日本天文-H卫星升空后不久失联

1 项目背景 日本自20世纪70年代中期开始,就以日本宇宙航空研究开发机构下属的宇宙科学研究所(ISAS,原文部省宇宙科学研究所)为核心开始研发和应用以X射线天文卫星为主的天文卫星.1976-2005年,日本共发射了7颗X射线天文卫星,其中5颗发射成功,按预定计划执行了一系列观测任务,取得了不斐的成绩.如:利用天文-D于1993年4月5日成功捕获到了刚发现的M81银河系的超新星SN1993放射出的X射线;利用2005年发射的天文-E2卫星配备的软X射线望远镜(SXT)所进行的一系列观测活动,不仅大幅拓展了观测范围(从原来的软X射线拓展到软γ射线),而且发现了距地球较近(8000万光年)处的黑洞,对人类了解宇宙结构、掌握宇宙全貌、厘清宇宙进化发挥了重要作用.     

太阳X射线暴在地球大气中传输的Monte Carlo模拟

应用MonteCarlo方法对太阳X射线暴(1-8?及0.5-4?)与地球大气相互作用过程进行跟踪模拟,得到了X射线暴在电离层D层产生的电子产生率,并计算了由此产生的宇宙噪声吸收值。结果与作者在南极观测得到的X射线暴期间宇宙噪声吸收值符合较好.      

太阳软X射线背景水平与X级的增强发射

本文根据1986年1月-1992年12月期间,130个1-8?的X级别的X射线事件与相应背景发射水平所作的分析,发现90%以上的X级X射线事件,都发生在X射线背景发射≥C1(10-6W／m2)水平上,这一统计规律,可从耀斑加速的非热电子对色球等离于体的加热得到合理的解释.      

HXMT的空间环境本底计算

硬X射线调制望远镜(HXMT)是一颗宽波段X射线(1～250 keV)天文卫星,其核心载荷高能X射线望远镜(HE)工作于硬X射线能区(20～250 keV),致力于实现硬X射线的高灵敏度巡天观测,描绘硬X射线天图,并对特殊天体作高灵敏度定点观测.为了获得高灵敏度,必须有效地抑制本底.本底主要是由轨道环境中的粒子(γ射线、质子、电子、中子)与探测器相互作用产生的.本文结合大量的描述近地空间本底的文献和最新的实测数据,整理出一套自洽的近地空间本底粒子的数据和公式,便于应用.并通过Geant 4软件模拟计算给出了HXMT的本底及本底随时间和轨道的变化.      

日本首颗军用通信卫星升空

正由日本电气公司(NEC)为主承包商,采用三菱电机股份有限公司(Mitsubishi Electric Corporation)DS2000平台研制的X频段防卫通信卫星-2(DSN-2,也称煌-2),于北京时间2017年1月24日17:44从种子岛宇宙中心用三菱重工业公司(Mitsubishi Heavy Industry Limited)的H-2A运载火箭发射入轨。     

日本发射第15号科学卫星

日本文部省宇宙科学研究所于1993年2月12日用第7枚M-3SⅡ火箭发射第15号科学卫星(ASTRO-D)。 ASTRO-D是继1979年发射的“鹄”、1g83年发射的“天魔”、1987年发射的“银河”之后的第4颗X天文卫星,是一个在能量很宽范围内同时进行X射线天体摄像和分光的高性能X射线天文台。在ASTRO-D上搭载了4架能量从0.5keV到10keV范围很宽,其有效面积很大的复合薄板型的X射线反射望远镜。焦距为3.5m,角分辨率是从点辐射源进入X射线量一半的图像经过直径约3角分。这些X射线望远镜是由美航宇局哥达德空间飞行     

大撕址宇宙的未来?

从微波各向异性探测器(MAP)新近得到的数据来看,宇宙的精确年龄是137亿年,误差不超过两亿年.在这137亿年的时间里,恒星、星系、生命、文明、人类得以产生,并形成了今天我们所看到的这个世界.     

太阳风中磁重联的可能性及其观测证据

本文利用美国行星际监测卫星IMP-H和IMP-J同时在弓激波上游的极佳时机(1976年1月21日—22日)探测的结果, 比较了两个卫星同时测得的离子脉冲(E≥125keV/Q, Q≥1)的计数率和各向异性.分析表明在IMP-H比IMP-J离地球远的四个事件a—d中, a和b事件时, IMP-H上测得的计数率大于IMP-J上计数率, 各向异性从太阳指向地球;c事件时, IMP-J上计数率大于IMP-H上的测量值, 各向异性从太阳指向地球;d事件时, IMP-J上计数率大于IMP-H上的相应值, 各向异性改变方向, 从地球指向太阳.它们可以用太阳风中扇形边界样的磁场反转形态磁重联产生的高能粒子的假说来满意地得到解释.      

