Ring Current Dynamics

This chapter reviews the current understanding of ring current dynamics. The terrestrial ring current is an electric current flowing toroidally around the Earth, centered at the equatorial plane and at altitudes of ∼10,000 to 60,000 km. Enhancements in this current are responsible for global decreases in the Earth’s surface magnetic field, which have been used to define geomagnetic storms. Intense geospace magnetic storms have severe effects on technological systems, such as disturbances or even permanent damage of telecommunication and navigation satellites, telecommunication cables, and power grids. The main carriers of the ring current are positive ions, with energies from ∼1 keV to a few hundred keV, which are trapped by the geomagnetic field and undergo an azimuthal drift. The ring current is formed by the injection of ions originating in the solar wind and the terrestrial ionosphere into the inner magnetosphere. The injection process involves electric fields, associated with enhanced magnetospheric convection and/or magnetospheric substorms. The quiescent ring current is carried mainly by protons of predominantly solar wind origin, while active processes in geospace tend to increase the abundance (both absolute and relative) of O⁺ ions, which are of ionospheric origin. During intense geospace magnetic storms, the O⁺ abundance increases dramatically. This increase has been observed to occur concurrently with the rapid intensification of the ring current in the storm main phase and to result in O⁺ dominance around storm maximum. This compositional change can affect several dynamic processes, such as species-and energy-dependent charge-exchange and wave-particle scattering loss.     

Numerical Simulation of the Ring Current: Review

Numerical simulation of the terrestrial ring current is reviewed. After mentioning ‘modules’ which are needed to be taken into consideration in a ring current simulation, we discuss growth and decay of the ring current. At least four different paradigms have been proposed to account for the ring current development in the past forty years, i.e., the convection paradigm, the substorm paradigm, the diffusion paradigm, and the ionosphere paradigm. As for the proton ring current, a simulation under the convection paradigm gives reasonable results which are in fair agreement with observations with respect to the Dst variation as well as the radial and longitudinal energy density variation of protons when the convection electric field depending on solar wind parameters is given. The proton energy density is observed to be enhanced (weakened) on the nightside, and be weakened (enhanced) near noon during a storm main phase (recovery phase). This characteristic is probably understood to mean that a large-scale and long-standing electric field dominates other electric fields during the storm main phase, e.g., a locally induced electric field (the substorm paradigm) and a highly fluctuated electric field (the diffusion paradigm). The declining of the ring current is shown to be triggered by the decrease in the convection electric field at the beginning of a storm recovery phase, but the decrease in the convection electric field hardly contributes the decay of the ring current. The charge exchange or other loss processes is needed for the substantial decay of it. An ultimate decay rate (several hours) is achieved when the strong diffusion takes place, or when the plasma sheet density drastically decreases while the charge exchange is estimated to provide rather slow decay (a half of day). Diagnosis tools for investigating the ring current, which are expected to bring us a new insight, are proposed in the latter section. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

航空发动机齿轮用阻尼环的摩擦耗能和型线设计

为改善阻尼环对航空发动机传动齿轮的减振效果,提出了阻尼环在自由状态下的型线设计方法,设计了一种均压环.开展了对阻尼环的接触分析,对比计算了普通阻尼环与均压环在齿轮振动时的摩擦耗能,探究了阻尼环局部非接触对摩擦耗能的影响.结果表明,在静止安装状态下,普通阻尼环与安装槽的接触圆心角为114°56',工作过程中,随着转速提升...     

Extreme Ultraviolet Imager Observations of the Structure and Dynamics of the Plasmasphere

The IMAGE Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUV) provides our first global images of the plasmasphere by imaging the distribution of He⁺ in its 30.4-nm resonance line. The images reveal the details of a highly structured and dynamic entity. Comparing EUV images and selected in-situ observations has helped to validate the remote sensing measurements. The brightness in the EUV images is heavily weighted by the He⁺ density near the plane of the magnetic equator, but two lines of evidence emphasize that the features seen by EUV extend far from the equator, and in at least some cases reach the ionosphere. Certain features and behaviors, including shoulders, channels, notches, and plasma erosion events, appear frequently in the EUV images. These are keys to understanding the ways that electric fields in the inner magnetosphere affect the large and meso-scale distribution of plasma, and their study can elucidate the mechanisms by which the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field couple to the inner magnetosphere.     

