干涉SAR相位展开算法的比较和改进

基于残差理论深入分析和比较了 2种最主要的干涉 SAR相位展开方法积分路径法和最小均方法的策略及性能。对加权最小均方算法从初始值和权值进行了讨论,给出了一种合成加权多重网格算法。该算法结合了分支阻断方法简单快速并有一致解的特点,使它为多重网格最小均方算法提供初始值,加速了多重网格算法的收敛;并采用由相位导数方差生成的二值质量图替代相关系数作为权值输入,增强了算法的适应能力及可靠性。实际 X-SAR数据的相位展开处理结果验证了本文的分析和结论。     

Position Error Bound Calculation for GNSS using Measurement Residuals

In safety-of-life applications of satellite navigation, the protection level (PL) equation translates what is known about the pseudo-range errors into a reliable limit on the positioning error. The current PL equations for satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS) rely on Gaussian statistics. This approach is very practical: the calculations are simple and the receiver computation load is small. However, when the true distributions are far from Gaussian, such a characterization forces an inflation of the PLs that degrades performance. This happens in particular with errors with heavy tail distributions or for which there is not enough data to evaluate the distribution density up to small quantiles. We present a way of computing the optimal protection level when the pseudo-range errors are characterized by a mixture of Gaussian modes. First, we show that this error characterization adds a new flexibility and helps account for heavy tails without losing the benefit of tight core distributions. Then, we state the positioning problem using a Bayesian approach. Finally, we apply this method to PL calculations for the wide area augmentation system (WAAS) using real data from WAAS receivers. The results are very promising: vertical PLs are reduced by 50% without degrading integrity.     

Comparison of C- and X-band InSAR data for 3D characterization ofan urban area

In this paper we offer an overview of a number of algorithms suitable for 3D characterization of an urban environment from interferometric SAR data. By means of these algorithms we compare fine resolution C- and X-band SAR measurements over the same area to understand what useful information can be derived from these measurements. In addition we examine the similarities and differences of these data sets that are acquired with different frequency bands, bandwidths, and radar look direction. These data sets are recorded over Los Angeles, California, by the C-band NASA/JPL AIRSAR system, and by X-band Intermap Star-3i system. We analyze the original range measurements as reconstructed after the phase unwrapping procedure, the bald earth topography that we were able to retrieve, and the 3D shapes of some of the buildings in the UCLA area. Our results show that both data sets provide useful information of urban 3D characteristics. The better ground resolution of the X-band system results in better building shape extraction. Lower resolution of the C-band data, surprisingly, was not a limiting factor for extraction of large building structures. We demonstrate that it is possible to extract the terrain elevation model (bald earth topography), and the heights of large building structures by means of our algorithms     

Understanding Kappa Distributions: A Toolbox for Space Science and Astrophysics

In this paper we examine the physical foundations and theoretical development of the kappa distribution, which arises naturally from non-extensive Statistical Mechanics. The kappa distribution provides a straightforward replacement for the Maxwell distribution when dealing with systems in stationary states out of thermal equilibrium, commonly found in space and astrophysical plasmas. Prior studies have used a variety of inconsistent, and sometimes incorrect, formulations, which have led to significant confusion about these distributions. Therefore, in this study, we start from the N-particle phase space distribution and develop seven formulations for kappa distributions that range from the most general to several specialized versions that can be directly used with common types of space data. Collectively, these formulations and their guidelines provide a “toolbox” of useful and statistically well-grounded equations for future space physics analyses that seek to apply kappa distributions in data analysis, simulations, modeling, theory, and other work.     

IMF Direction Derived from Cycloid-Like Ion Distributions Observed by Mars Express

Although the Mars Express (MEX) does not carry a magnetometer, it is in principle possible to derive the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientation from the three dimensional velocity distribution of pick-up ions measured by the Ion Mass Analyser (IMA) on board MEX because pick-up ions' orbits, in velocity phase space, are expected to gyrate around the IMF when the IMF is relatively uniform on a scale larger than the proton gyroradius. During bow shock outbound crossings, MEX often observed cycloid distributions (two dimensional partial ring distributions in velocity phase space) of protons in a narrow channel of the IMA detector (only one azimuth for many polar angles). We show two such examples. Three different methods are used to derive the IMF orientation from the observed cycloid distributions. One method is intuitive (intuitive method), while the others derive the minimum variance direction of the velocity vectors for the observed ring ions. These velocity vectors are selected either manually (manual method) or automatically using simple filters (automatic method). While the intuitive method and the manual method provide similar IMF orientations by which the observed cycloid distribution is well arranged into a partial circle (representing gyration) and constant parallel velocity, the automatic method failed to arrange the data to the degree of the manual method, yielding about a 30° offset in the estimated IMF direction. The uncertainty of the derived IMF orientation is strongly affected by the instrument resolution. The source population for these ring distributions is most likely newly ionized hydrogen atoms, which are picked up by the solar wind.     