日公布航天飞机上粒子加速器空间科学实验成果

日本宇宙科学研究所发表了1992年3月23日发射的阿特兰蒂斯号航天飞机上,用粒子加速器进行空间科学实验(SEPAC)的成果。一、SEPAC实验概要 SEPAC实验是1974年美航宇局将它作为“空间实验室”应用科学计划之一的大气层、磁层和空间等离子体(AMPS)计划提出来的。该计划只进行到B阶段研究,结果整个计划未能实现,但之后主要任务放在1989年空间实验室-1(SL-1)上进行。其中获得的成果有: 1)1.5kW(5keV,0.3A)的电子束辐射; 2)由MPD电弧喷射引擎生成等离子     

俄罗斯将在国际空间站上安装天文观测模块

塔斯社网站2019年3月20日报道,俄罗斯科学院空间研究所(IKI)宣布将在国际空间站俄罗斯舱段上安装全天空监测仪,用于测量X射线宇宙背景辐射亮度,分析和绘制83%的宇宙地图。全天空监测仪将于2020年通过货运飞船运抵国际空间站,再由航天员执行出舱任务时安装在俄罗斯舱段外部的通用模块上,任务周期为3年。     

Preliminary observing achievements of supersoft X-ray detector and γ-ray detector onboard Shenzhou2

Preliminary observing achievements by the Super Soft X-ray Detector and the γ-ray Detector in the fields of cosmic gamma-ray bursts, solar X-ray, bursts and cosmic X-ray/γ-ray background radiation are summarized. The detectors are aboard the spacecraft Shenzhou-2 that was launched on 2001 January 10. The scientific mission and general situation of the instruments are briefly described.     

Interactive database of cosmic ray anisotropy (DB-A10)

The worldwide neutron monitor network is a unique tool for obtaining with high accuracy the information on density variations, energy spectrum and anisotropy of comic rays at the Earth, outside its atmosphere and magnetosphere. These hourly averaged parameters were obtained over the whole period of cosmic ray monitoring by the ground level neutron monitor network (from 1957 till present) and are collected within the MySQL database. The Internet-project has developed for free access and supplying of cosmic ray density and anisotropy data in different formats.     

Cosmic ray anisotropy based on Yakutsk station in real time

The method has been developed to calculate galactic cosmic ray anisotropy parameters by using on-line data of the neutron monitor 24-NM-64 and muon telescope at the Yakutsk station. The preliminary analysis shows that characteristic changes in the anisotropy parameters caused by the first spherical harmonics of cosmic ray angular distribution are observed 1–2 days before the onset of the most part of large-scale geophysical disturbances on the Earth. There is reason to believe that the attraction of data of geophysical observations of other kinds will allow to develop the forecast methods for the arrival of large-scale interplanetary disturbances at the Earth.     

The Compton–Getting effect of energetic particles with an anisotropic pitch-angle distribution

This paper presents a simulation of anisotropy measurements by the low-energy charged particle (LECP) experiment on Voyager 1 for cases when the particle pitch-angle distribution function in the solar wind plasma reference frame is not isotropic. The model includes both the Compton–Getting anisotropy and perpendicular diffusion anisotropy that possibly exists in the upstream region of the termination shock. The results show that the Voyager 1 data cannot rule out either the model with zero solar wind speed or the one with a finite speed on qualitative basis. The determination of solar wind speed using the Compton–Getting effect is affected by the assumption of the magnetic field direction and perpendicular diffusion anisotropy. Because the pitch-angle distribution anisotropy is so large, a small uncertainty in the magnetic field direction can produce very different solar wind speeds ranging from ∼0 to >400 km/s. In fact, if the magnetic field is chosen to be in the Parker spiral direction, which is consistent with the magnetometer measurement on Voyager 1, the derived solar wind speed is still close to the supersonic value. Only the two lowest-energy channels of the LECP instrument may give a definitive answer to the solar wind speed. However, because these channels contain a very high level of cosmic ray background, an uncertainty of just a few percent in the background can entirely hamper the estimate of solar wind speed.     

Study of the 27-day variations of the galactic cosmic ray intensity and anisotropy

We demonstrate that the general features of the radial and azimuthal components of the anisotropy of galactic cosmic rays can be studied by the harmonic analysis method using data from an individual neutron monitor with cut off rigidity <5 GV. In particular, we study the characteristics of the 27-day (solar rotation period) variations of the galactic cosmic ray intensity and anisotropy, solar wind velocity, interplanetary magnetic field strength and sunspot number. The amplitudes of the 27-day variations of the galactic cosmic ray anisotropy are greater, and the phases more clearly established, in A > 0 polarity periods than in A < 0 polarity periods at times of minimum solar activity. The phases of the 27-day variations of the galactic cosmic rays intensity and anisotropy are opposite with respect to the similar changes of the solar wind velocity in A > 0 polarity periods. No significant dependence of the amplitude of the 27-day variation of the galactic cosmic ray anisotropy on the tilt angle of the heliospheric neutral sheet is found. Daily epicyclegrams obtained by Chree’s method show that the 27-day variations of the galactic cosmic ray anisotropy during A > 0 polarity periods follow elliptical paths with the major axes oriented approximately along the interplanetary magnetic field. The paths are more irregular during A < 0 polarity periods.     

