“凤凰”计划关键技术及其启示

为了充分利用地球静止轨道(GEO)的轨道资源,美国于2012年启动了针对GEO卫星的重复利用验证计划——"凤凰"计划。文章介绍了"凤凰"计划的概况,重点对其系统组成、任务等方面进行了介绍,归纳了其中的关键技术,如模块卫星总体设计技术、无线能源传输技术和新型在轨捕获技术等。最后,给出了美国发展在轨服务的若干启示:卫星重用将带来航天器发展的重大变革,注重创新技术开发等。     

定位精度“精”益求“精”——访北斗卫星导航系统卫星系统总设计师谢军

第8颗北斗卫星的成功发射人轨后,与在轨的多颗地球静止轨道（GEO）卫星和地球同步轨道（1GSO）卫星组成基本系统,已经具备在星座覆盖范围内提供连续的、稳定的、全天候的基本服务能力。那么北斗卫星导航系统的基本原理、定位精度和未来发展如何呢？北斗卫星导航系统卫星系统总设计师谢军为我们进行了详细的解答。     

GEO编队空间机器人系统交会方法

针对地球静止轨道（GEO）上被服务航天器的远距离和非合作特点,提出一种高自主、高协同、多任务的编队空间机器人在轨服务系统方案,实现对非合作目标的自主交会接近。首先,分析GEO卫星轨道约束力小的轨道特征和非合作的信息交互特征,给出由操作空间机器人和监视空间机器人组成的编队在轨服务系统,设计交会接近相对测量分系统以及在轨服务飞行任务;接着,给出典型远距离交会接近的多视线相对导航方法与多冲量相对制导律;最后,进行远距离交会任务仿真校验,结果表明编队空间机器人交会接近方法是有效的。     

静止轨道卫星在轨延寿技术研究进展

随着星上设备及元器件可靠性的提高,推进剂耗尽将成为未来静止轨道卫星的主要失效
模式。静止轨道卫星在轨延寿技术可通过发射延寿飞行器与失效卫星对接,采用辅助控制或燃料加注方式,进一步延长卫星在轨工作寿命。本文首先对近年来静止轨道失效卫星进行了统计和分析,随后介绍了静止轨道卫星在轨延寿技术的基本概念和任务特点,在国外典型项目调研的基础上,对在轨延寿任务所涉及的交会轨迹规划与控制、视觉测量与导航等关键技术进行了分析。在轨延寿技术的发展必将对未来静止轨道卫星的设计及运营模式产生重要的影响。     

动量轮卸载在改进GEO卫星东西轨道保持中的应用

空间外干扰力矩会使在轨GEO三轴卫星动量轮转速发生周期性变化,因此需要进行动量轮卸载。通过对卸载前后卫星轨道根数的比较,发现动量轮卸载可以延长卫星实际的东西轨道保持周期。以动量轮卸载有利卫星轨道保持为研究目的,通过计算和分析,推导出动量轮卸载时转速变化与卫星半长轴变化关系的数学模型,并以实际测量数据为基础,对模型进行了仿真验证,证明了动量轮卸载对改进GEO卫星东西轨道保持的可行性,提出了一种利用动量轮卸载改进GEO卫星东西轨道保持策略的新方法。     

GEO卫星表面充电相对电位的工程分析

地球静止轨道(GEO)卫星在轨运行期间,沉浸于具有一定能量和密度的空间等离子体之中,等离子体与卫星表面材料相互作用,将使卫星出现"表面充/放电效应",进而对星上电子系统产生影响,甚至发生电路故障,直接威胁整星安全。为防止GEO卫星在轨期间因等离子体造成的表面充放电导致卫星异常和故障,在GEO卫星的设计中,必须进行卫星表面电位分析、控制和试验验证等工作。文章根据卫星表面材料的基本参数和接地状态,采用工程分析方法对卫星表面充电电位进行分析,满足卫星工程设计急需。     