一种基于功率谱估计的图像相位匹配方法

相位相关法作为常用的相位匹配技术在使用中会遇到相位卷绕问题,一般频域求解方法需要进行相位解绕和最小二乘或RANSAC拟合,但相位解绕过程繁琐,且最小二乘拟合法易受噪声干扰,RANSAC拟合方法时间开销大.为此,提出了一种基于平均周期图法功率谱估计的相位匹配方法,将空间域问题转化到频域内求解,并成功规避了相位解绕步骤,相位匹配精度达到了亚像素量级.与经典频域分析方法对比,方法可在规避相位解绕的同时获得精度相当的有效结果.最后对方法的分辨精度进行了仿真分析,实验结果证明能够达到亚像素级的视差分辨率,为相位匹配在频域中的研究提供了新的思路.     

Some Aspects of Swerling Models for Fluctuating Radar Cross Section

The structure of Swerling's 1957 model for fluctuating radar cross section and signal amplitude is examined prinwrily in terms of mixture representations. The authors also show the relationship of Nakagami's m distrubution to Swerling's amplitude distribution, and Nakagami's q distribution (Hoyt vector density) is reduced to the Swerling distribution. Nonuniform phase distributions associated with Swerling's functions are also derived. Results are given when Swerling's amplitude density is used as a prior distribution with Bennett's (Rice's) distribution for the amplitude of a sine wave plus narrowband Gaussian noise.     

Distributions of Radar Angels

A foremost characteristic of large dot radar angels is the wide variation of basic parameter values which they exhibit. This variation is traceable to the nature of the underlying phenomena, i.e., birds and flocks of birds. In this paper, statistical distribution models for the mean radar cross section (RCS) and density of radar angels are obtained, based on a combination of radar and direct ornithological data. The radar cross-section distribution model has been derived from a dimensionless RCS versus wavelength model for individual birds, obtained from measured RCS data which have been scaled to a dimensionless form. This model is applied to ornithological data on populations of birds. The density distribution model is based on statistical reduction of migratory bird data obtained by Lowery's moon watching experiment, and observed seasonal and diurnal variations of radar angel activity. Both resulting distribution models are closely appproximated by the log-normal distribution. The model parameters for these distributions are given.     

基于曲面特征的截断线掩膜解相技术的研究

在条纹投射测量方法中,由于三角测量法固有的特点,将有效测量区域从含有背景、阴影、表面不连续等区域的条纹图中分辨出来,完成相位去包裹计算,是一个实际测量中的难点之一。本文借鉴图像分割的原理,对调制度分布图进行分析,提出一种基于调制度自动分割的物体轮廓有效测量区域自动识别方法,实验结果表明,该方法能够实现阈值的最佳选取,自动识别物体轮廓有效测量区域,并根据变形图与极点的关系,提出由A trous algorithm of wavelet transform(多孔小波算法)来检测曲面变形的奇异点,通过奇异点辅助来连接截断线,从而实现快速有效地解相并提高三维测量的精度。     

基于静强度分布的复合材料疲劳寿命分布的预测模型(英文)

The reasons of the static strength dispersion and the fatigue life dispersion of composite laminates are analyzed in this article. It is concluded that the inner original defects, which derived from the manufacturing process of composite laminates, are the common and major reason of causing the random distributions of the static strength and the fatigue life. And there is a correlative relation between the two distributions. With the study of statistical relationship between the fatigue loading and the fatigue life in the uniform confidence level and the same survival rate S-N curves of material, the relationship between the static strength distribution and the fatigue life distribution through a material S-N curve model has been obtained. And then the model which is used to describe the distributions of fatigue life of composites, based on their distributions of static strength, is set up. This model reasonably reflects the effects of the inner original defects on the static strength dispersion and on the fatigue life dispersion of composite laminates. The experimental data of three kinds of composite laminates are employed to verify this model, and the results show that this model can predict the random distributions of fatigue life for composites under any fatigue loads fairly well.     