Puzzles of the cosmic ray anisotropy

We discuss three of the known puzzles of the cosmic ray anisotropy in the PeV and sub-PeV energy region. They are (1) the so called inverse anisotropy, (2) the irregularity in the energy dependence of the amplitude and phase of the first harmonic and (3) the contribution of the single source.     

Effect of Interplanetary Transients on Cosmic Ray Anisotropic Variations

In the present work the cosmic ray intensity data recorded with ground-based neutron monitor at Deep River has investigated taking into account the associated interplanetary magnetic field and solar wind plasma data during 1981—1994.A large number of days having abnormally high/low amplitudes for successive number of five or more days as compared to annual average amplitude of diurnal anisotropy have been taken as high/low amplitude anisotropic wave train events(HAE/LAE).The amplitude of the diurnal anisotropy of these events is found to increase on the days of magnetic cloud as compared to the days prior to the event and it found to decrease during the later period of the event as the cloud passes the Earth.The High-Speed Solar Wind Streams(HSSWS)do not play any significant role in causing these types of events. The interplanetary disturbances(magnetic clouds)are also effective in producing cosmic ray decreases.Hαsolar flares have a good positive correlation with both amplitude and direction of the anisotropy for HAEs, whereas PMSs have a good positive correlation with both amplitude and direction of the anisotropy for LAEs. The source responsible for these unusual anisotropic wave trains in CR has been proposed.     

A study of the ground level enhancement of 23 February 1956

One of the greatest and most famous increase of solar cosmic rays over the neutron monitor epoch is the ground level enhancement in 1956. All future proton events are inevitable when compared with this one and therefore it is necessary to provide the efficiency of such a comparison derived from the existing data. In this paper, we return to the analysis of ground level observations on 23 February 1956 in order to model more precisely the solar cosmic ray behaviour. The extremely high magnitude of this effect allowed various spectral characteristics of solar cosmic rays, their anisotropy, differential and integral proton fluxes, and angular distribution of the source of solar particle anisotropy to be obtained with sufficient accuracy on the basis of available data from 13 neutron monitors. The most outstanding feature of this event was a narrow and extremely intensive beam of ultra relativistic particles arriving at Earth at the beginning of the event. This unique beam was not long and its width did not exceed 30–40°, thus, its contribution to solar particle density was not significant. Many features of this GLE are apparently explained by the peculiarity of particle interplanetary propagation from a remote (limb or behind of limb) source.     

Effect of random nature of cosmic ray sources – Supernova remnants – on cosmic ray intensity fluctuations,anisotropy, and electron energy spectrum

The random nature of sources (the supernova remnants) leads to the fluctuations of cosmic ray intensity in space and time. We calculate the expected fluctuations in a flat-halo diffusion model for particles with energies from 0.1 to 10³ TeV. The data on energy spectra and anisotropy of very high energy protons, nuclei and electrons, and the astronomical data on supernova remnants, the potential sources of cosmic rays, are used to constrain the value of the cosmic-ray diffusion coefficient and its dependence on energy.     

CME-geometry and cosmic-ray anisotropy observed by a prototype muon detector network

We analyze the cosmic-ray anisotropy observed by a prototype network of muon detectors during geomagnetic storms associated with coronal mass ejections (CMEs). The network currently consists of multidirectional surface muon detectors at Nagoya (Japan) and Hobart (Australia), together with a prototype detector at São Martinho (Brazil) which has been in operation since March, 2001. In this report, we analyze the anisotropy recorded in both the muon detector and neutron monitor (the Spaceship Earth) networks and find significant enhancements of cosmic-ray anisotropy during geomagnetic storms. Following the analysis by Bieber and Evenson [Bieber, J.W., Evenson, P. CME geometry in relation to cosmic ray anisotropy. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25 (1998) 2955–2958] for the neutron monitor data at 10 GeV, we also derive cosmic-ray density gradients from muon data at higher-energy (50 GeV), possibly reflecting the larger-scale geometry of CMEs causing geomagnetic storms. We particularly find in some events the anisotropy enhancement clearly starting prior to the storm onset in both the muon and neutron data. This is the first result of the CME-geometry derived from simultaneous observations of the anisotropy with networks of multidirectional muon detectors and neutron monitors.