卫星双向时间传递中的卫星运动误差研究

对转发卫星运动引入误差进行了研究。推导了卫星双向时间传递中的卫星运动误差模型,用两行轨道根数（TLE）对目前在轨的多颗地球同步轨道卫星（GEO）的运动进行计算。仿真结果显示：GEO卫星的受摄运动导致的卫星运动误差迭数百皮秒,卫星运动规律呈现周日特性,导致1d中不同时刻进行的卫星双向时间传递操作产生不同大小的卫星运动误差。     

双太阳翼GEO卫星在轨角动量管控方法

地球同步轨道(GEO)卫星在轨的主要环境干扰力矩为太阳光压力矩和重力梯度力矩,干扰力矩的累积效应表现为飞轮转速的变化,需要通过外力矩进行角动量卸载避免飞轮饱和。由于GEO磁场极弱,卫星无法使用磁力矩卸载,只能通过喷气卸载,而喷气将对卫星轨道产生影响,因此需要尽可能延长卸载周期。针对配置双对称太阳电池阵GEO卫星的角动量管控需求,首先建立卫星在惯性空间中角动量积累模型,并映射到卫星本体系中,得到本体系中的角动量变化规律。通过飞轮在轨转速遥测数据,精确辨识获取环境干扰力矩特征参数,获得真实可靠的干扰模型。以角动量卸载周期最长为原则,基于在轨环境干扰模型制定角动量管控策略,并准确预估下次角动量卸载时间。经在轨数据处理与分析表明:提出的角动量管控策略,可有效将飞轮的角动量卸载周期提升为原来的2倍,有效提升卫星在轨应用效能,具有实际工程意义。     

针对GEO目标的美国天基态势感知技术发展研究

为了掌握针对地球静止轨道(GEO)目标的天基态势感知技术动向,文章系统整理了美国相关卫星的公开数据和资料。根据卫星的功能和使命,GEO目标的天基态势感知技术试验卫星可分为3类:目标观测卫星、目标交会与抵近操作卫星以及目标编目卫星,并分别对3类技术试验卫星的有效载荷、平台和运行轨道等方面进行分析和比较,梳理了针对GEO目标的天基态势感知技术发展演进脉络,对后续态势感知技术的发展趋势进行了预测。文章的研究内容可为我国未来态势感知技术发展提供借鉴。     

“多对多”模式下GEO卫星在轨加注任务规划

随着在轨服务技术的发展和对航天器发射运营成本的控制，航天器在轨服务模式将由“一对一”服务逐步发展为“一对多”“多对多”的服务模式。在具有多个服务目标的模式下，针对服务航天器的任务分配与规划将变得尤为关键。因此，本文研究了多服务航天器为多个地球同步轨道(GEO)卫星进行在轨加注的任务规划问题。首先，考虑服务航天器容量约束、服务路径约束等多类约束条件，以最小化燃料消耗为优化指标，以每个服务航天器的服务顺序为决策变量，建立“多对多”在轨加注任务规划模型。其次，针对遗传算法局部搜索能力差、易陷入局部最优的缺陷，设计了一种将大邻域搜索算法和遗传算法相结合的混合启发式算法(LNS-GA)，用以求解该任务规划问题。该算法利用大邻域搜索算法中的“破坏”和“修复”思想，对遗传算法每一代种群中的精英个体进行进一步的迭代搜索，从而增强算法的局部搜索能力。最后，通过设定的仿真场景与单一遗传算法进行仿真对比，验证了本文所提出算法的有效性和优越性。     

Biobjective planning of GEO debris removal mission with multiple servicing spacecrafts

The mission planning of GEO debris removal with multiple servicing spacecrafts (SScs) is studied in this paper. Specifically, the SScs are considered to be initially on the GEO belt, and they should rendezvous with debris of different orbital slots and different inclinations, remove them to the graveyard orbit and finally return to their initial locations. Three key problems should be resolved here: task assignment, mission sequence planning and transfer trajectory optimization for each SSc. The minimum-cost, two-impulse phasing maneuver is used for each rendezvous. The objective is to find a set of optimal planning schemes with minimum fuel cost and travel duration. Considering this mission as a hybrid optimal control problem, a mathematical model is proposed. A modified multi-objective particle swarm optimization is employed to address the model. Numerous examples are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the model and solution method. In this paper, single-SSc and multiple-SSc scenarios with the same amount of fuel are compared. Numerous experiments indicate that for a definite GEO debris removal mission, that which alternative (single-SSc or multiple-SSc) is better (cost less fuel and consume less travel time) is determined by many factors. Although in some cases, multiple-SSc scenarios may perform worse than single-SSc scenarios, the extra costs are considered worth the gain in mission safety and robustness.     

