非定常机匣处理对失速先兆波的抑制作用实验研究

非定常机匣处理在不影响效率的前提下可以明显提高压气机的稳定工作范围,针对这种通过改变斜槽和气室来调节壁面阻抗边界条件的新型处理机匣,从非定常角度,开展其对失速先兆波产生及发展的影响的实验研究.在压气机转子前缘附近沿圆周均匀布置八支高频响压力传感器,采集壁面动态压力信号,进行周向傅立叶分析(SFT)和功率谱密度分析(PSD),捕捉到旋转失速先兆波的出现和发展的动态细节,比较光壁和处理机匣两种情况的结果,证实了处理机匣并非阻止了失速先兆波的出现,而是有效的抑制了其非线性发展.非定常机匣处理改变了压气机系统的阻抗边界条件,能够在全过程中对低频扰动波进行有效的抑制,从而推迟旋转失速的发生,实现压气机的扩稳目的.      

圆弧槽处理机匣对影响跨声速压气机叶根失速先兆发展过程的实验研究

针对在一台跨声速压气机上发现的叶根型失速先兆局部喘振,通过实验方法,探究了一种特殊设计的圆弧槽处理机匣对局部喘振型叶根失速先兆发展过程的影响。通过对比实壁机匣和圆弧槽处理机匣的实验数据,压气机的稳定工作裕度在应用处理机匣的情况下拓宽了19.88%,而总压比峰值点仅降低了0.3%,同时绝热效率基本保持不变。结果表明:(1)实壁机匣情况下,压气机失速时伴有低频的局部喘振和高频的失速团信号,而安装圆弧槽处理机匣的实验结果表明在同样的流量下局部喘振现象依然存在,但此时压气机仍能稳定工作,证明局部喘振的发生与叶根高负荷有关,但与叶尖的流动情况无关;(2)处理机匣的使用改善了叶尖流动情况,推迟了转子叶尖区域高频旋转失速团的发生,从而实现了对叶根型失速先兆压气机的拓稳效果,同时这也揭示了在局部喘振型失速发展过程中,由局部喘振诱导的高频、发生于叶尖的旋转失速团是压气机失速的重要原因。     

非定常机匣处理扩大压气机稳定裕度实验

从非定常角度出发,设计了一种通过改变斜槽和气室来调节壁面阻抗边界条件的非定常处理机匣,并对其开展扩大轴流风扇/压气机旋转失速稳定性的实验研究.研究工作包括:对非定常处理机匣进行流量-压比特性实验,研究其扩稳效果;对处理机匣的结构参数(斜槽、气室)进行可调节特性实验;对机匣处理的效率特性进行实验评估.结果表明:这种非定常机匣处理在三台低速风扇/压气机实验台上,通过调节机匣参数,不仅能够实现在不同的工作转速下对压气机稳定裕度有显著效果,而且效率没有明显改变.      

机匣处理对压气机性能和气流结构影响的试验研究

本文对实壁机匣和三种不同型式的轴向斜槽处理机匣进行了较为详细的试验研究。发现这类机匣处理结构不仅对压气机总性能有很大影响,而且对旋转失速的类型,失速团的空间传播和发展以及转子出口的流场均有很大影响。文中的试验结果对建立失速团的三维传播及发展模型,开发机匣处理的其它功能以及机匣处理结构实际应用都有工程价值。     

包含处理机匣影响的压气机旋转失速稳定性模型

通过引入等价分布源方法,建立了处理机匣非定常壁面边界条件的数学模型,从而可以计算处理机匣对压力扰动波的影响。同时,将这一计算模块引入稳定性模型中,发展了可以包含处理机匣影响的稳定性模型。与某低压压气机以及NA SA的37号压气机的实验结果对比表明,所发展的三维旋转失速稳定性模型完全满足预测压气机稳定性的需求。此外,对37号压气机的数值计算表明,处理机匣的结构参数,如长度、背腔高度和壁面开孔率等都对稳定性有影响。理论上表明可以通过设计这些结构参数达到扩大压气机稳定性裕度的目的。      

实壁/圆弧斜槽周向不对称组合式处理机匣实验

对实壁/圆弧斜槽组合式处理机匣在跨声压气机实验台上进行了实验研究.不同于传统处理机匣,实验的组合式处理机匣能够在大幅度提高压气机失速裕度的同时,使得其绝热效率增加接近1%,该组合式处理机匣能够取得"扩稳增效"的主要原因是,提高了叶尖区域的流通能力,抑制了分离流动,减缓了旋转失速的发生;通过采用周向非均匀分布的组合形式,减少了处理槽内的流动损失,使得机匣处理的收益大于损失,提高了压气机效率.      