Plasmasphere Response: Tutorial and Review of Recent Imaging Results

The plasmasphere is the cold, dense innermost region of the magnetosphere that is populated by upflow of ionospheric plasma along geomagnetic field lines. Driven directly by dayside magnetopause reconnection, enhanced sunward convection erodes the outer layers of the plasmasphere. Erosion causes the plasmasphere outer boundary, the plasmapause, to move inward on the nightside and outward on the dayside to form plumes of dense plasma extending sunward into the outer magnetosphere. Coupling between the inner magnetosphere and ionosphere can significantly modify the convection field, either enhancing sunward flows near dusk or shielding them on the night side. The plasmaspheric configuration plays a crucial role in the inner magnetosphere; wave-particle interactions inside the plasmasphere can cause scattering and loss of warmer space plasmas such as the ring current and radiation belts.     

5B70合金大尺寸锻环成形工艺及组织性能

针对大尺寸5B70锻环性能提高需求,通过对5B70均匀化铸锭进行不同温度和应变速率下的热压缩模拟,获得应力应变数据并拟合了该合金的热加工图,以指导大尺寸锻环成形。从热加工图中得到该合金合适的热变形温度为400~450 ℃,变形速率为0.1/s左右最为合适。根据该加工图,采用相同条件的环锻工艺,制备了5B70铝镁钪合金试验件和尺寸为Ф2 900 mm×Ф2 600 mm×700 mm成品环件,并讨论了热变形工艺对成形件组织和性能的影响。结果表明,铝镁钪合金在该热变形条件下进行塑性变形,没有出现加工失稳等变形缺陷,可获得力学性能和塑性综合表现良好的铝镁钪合金成形件。     

磁暴下的LEO卫星精密轨道确定

对低轨卫星（LEO）,大气阻尼摄动是主要的定轨误差源.尤其在发生磁暴时,求解一个大气阻尼因子的定轨方法已不能充分吸收大气密度计算不准所造成的定轨误差,因而在标校统一S波段（USB）的测量系统差和随机差时往往计算失真.本文提出了一种求解折线型Cd因子的新方法,克服了动力学模型不准所带来的定轨误差,通过与独立的GPS数据比较,定轨精度有明显提高,同时给出的测量系统差和随机差更加真实可信.     

Temporal and Spatial Variation of the Ion Composition in the Ring Current

A global view of the ring current ions is presented using data acquired by the instrument MICS onboard the CRRES satellite during solar maximum. The variations of differential intensities, energy spectra, radial profile of the energetic particles and the origin of the magnetic local time (MLT) asymmetry of the ring current have been investigated in detail. O⁺ ions are an important contributor to the storm time ring current. Its abundance in terms of number density increases with increasing geomagnetic activity as well as its energy density. However, a saturation value for the energy density of O⁺ ions has been found. The low-energy H⁺ ions show a dramatic intensification and a rapid decay. However, its density ratio during the storm maximum is almost constant. On the other hand, high-energy H⁺ ions first exhibit a flux decrease followed by a delayed increase. Its density ratio shows an anti-correlation with the storm intensity. Both the positions of the maximum flux of O⁺ and He⁺ depend on storm activity: they move to lower altitudes in the early stage of a storm and move back to higher L-values during the recovery phase. Whereas the position of H⁺ and He⁺⁺ show almost no dependence on the Dst index. The energy density distributions in radial distance and magnetic local time show drastic differences for different ion species. It demonstrates that the ring current asymmetry mainly comes from oxygen and helium ions, but not from protons. The outward motion of O⁺ around local noon may have some implications for oxygen bursts in the magnetosheath during IMF Bz negative conditions as observed by GEOTAIL.     

超临界压力下低温甲烷的湍流传热数值研究

通过系统的数值模拟计算,在准确确定甲烷的热力学和传输物性变化的情况下,详细分析了两种热流密度下超临界压力对低温甲烷的湍流传热过程的影响,揭示了对流换热Nusselt数的变化规律。计算结果表明:在超临界压力下,热力学和传输物性对湍流传热现象会造成很大的影响,尤其在甲烷的临界区域附近,由于物性的剧烈变化会导致传热过程的恶化现象;在高热流密度情况下(如7MW/m2),增大管内压力有利于提高对流换热强度;现有的常用变物性湍流传热公式不能适用于超临界压力下低温甲烷的对流换热计算。     

BGA封装互连焊点温度及电流密度分布的模拟与验证

芯片互连焊点承受的电流密度越来越大,给电子产品的服役可靠性带来了新的挑战.本文利用有限元软件对BGA封装互连焊点内温度及电流密度分布进行了模拟分析,结果表明:互连焊点的芯片端和基板端存在很大的温度差,在本模拟条件下,最大温度梯度可达到5.38×103K/cm;在焊点的电流入口/出口处存在电流拥挤,其电流密度比平均电流密...     