Use of Optical Characteristics to Identify Orbiting Material

Knowledge of the observable properties of orbital debris is necessary to validate debris models for both the low Earth orbit (LEO) and the geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO). Current methods determine the size and mass of orbital debris based on knowledge or assumption of the material type of the piece. Improvement in the knowledge of material is the goal of the research described herein. The process of using spectral absorption features to determine the material type is explored. A review of the optical measurements of orbital debris as well as current research in the area is discussed. Reflectances of common spacecraft materials are compared. The need for, and advances made possible by obtaining real data are explored. The prospects of the venture are investigated.     

A Geosynchronous Orbit Search Strategy

Since more than 10 years there is evidence that small-size space debris is accumulating in the geosynchronous orbit (GEO), probably as the result of breakups. Two break-ups have been reported in GEO. The 1978 break-up of an EKRAN 2 satellite, SSN 10365, was identified in 1992, and in 1992 a Titan 3C Transtage, SSN 3432, break-up produced at least twenty observable pieces. Subsequently several nations performed optical surveys of the GEO region in the form of independent observation campaigns. Such surveys suffer from the fact that the field of view of optical telescopes is small compared with the total area covered by the GEO ring. As a consequence only a small volume of the orbital element-magnitude-space is covered by each individual survey. Results from these surveys are thus affected by observational biases and therefore difficult to compare. This paper describes the development of a common search strategy to overcome these limitations. The strategy optimizes the sampling for objects in orbits similar to the orbits of the known GEO population but does not exclude the detection of objects with other orbital planes. A properly designed common search strategy clearly eases the comparison of results from different groups and the extrapolation from the sparse (biased) samples to the entire GEO environment.     

面向GEO目标的快速在线在轨服务任务规划

针对地球同步轨道多对多在轨服务任务规划问题,提出了一种基于拍卖算法和先验知识的改进启发式拍卖算法(IHAA)。首先,建立了基于Lambert变轨的任务规划问题表征,设计了给定变轨时长约束下的快速燃料最优估计策略。其次,针对考虑J 2摄动影响的航天器在轨服务规划问题,提出了一种基于拍卖算法的快速求解流程。其中,为确定每一轮拍卖算法任务列表,提出了基于变轨先验知识的目标优先级排序启发式策略,实现了快速的服务时序确定方法;此外,为减少因部分航天器服务能力低导致的分配失败情况,设计了一种基于失败任务再分配的重拍机制。最后,将所提算法与遗传算法、模拟退火算法进行了对比,结果表明IHAA可以快速给出相对适应度较高的规划结果,可用于突发事件星上在线自主规划,亦可提供优化算法初值以提升规划效率。     

天基照相跟踪空间碎片批处理轨道确定研究

随着国内外天基观测空间碎片研究的展开,文章提出了利用跟踪卫星的CCD(Charge
Coupled Device)相机对空间碎片进行轨道探测的方法,首先建立了CCD照相观测模型和基于 照相观测 的空间碎片批处理轨道确定模型。通过对CCD相机底片归算方法的分析可知,利用
CCD相机所获得的观测数据与跟踪卫星的姿态无关,且其精度只与测量和坐标转换计算的精 度有关,在测量和计算中可获得较高的精度。分别对分布密度较高的低轨道和地球同步 轨道区域的空间碎片进行了定轨分析。仿真结果表明,定轨时采用两个跟踪弧段的照相数据 定轨精度大大高于一个弧段照相数据的定轨精度;跟踪卫星距离空间碎片越近,定轨精度越 高;低轨道空间碎片的定轨精度高于地球同步轨道上的空间碎片定轨精度。
     