桥式槽处理机匣的扩稳机理研究

利用数值模拟的手段对桥式槽处理机匣的失速机制和扩稳机理进行研究。通过与实壁机匣和全通槽处理机匣的对比分析结果表明:叶尖泄漏和叶片吸力面的分离均会引起叶尖通道堵塞,进而诱发失速。在实壁机匣情况下叶尖泄漏流堵塞叶尖通道是诱发失速的主要原因;全通槽和桥式槽处理机匣均能减弱叶尖泄漏流强度,但是全通槽处理机匣加剧了吸力面的分离,这造成了较大的效率损失;而桥式槽处理机匣能够通过改变抽吸区和喷气区的面积大小控制泄漏流和分离流引发的流道堵塞,从而在裕度提升和效率损失之间取得平衡。研究表明:喷气区面积越大,叶尖攻角越大,吸力面分离越强,压气机效率越低;抽吸区面积越大,泄漏流越弱,压气机的失速裕度越大。     

轴向槽机匣处理提高离心压气机失速裕度的数值研究

为了提高-离心压气机设计转速下失速裕度,本文采用了轴向槽机匣处理方案,对实壁机匣和处理机匣压气机流场进行了数值模拟分析.计算结果表明:(1)轴向槽机匣处理可以使离心压气机失速裕度提高12%,但同时也带了损失,压气机峰值效率损失了约3%;(2)轴向槽机匣处理改善了压气机尖部流场结构,抑制了由间隙泄露涡引起的主流通道阻塞,这是压气机失速裕度提高的主要原因.     

机匣处理对轴流压气机失速恢复性的影响

针对一种扩稳增效的新型处理机匣,实验研究了亚声速单级轴流压气机机匣处理前后的过失速性能的变化。借助于压缩系统的一维逐级可压流的数学模型,发展了一种可用于带机匣处理的压气机失速可恢复性预测程序。数值模拟的结果很好地展示了机匣处理前后失速恢复性地变化,并解释了机匣处理后单级压气机失速恢复性改善的原因。     

一种槽道式处理机匣设计及实验验证

对实壁机匣的实验转子进行了定常雷诺平均N-S方程(RANS)模拟,考察了实验转子叶尖端区流动状况,并基于转子叶尖端区在设计状态和近失速状态下的若干主要流动特征设计了一个带气室的轴向斜槽式处理机匣.在高速压气机试验台上对处理机匣的性能测量结果表明,设计的处理机匣有很好的扩稳效果,效率损失也可接受.这说明通过对实壁机匣的转子其流动结构的分析和把握、进而完成处理机匣的设计在一定程度上有可行性.      

Flow Stability Model for Fan/Compressors with Annular Duct and Novel Casing Treatment

A three-dimensional compressible flow stability model is presented in this paper, which focuses on stall inception of multi-stage axial flow compressors with a finite large radius annular duct configuration for the first time. It is shown that under some assumptions, the stability equation can be obtained yielding from a group of homogeneous equations. The stability can be judged by the non-dimensional imaginary part of the resultant complex frequency eigenvalue. Further more, based on the analysis of the unsteady phenomenon caused by casing treatment, the function of casing treatment has been modeled by a wall impedance condition which is included in the stability model through the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenfunctions of the system. Finally, some experimental investigation and two numerical evaluation cases are conducted to validate this model and emphasis is placed on numerically studying the sensitivity of the setup of different boundary conditions on the stall inception of axial flow fan/compressors. A novel casing treatment which consists of a backchamber and a perforated plate is suggested, and it is noted that the open area ratio of the casing treatment is less than 10%, and is far smaller than conventional casing treatment with open area ratio of over 50%, which could result in stall margin improvement without obvious efficiency loss of fan/compressors.     

间隙流触发压气机内部流动失稳机制及周向槽扩稳机理

利用高频响动态压力传感器对某低速轴流压气机转子的失速先兆和顶部流场进行了详细的测试,探明该压气机内部存在与叶顶间隙泄漏流相关的突发型失速先兆,对压气机转子内部流场进行了单通道定常和非定常数值模拟,详细分析了压气机内部流动失稳过程中顶部流场结构的变化,揭示顶部间隙泄漏流触发轴流压气机内部流动失稳机理.在此基础上,利用周向槽处理机匣结构对顶部间隙泄漏流进行控制,并探讨了周向槽处理机匣结构提高压气机稳定工作裕度机理.      

