航空发动机真实机匣的包容性试验

为了研究某发动机机匣的包容性, 在旋转试验器上进行了该机匣的包容性试验.试验考虑了相邻叶片的影响, 得到了叶片断裂甩出时的转速、断叶撞击机匣的应变响应和断叶撞击机匣过程的高速摄影照片.试验结果表明, 断叶与机匣碰撞了两次, 第2次撞击时在未断叶片作用下断叶击穿机匣, 机匣的失效模式主要是剪切破坏.采用包容曲线法对机匣的包容性进行了计算, 计算结果与试验结果吻合良好.研究结果对航空发动机机匣的包容性设计有一定的参考价值.      

航空发动机软壁风扇机匣包容性研究

高强度纤维缠绕增强的软壁机匣是大型航空发动机轻质风扇机匣的主要选型之一。针对大型航空发动机软壁包容机匣的总体设计思路,从结构特点、数值分析技术、试验方法、纤维性能考核等方面研究了其包容性分析设计的方法。分析了软壁风扇包容机匣的结构特点,较适用于工程、机理分析地连续介质模型和纱线模型,得出了旋转打靶试验能有效考虑关键因素,而部件包容试验则能初步验证包容能力,数值仿真与部件试验相结合能快速掌握软壁机匣的包容性设计方法。此外,软壁机匣外层纤维织物的拉伸、剪切、摩擦、应变率效应、抗老化测试等性能测试,可为选取优良的纤维织物以及发展适用的材料模型提供参考和依据。     

多层机匣的包容性数值仿真研究

采用瞬态非线性有限元分析方法对多层机匣的包容性进行了数值仿真研究,对比分析了不同层数机匣在相同撞击条件下的位移、塑性应变和能量的变化,以及同层数机匣有间隙与无间隙时的包容情况。仿真结果表明：同厚度的不同层数机匣,层数越多包容效果越好;对于同层数机匣,层间无间隙机匣的包容效果优于有间隙机匣的。     

发动机转子包容性设计及适航试验

在发动机包容性适航条款中,叶片包容性和转子不平衡试验与发动机本体设计直接相关,执行该条款的关键问题是确定最危险叶片及如何开展试验。对适航条款要求及转子包容性故障的主要原因进行分析,建议从降低转子部件失效概率、提高机匣包容能力及飞机设计等方面开展工作来提高发动机的包容性。     

机匣包容性破坏势能法的试验验证

为了验证航空发动机机匣包容性破坏势能法，本文完成了20次模型机匣包容性冲击试验，得到了模型叶片撞击模型机匣时的速度、应变响应和模型叶片撞击模型机匣过程的高速摄影照片。试验结果表明，该模型机匣的非包容失效模式主要是剪切破坏。本文还采用数值分析方法对机匣包容性进行了模拟，计算结果与试验结果吻合良好。     

航空发动机机匣包容性研究综述

从包容定义、机匣种类、设计概念和方法、试验验证、数值仿真、机匣和叶片破坏方式等方面,详细阐述航空发动机包容机匣的现状和发展趋势.简述发展大涵道比涡扇发动机对轻质高包容能力风扇机匣的需求,评述在役及在研大飞机发动机风扇机匣的设计方案,介绍国外从事纤维增强复合材料机匣包容能力研究的情况.并分别从结构改进、低成本复合材料风扇机匣制造技术、全复合材料机匣缠绕规律、耐高温复合材料机匣、叶片包容过程的多学科整机耦合响应分析、智能包容机匣等方面,简要论述我国高推质比发动机和大飞机发动机包容机匣的研制方向.      

航天发动机机匣包容性试验的数值模拟

本文采用基于冲击动力学理论的有限元数值分析方法模拟了在旋转试验器上进行的某发动机机匣的包容性试验过程,反映了撞击过程中断叶和机匣的能量变化历程,较好地模拟了试验结果。研究结果对航空发动机机匣的包容性设计有一定的参考价值。     

航空发动机机匣包容性试验的数值模拟

本文采用基于冲击动力学理论的有限元数值分析方法模拟了在旋转试验器上进行的某发动机机匣的包容性试验过程,反映了撞击过程中断叶和机匣的能量变化历程,较好地模拟了试验结果。研究结果对航空发动机机匣的包容性设计有一定的参考价值。     

航空发动机涡轮机匣轮盘包容性研究

为研究某航空发动机辅助动力装置涡轮盘在预定转速范围内破裂后涡轮机匣的包容能力,在高速旋转试验器上进行了涡轮机匣的包容性试验.试验采用轮盘周向3个对称位置预制裂纹的方式,使轮盘在预定转速范围内破裂成均匀3块,得到了轮盘碎块撞击涡轮机匣的高速摄影照片.试验结果表明轮盘碎块击穿机匣撞击包容环,包容环发生大塑性变形,包住轮盘碎块.采用LS-DYNA软件对涡轮机匣包容性进行数值仿真,仿真结果与试验结果吻合良好,研究结果对航空发动机轮盘包容性设计有一定的参考价值.      