Statistical properties of fatigue damage of Gaussian random loadings

Firstly, the fatigue damages associated with the random loadings were always deemed as high-cycle or very-high-cycle fatigue problems, and based on Chebyshev theorem, the number of rainflow cycles in a given time interval could be recognized as a constant by neglecting its randomness. Secondly, the randomness of fatigue damage induced by the distribution of rainflow cycles was analyzed. According to central limit theorem, the fatigue damage could be assumed to follow Gaussian distribution, and the statistical parameters: mean and variance, were derived from Dirlik's solution. Finally, the proposed method was used to a simulate Gaussian random loading and the measured random loading from an aircraft. Comparisons with observed results were carried out extensively. In the first example, the relative errors of the proposed method are 2.29%, 3.52% and 1.16% for the mean, standard deviation and variation coefficient of fatigue damage, respectively. In the second example, these relative errors are 11.70%, 173.32% and 18.20%, and the larger errors are attributable to non-stationary state of the measured loading to some extent.      

Maximum likelihood identification of glint noise

If the non-Gaussian distribution function of radar glint noise is known, the Masreliez filter can be applied to improve target tracking performance. We investigate the glint identification problem using the maximum likelihood (ML) method. Two models for the glint distribution are used, a mixture of two Gaussian distributions and a mixture of a Gaussian and a Laplacian distribution. An efficient initial estimate method based on the QQ-plot is also proposed. Simulations show that the ML estimates converge to truths     

Estimation techniques for GMSK using linear detectors in satellite communications

This paper describes data-aided signal level and noise variance estimators for Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) when the observations are limited to the output of a filter matched to the first pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) pulse in the equivalent PAM representation. The estimators are based on the maximum likelihood (ML) principle and assume burst-mode transmission with known timing and a block of L₀ known bits. While it is well known that ML estimators are asymptotically unbiased and efficient, the analysis quantifies the rate at which the estimators approach these asymptotic properties. It is shown that the carrier phase, amplitude, and noise variance estimators are unbiased and can achieve their corresponding Cramer-Rao bounds with modest combinations of signal-to-noise ratio and observation length. The estimates are used to estimate the signal-to-noise ratio. It is shown that the mean squared error performance of the ratio increases with signal-to-noise ratio while the mean squared error performance of the ratio in decibels decreases with signal-to-noise ratio. Simulation results are provided to confirm the accuracy of the analytic results.     

Calculation of Probability of Detection with Target Scintillation

This paper presents a computational method for the calculation of probability of detection using measured radar target cross-section data. The described method can also be used for probability of detection calculations when the radar target cross section follows a specified probability density function. Using the computational procedure of the paper, a number of curves are generated which can be used for probability of detection calculations with exponential and Gaussian radar target cross-section distributions. The results obtained using theoretical distributions are compared with the corresponding results using actual target cross-section measurements. The results of computer runs are compared to the corresponding values in the literature where available.     

多退化变量下基于Copula函数的陀螺仪剩余寿命预测方法

针对惯性导航系统中陀螺仪多退化变量条件下的剩余寿命（RUL）预测问题,提出了一种基于Copula函数的多退化变量剩余寿命预测方法。首先,针对退化变量间不同的退化轨迹,采用不同的方法进行退化建模,并对于陀螺漂移系数样本标准差数据波动性随时间递增的特性,提出了一种方差时变的正态随机过程退化建模方法,得到了陀螺仪剩余寿命的边缘分布函数。然后,通过Copula函数来描述退化变量之间的相关性,将得到的剩余寿命的边缘分布进行融合,得到了陀螺仪剩余寿命的联合分布函数。最后,通过陀螺仪实例分析验证了方法的适用性和可行性。     

二维激光多普勒测速系统用于测量湍流分离流动

 为解决具有回流区的高湍流度分离流动的二维测量问题,研制了一种偏振分离型二维激光测速系统;测量了非对称阶跃扩张管道中湍流分离区的平均速度向量分布;得到了回流中心位置和回流区长度等参数;部分实验结果同数值模拟结果作了比较。     

On near wall measurements of wall bounded flows—The necessity of an accurate determination of the wall position