环形编织层板冲击包容数值模拟

为分析航空发动机复合材料机匣对破断叶片的包容,采用有限元仿真方法开展了计算研究。通过旋转体与机匣冲击破坏过程的计算,确定机匣的包容能力。基于具备显式求解功能的商用有限元软件Abaqus/Explicit,采用3维实体单元网格,将2维3轴编织的碳纤维层合材料简化成连续的正交各向异性材料,通过软件提供的Vumat用户子程序接口编写Fortran代码定义材料模型,计算与转轴分离后的模拟断裂叶片对机匣的冲击过程。通过冲击后的临界转速和能量吸收数据,比较了模拟计算与实物旋转冲击模拟试验的结果,二者具有较大的可比性。虽然计算中还缺乏材料基本性能表征的理想数据,但在多种工况下仿真计算表明模拟结果稳定,有望成为复合材料包容分析实用有效的方法。     

空间三轴激光陀螺现状与展望

空间三轴激光陀螺作为激光陀螺技术集成创新的典型代表,已充分展现出优越的综合性能。为全面了解和掌握空间三轴激光陀螺技术发展现状,本文梳理了空间三轴激光陀螺原理与组成、主要特点、关键技术和研究历程,分析了国外主要研究机构、典型产品型谱及应用现状,从中可见空间三轴激光陀螺在国外已经非常成熟和广泛应用。针对国内发展现状和存在的差距,提出了后续发展建议,为我国激光陀螺技术发展及产业化提供了参考。     

微型直升机动力学建模的研究现状

从模型修改、结构分析、神经网络及系统辨识几个方面介绍了微型直升机动力学建模的研究现状,并对几种不同的建模方法进行了比较。然后,指出了系统辨识方法中存在的问题。通过讨论和比较,为微型直升机的不同建模目标提供了可供借鉴的建模方法。     

分流条件下不锈钢交流点焊电流波形的频谱特征与熔核直径的关系

通过对分流条件下不锈钢点焊焊接电流波形进行快速傅立叶变换(FFT),获得了焊接电流波形的幅频图,并将熔核直径与对应的幅频进行了对比分析,发现了一次及三次电流谐波幅值与熔核直径成线性反比关系.利用这一规律,可方便地实现点焊熔核直径的实时无损检测.     

MEMS环形谐振陀螺闭环系统建模、仿真与参数分析

针对一款数字可配置的MEMS环形谐振陀螺,对陀螺表头和信号处理电路进行数学建模,推导陀螺检测系统指标参数与机电特性参数之间数学关系,为可配置ASIC电路提供理论支撑.通过对实测表头数据和理论模型数据进行对比分析,验证了模型的有效性与准确性.     

电流辅助钛波纹管成形温度场控制及模拟

利用钛合金的自阻,可以施加电流将其快速加热到高温,进行成形。在钛合金波纹管成形过程中,需要确定4个重要的参数,即加载在钛管上的电流大小、升温时间、胀形气压、轴向压力。通过对波纹管加热过程中温度场的观测和控制,可以得到对波纹管成形最有利的温度场。通过对成形过程的模拟,可以得到比较可靠的试验参数,进而减少试验的次数;模拟中还可以发现成形过程中可能出现的新问题,为之后的试验提供参考。通过对温度场的控制和成形过程的模拟,钛合金波纹管可在几分钟内被加热到成形温度,从而提高生产率,降低对环境的污染;同时采用气胀和轴向加载的复合工艺,有效地避免壁厚的过分减薄。     

磁悬浮电机转子加强环设计及工艺研究

针对某型号磁悬浮永磁电机转子磁环胶接强度不能满足工作要求的问题，提出采用M46J／L1000复合材料缠绕加强环的保护设计方案，根据工艺实验结果，利用有限元分析软件MSC．Patran／Nastran对该结构进行应力和形变分析，并确定了合适的成形工艺参数，完成了转子加强环试验件的制作。结果表明：M46J／L1000复合材料体系满足材料组分要求，缠绕复合材料加强环结构满足磁悬浮电机转子在72000r／min高速转动时强度和变形要求。     

Numerical investigation on leakage and rotordynamic performance of the honeycomb seal with swirl-reverse rings

Honeycomb seals are a crucial component to restrict the leakage flow and improve system stability for the turbomachines and aero-engines. In this work, the leakage and rotordynamic performance of honeycomb seals with the Swirl-Reverse Ring(SRR) is predicted by employing the approach of Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) and the multifrequency whirling model theory.Numerical results show that the positive preswirl flow and circumferential velocity can be effectively weakened for the honeycomb seal...     

可压缩涡环和平面激波相互作用的数值研究

本文从非定常的Ｅｕｌｅｒ方程出发,进行了可压缩涡环和平面激波相互作用的数值研究。