天基空间监视交会计算和可观测时段预报的误差分析

将卫星和目标的轨道预报误差引入天基空间目标监视的任务规划中,研究了交会计算和可观测时段预报的误差分析方法。在协方差转换基本方法和交会信息计算公式的基础上,推导了从RSW轨道坐标系到RAE参数（距离、方位角、俯仰角）的协方差转换方法。对LEO和GEO目标观测分别引入相对速度和角距变化率,给出了可观测时段误差的分析方法。算例表明本文的计算结果与Monte-Carlo仿真结果相对误差不大于4%,典型轨道误差下LEO和GEO目标的可观测时段误差分别为0.2秒和3秒量级。该方法对任务规划和姿态及相机导引具有指导意义,还可用于分析成功观测对轨道预报精度的需求。     

MEO卫星内部充电环境及典型材料充电特征分析

文章利用通用模型DICTAT,计算了恶劣期地球中高轨道(MEO)高能电子通量随卫星运行位置的变化情况以及日均积分能谱,之后选择4种参数具有代表性的电介质材料,分析了其在MEO环境下的充电特征,并将上述结果与地球同步轨道(GEO)情况进行了对比。结果表明,通常而言MEO卫星的内部充电风险更高,平均充电电位是GEO的3倍左右,而且充电电位在整个轨道周期内起伏变化明显,电位达到最高值的时间相对于高能电子通量最大值有0.3~0.9 h的延迟,具体的变化特征由电介质材料时间常数决定。     

General solution for the optimal trajectory of an AFE-type spacecraft

The aeroassisted flight experiment (AFE) refers to an experimental spacecraft to be launched and then recovered by the Space Shuttle. It simulates a transfer from a geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO) to a low Earth orbit (LEO). In this paper, with reference to an AFE-type spacecraft, an actual GEO-to-LEO transfer is considered under the following assumptions: the GEO and LEO orbital planes are identical; both the initial and final orbits are circular; the initial phase angle is given, while the final phase angle is free. The aeroassisted orbital transfer trajectory involves three branches: a preatmospheric branch, GEO-to-entry; an atmospheric branch, entry-to-exit; a post-atmospheric branch, exit-to-LEO. The optimal trajectory is determined by minimizing the total characteristic velocity. The optimization is performed with respect to the velocity impulses at GEO, LEO, and the time history of the angle of bank during the atmospheric pass. It is assumed that the entry path inclination is free and that the angle of attack is constant, = 17.0 deg. The sequential gradient-restoration algorithm is used to compute the optimal trajectory and it is shown that the best atmospheric pass is to be performed with constant angle of bank. The resulting optimal trajectory constitutes an ideal nominal trajectory for the generation of guidance trajectories for two reasons: the fact that the low value of the characteristic velocity is accompanied by relatively low values of the peak heating rate and the peak dynamic pressure; and the simplicity of the control distribution, requiring constant angle of bank.     

New insights on the orbital debris collision hazard at GEO

An analysis is performed of the orbital debris collision hazard to operational spacecraft at geosynchronous orbit (GEO). As part of the examination, the contribution of individual components of the population are considered and presented to provide a clearer linkage between object characteristic and resulting risk. Our examination of GEO collision risk reveals several critical new insights: (1) the current probability of collision in GEO is relatively low, yet the future is difficult to predict due to our limited ability to observe objects in GEO and the uncertainty in past and future debris-generating events in GEO; (2) the probability of collision in GEO is not uniform by longitude — it is seven times greater in regions centered about the geopotential wells; (3) the probability of a mission-terminating collision is greatly dependent upon the approximately 2200 objects in the 10 cm–1 m range observed in GEO but not yet cataloged; (4) hardware relocated to GEO “graveyard” disposal orbits pose a potential additional, but not fully understood, collision hazard to operational GEO satellites; and (5) the collision hazard throughout the course of a day or year is highly episodic (i.e. non-uniform).