航空发动机风扇叶片爆破飞断主动控制技术

为了实现在风扇机匣包容性试验中对叶片飞断转速的精确控制,开展了叶片飞断主动控制技术研究。提出了一种风扇 叶片爆破切割飞断的方法,进行了风扇叶片榫头的装药结构设计以及应用爆破技术的可行性分析;设计了遥控起爆系统,确保了 试验安全;根据静、动态双重验证的技术研究路线提出了详细的技术指标,使叶片飞出姿态满足试验器条件下包容性试验的技术 要求。结果表明：采用风扇叶片爆破切割飞断的方法顺利完成了某大涵道比发动机叶片在风扇机匣包容性试验指定转速下的爆 破飞断,叶片飞出的附加动能小于叶片飞失动能的0.05%,叶片飞断转速的控制精度在0.1%以内。验证了该项技术在试验器条件 下完成风扇机匣包容性试验的有效性,并为整机包容性试验奠定了基础。     

Characteristics and mechanisms of turboshaft engine axial compressor casing containment

To investigate the containment characteristics and mechanisms of axial compressor blade and casing in turboshaft engine, experimental and simulation research is conducted on Titanium alloy axial compressor blades and stainless steel simulator casings in this paper. Experiments for four thicknesses (from 0.8 mm to 1.4 mm) of casings are presented on high-speed spin tester. Perforation, ricochet with and without failure of the casings are obtained in test results. Three obvious bulges or dishing region are observed, petaling failure occurs in the first bulge or the third deformation region. Parabolic and elongated dimples are observed at the fracture surface. Finite Element (FE) models with calibrated Johnson-Cook material behavior law are built and analyzed by using explicit dynamic software for a better understanding on the containment behavior. Good agreement is obtained between the experimental observations and numerical predictions. The evolution of the impact force, energy absorption, temperature increase and the cracks’ propagation are analyzed. Three force peaks occur in the impact process. Energy analysis reveals that penetration condition of ricochet with failure leads to most internal energy of the casing.     

带有安装边螺栓连接结构的机匣包容能力研究

为了研究带有安装边螺栓连接结构的机匣对断裂叶片的包容能力,截取环形机匣中的安装边螺栓连接结构,开展有限元仿真和冲击试验。首先,使用LS-DYNA软件建立有限元模型,研究撞击角度、撞击位置、定距套和止口对机匣安装边螺栓连接结构抗冲击能力的影响。仿真结果表明：撞击位置、撞击角度、定距套和止口都对结构的抗冲击能力有显著的影响,当叶片撞击在单侧机匣的安装边位置时结构的抗冲击能力最弱,定距套和合理的止口设计都能够有效提高结构的抗冲击能力。然后,通过机匣安装边螺栓连接结构的抗冲击试验,验证了数值仿真方法的准确性和可靠性,为数值仿真结论的有效性提供了依据。最后,通过数值仿真分析了螺栓断裂过程,并结合试验分析揭示了螺栓发生剪切断裂和拉伸断裂的原因。     

Study on ballistic penetration resistance of titanium alloy TC4, Part II: Numerical analysis

Enhancing containment capability and reducing weight are always great concerns in the design of casings. Ballistic tests can help to mitigate a catastrophic event after a blade out, yet taking time and costing money. A wise way is to hunt for a validated numerical simulation technology, through which the material dynamic behavior over the strain rate range in the ballistic tests should be represented and reasonable failure strain should be defined. The simulation results show that the validation of the numerical simulation technology based on the test data can accurately estimate the absorption energy, describe the physical process and failure mode during the penetration, as well as the failure mechanism. It is found that energy dissipation of projectiles is in manner of compression stage, energy conversion stage, and interactive scrap stage. An effect indicator is proposed, where the factors of critical velocity including impact orientation and mass of projectiles and thickness of casings are considered. The critical velocity presents a linear relation with the effect indicator, which implies the critical velocity obtained by the flat casing could underestimate the capability of the real casing.     

