric current sheet. The polar coronal holes, with magnetic topology significantly varying from their core to
their edges, emit fast wind in their central region and slow wind close to the streamer boundary. The transition from fast
to slow wind then appears to be gradual in the corona, in contrast with the sharp transition between the two wind regimes
observed in the heliosphere. It is suggested that speed, abundance and kinetic energy of the wind are modulated by the topology
of the coronal magnetic field. Energy deposition occurs both in the slow and fast wind but its effect on the kinetic temperature
and expansion rate is different for the slow and fast wind. 相似文献
20.
Barraclough B.L. Dors E.E. Abeyta R.A. Alexander J.F. Ameduri F.P. Baldonado J.R. Bame S.J. Casey P.J. Dirks G. Everett D.T. Gosling J.T. Grace K.M. Guerrero D.R. Kolar J.D. Kroesche J.L. Lockhart W.L. McComas D.J. Mietz D.E. Roese J. Sanders J. Steinberg J.T. Tokar R.L. Urdiales C. Wiens R.C. 《Space Science Reviews》2003,105(3-4):627-660
The Genesis Ion Monitor (GIM) and the Genesis Electron Monitor (GEM) provide 3-dimensional plasma measurements of the solar
wind for the Genesis mission. These measurements are used onboard to determine the type of plasma that is flowing past the
spacecraft and to configure the solar wind sample collection subsystems in real-time. Both GIM and GEM employ spherical-section
electrostatic analyzers followed by channel electron multiplier (CEM) arrays for detection and angle and energy/charge analysis
of incident ions and electrons. GIM is of a new design specific to Genesis mission requirements whereas the GEM sensor is
an almost exact copy of the plasma electron sensors currently flying on the ACE and Ulysses spacecraft, albeit with new electronics
and programming. Ions are detected at forty log-spaced energy levels between ∼ 1 eV and 14 keV by eight CEM detectors, while
electrons with energies between ∼ 1 eV and 1.4 keV are measured at twenty log-spaced energy levels using seven CEMs. The spin
of the spacecraft is used to sweep the fan-shaped fields-of-view of both instruments across all areas of the sky of interest,
with ion measurements being taken forty times per spin and samples of the electron population being taken twenty four times
per spin. Complete ion and electron energy spectra are measured every ∼ 2.5 min (four spins of the spacecraft) with adequate
energy and angular resolution to determine fully 3-dimensional ion and electron distribution functions. The GIM and GEM plasma
measurements are principally used to enable the operational solar wind sample collection goals of the Genesis mission but
they also provide a potentially very useful data set for studies of solar wind phenomena, especially if combined with other
solar wind data sets from ACE, WIND, SOHO and Ulysses for multi-spacecraft investigations.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献