The present review paper is an account on the experimental determination of the wall position relative to the probe in wall-bounded turbulent flow studies. A thorough review on common measurement techniques as well as correction methods reveals, that there are a number of pitfalls, that—when not accounted for—can lead to wrong conclusions about the wall position and thereby also on the near-wall behaviour of mean and turbulence quantities. Employing the state-of-the-art databases from direct numerical simulations of wall-bounded turbulent flows various indirect methods have been tested and assessed in terms of their robustness and accuracy. It is also demonstrated that accurate measurements reaching the viscous sublayer are necessary in order to ensure a correctly deduced wall position, and dependent quantities as for instance the near-wall scaling of mean (e.g. Reynolds number dependence of the buffer region or the log law constants) and turbulence (e.g. the near-wall peak location of Reynolds stresses) quantities.In experiments using hot-wires near the wall it is well known that heat conduction between the hot-wire and the wall gives errors and mean velocity data from the viscous sublayer can usually not be used to determine the wall position. In this paper we introduce a new method which takes advantage of the similarity of the probability density distributions (pdf) in the near wall region. By using the high velocity data of the pdf, which is shown not to be affected by heat conduction, the heat conduction problem can be circumvented.Extensive appendices are included, describing the history and present knowledge about the scaling of the mean velocity in the near wall and overlap regions in wall bounded turbulent flows.     

旋流杯近场液雾SMD的空间分布模型

旋流杯液雾的空间分布特性对航空发动机燃烧室燃烧性能至关重要。基于旋流杯燃油雾化的物理过程及其近场液雾索太尔平均直径(SMD)空间分布呈“双峰”或“三峰”分布的基本特点,建立了旋流杯近场液雾SMD空间分布的半经验模型。该模型将旋流杯近场液雾分为中心区和边界区,其中中心区液雾采用离心喷嘴与内旋流的混合型雾化模型,边界区液雾采用文氏管液膜的气动雾化模型,同时将液雾SMD及SMD空间分布与正态分布函数相结合。根据空气压降不同,分别对压力雾化主导及气动雾化主导两种形式的旋流杯液雾SMD空间分布模型进行了验证,并对供液压力及空气压降的影响规律进行了预测分析,预测结果表明:随着供液压力和空气压降的增大,旋流杯液雾SMD呈现整体降低的趋势。     

Bayesian gamma mixture model approach to radar target recognition

This paper develops a Bayesian gamma mixture model approach to automatic target recognition (ATR). The specific problem considered is the classification of radar range profiles (RRPs) of military ships. However, the approach developed is relevant to the generic discrimination problem. We model the radar returns (data measurements) from each target as a gamma mixture distribution. Several different motivations for the use of mixture models are put forward, with gamma components being chosen through a physical consideration of radar returns. Bayesian formalism is adopted and we obtain posterior distributions for the parameters of our mixture models. The distributions obtained are too complicated for direct analytical use in a classifier, so Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques are used to provide samples from the distributions. The classification results on the ship data compare favorably with those obtained from two previously published techniques, namely a self-organizing map and a maximum likelihood gamma mixture model classifier.     

超燃冲压发动机燃烧室出口温度场分布CARS测量

针对超燃冲压发动机研究中对燃烧室出口温度场的测量需求以及暂冲式超燃冲压发动机燃烧台架试验中的应用难点,开发了适用于瞬态燃烧场温度测量的单脉冲相干反斯托克斯拉曼反射（CARS）系统及CARS光谱计算和温度反演软件CARSCF。采用USED相位匹配方式来降低湍流影响,结合多尺度小波分析方法来实现CARS光谱降噪处理,提高信噪比。在暂冲式脉冲燃烧风洞上开展了来流马赫数2.6条件下超燃冲压发动机燃烧室出口温度测量试验,获取了超声速来流（冷态）建立、H₂点火加热空气、建立超声速燃烧流场直至试验结束过程中的燃烧室出口温度,以及煤油/空气燃烧时燃烧室出口温度场分布。结果显示,超声速冷流时温度处于低温（约205K）状态,随着H₂点火加热来流空气,来流温度上升至853K;随着煤油/Air点火,温度急剧上升,稳定燃烧状态下燃烧流场温度为1970K±144K。燃烧室出口截面温度场分布测量结果显示,高温区位于燃烧室出口截面上侧区域,而燃烧室出口截面上中间区域的温度低于上下两侧。燃烧室出口温度分布CARS测量结果与火焰自发光成像结果一致,表明单脉冲CARS技术用于瞬态燃烧流场温度测量的可行性。