Study on Titanium Alloy TC4 Ballistic Penetration Resistance Part I:Ballistic Impact Tests

Ballistic impact test of different-scale casings is an efficient way to demonstrate the casing containment capability at the preliminary design stage of the engine. For the sake of studying the titanium alloy TC4 casing performance, the ballistic tests of flat and curved simulation casing are implemented by using two flat blades of different sizes as the projectile. The impact mechanism and failure of the target are discussed. Impact of the projectile is a highly nonlinear transient process with the large deformation of the target. On the impact, failures of the flat casing and the subscale casing are similar, concluding two parts, the global dishing and localized ductile tearing. The main localized failure mode combines plugging (shear) and petaling (shear) if the projectile perforates or penetrates, while crater (shear) if the projectile rebounds. The ballistic limit equation is verified by the test data and the results show that this empirical equation could be a practical way to estimate the critical velocity.     

旋转叶片-机匣碰摩模型及试验研究综述

结合接触和冲击动力学理论,对旋转叶片-机匣碰摩模型的发展给出了比较全面的综述,重点探讨并对比了多种叶片-机匣碰摩模型,将叶片-机匣碰摩模型分为5类:基于碰撞能量守恒的法向碰摩模型,熔化黏着碰摩模型和可磨耗刮除碰摩模型,连续弹性碰摩模型,脉冲力局部碰摩模型,基于接触动力学的碰摩模型.指出了这5类模型的优缺点及其适用范围,并对目前已开展的叶片-机匣碰摩试验进行了介绍.最后建议了叶片-机匣碰摩模型的发展方向:建立多参数影响的精细法向和切向碰摩模型,通过接触动力学理论来模拟碰撞过程,基于试验数据来修正现有碰摩模型.      

环形编织层板冲击包容数值模拟

为分析航空发动机复合材料机匣对破断叶片的包容,采用有限元仿真方法开展了计算研究。通过旋转体与机匣冲击破坏过程的计算,确定机匣的包容能力。基于具备显式求解功能的商用有限元软件Abaqus/Explicit,采用3维实体单元网格,将2维3轴编织的碳纤维层合材料简化成连续的正交各向异性材料,通过软件提供的Vumat用户子程序接口编写Fortran代码定义材料模型,计算与转轴分离后的模拟断裂叶片对机匣的冲击过程。通过冲击后的临界转速和能量吸收数据,比较了模拟计算与实物旋转冲击模拟试验的结果,二者具有较大的可比性。虽然计算中还缺乏材料基本性能表征的理想数据,但在多种工况下仿真计算表明模拟结果稳定,有望成为复合材料包容分析实用有效的方法。     

耦合进排气壳的增压器涡轮流动干扰及激振力弱化研究

为探究船用增压器涡轮在耦合进排气壳条件下的流动特性,采用SST湍流模型和FFT方法对某增压器轴流涡轮与进排气壳耦合的流场进行非定常数值模拟,重点分析排气壳非对称流场对涡轮动叶片压力的干扰特性和扰动来源,在此基础上提出基于导叶非对称布局的激振力弱化改型方案并进行了验证。结果表明：进气壳影响静叶前缘静压沿周向的分布,排气壳流场导致的非对称背压会给动叶表面造成低频的压力波动,约为3.6%的转子通过频率,在尾缘吸力面处该低频波动幅值大于动静叶排干涉导致的高频波动幅值;排气壳内部复杂的分离流动和涡系结构是产生上述流动干扰的主要原因。4种非对称布局方案都能在几乎不影响涡轮性能的前提下分散并弱化高频波动幅值;其中Case2尾缘高频幅值减小了98.6%,低频幅值减小了52.6%,而且涡轮效率还有略微提高,为最优布局。     

Containment of soft wall casing wrapped with Kevlar fabric

Aramid fabrics have been commonly used in the civil turbofan engine fan blade containment system for its excellent performance. To investigate the behavior and capability of soft wall containment casing, a series of fan blade released tests were conducted on the high-speed spin tester.The soft wall casing was fabricated by wrapping multiple layers of Kevlar49 plain woven fabric around a thin steel ring. Casings with different inner metal ring and outer fabric layers number were compared. The method of using the explicit dynamic software LS-DYNA to establish the finite element analysis model for the quantitative analysis of the containment process was developed and conducted. The simulation results are in good agreement with the test results. It is shown that the containment process of the soft wall casing can be divided into three impact stages. The casing with low-stiffness inner metal ring will get severe overall deformation and lose the structural integrity when it suffers the blade impact. Kevlar fabric layers will appear large bulge on outside surface and absorb the most impact dynamic energy of the high speed released fan blade. By summing up the results of the test and simulation, an empirical critical equation was derived to describe the relationship between the released blade dynamic energy and the Kevlar fabric thickness.