处理机匣情形下的轴流压气机转子失速

为了解在处理机匣作用下的压气机转子失速点流动,采用非定常模拟方法对跨声轴流压气机转子在带气室斜槽处理机匣情形下的流动进行了模拟研究,获得了高、低转速下的转子特性,并针对近失速点流场进行了分析.结果表明,在处理机匣的作用下,转子失速的主要产生原因与实壁情形不同.在失速点,处理机匣有效地抑制了叶尖泄漏流的负面作用,但由于不能更多地吸纳叶尖的低能流体,使得叶片吸力面附面层中向叶尖迁移的低流向动量流体堆积于叶尖吸力面尾缘处,形成严重的流动堵塞,从而导致转子叶尖失速.      

基于时频-小波分析的压气机失速过程研究

采用时频—小波分析的方法,针对某型发动机的八级轴流压气机级间压力信号,提取失速先兆及发展信息。结果表明,在失速前的阶段,不同的频率段表现出不同的失速先兆成分;并检验了失速时刻信号的奇异性,最后确定了最先失速级。      

带周向单槽的低速轴流压气机失速起始过程

为了深入认识周向槽轴向位置对压气机失速机制的影响规律,针对某叶尖敏感的低速单转子压气机开展实验测量与数值模拟相结合的研究。实验与计算结果均表明,位于叶片弦长中部的周向单槽扩稳效果最好,而位于叶片前缘下游20%~30%轴向弦长位置的周向单槽扩稳效果最差。进一步分析了利用非定常、多通道计算模型获得的数值结果,发现对于光壁机匣和扩稳效果最好的周向单槽机匣,泄漏流与主流交界面在近失速工况下到达叶片前缘位置,压气机通过突尖型失速先兆进入失速状态;对于扩稳效果最差的周向单槽机匣,泄漏流与主流交界面在近失速工况下仍位于叶片通道内部距离叶片前缘20%的轴向弦长位置,压气机经历了由准模态型失速先兆向突尖型失速先兆转换的失速起始过程。     

A Model to Predict Stall Inception of Transonic Axial Flow Fan/Compressors

A stall inception model for transonic fan/compressors is presented in this paper. It can be shown that under some assumptions the solution of unsteady flow field consists of pressure wave which propagates upstream or downstream, vortex wave and entropy wave convected with the mean flow speed. By further using the mode-matching technique and applying the conservation law and conditions reflecting the loss characteristics of a compressor in the inlet and outlet of the rotor or stator blade rows, a group of homogeneous equations can be obtained from which the stability equation can be derived. Based on the analysis of the unsteady phenomenon caused by casing treatments, the function of casing treatments has been modeled by a wall impedance condition which has been included in the stability model through the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenfunctions of the system. Besides, the effect of shock waves in cascade channel on the stability prediction is also considered in the stall inception model. Finally, some numerical analysis and experimental investigation are also conducted with emphasis on the mutual comparison.     

Experimental investigation on SPS casing treatment with bias flow

Generally, casing treatment（CT） is a passivity method to enhance the stall margin of fan/compressor. A novel casing treatment based on the small disturbance theory and vortex and wave interaction suggestion is a method combining passive control and active control, which has been proved effective at enhancing the stall margin of fan/compressor in experiment. In order to investigate the mechanism of this kind of casing treatment, an experimental investigation of a stall precursor-suppressed（SPS） casing treatment with air suction or blowing air is conducted in the present paper. The SPS casing treatment is designed to suppressing stall precursors to realize stall margin enhancement in turbomachinery. The experimental results show that the casing treatment with blowing air of small quantity can improve the stall margin by about 8% with about 1% efficiency loss. By contrast, the SPS casing treatment with micro-bias flow does not improve the stall margin much more than that without bias flow, even worse. Meanwhile, the present investigation has also attempted to reveal the mechanism of stall margin improvement with the casing treatment.It is found that the stall margin improvements vary with the modification of the unsteady shedding flow and the unsteady wall boundary impedance. The experimental results agree fairly well with the theoretical prediction using a flow stability model of rotating stall.     

离心压气机失速模式及自循环机匣处理的作用机制

通过对离心压气机不同转速下实壁机匣和处理机匣两种状态流场的数值模拟,研究了失速模式随转速的变化及不同失速模式下机匣处理作用机制的转变.结果表明:随转速的降低,失速模式由100%设计转速时的扩压器失速逐步向导风轮失速过渡,导风轮失速也经历了由80%设计转速时的端壁失速和叶片前缘失速向50%设计转速的通道大范围完全失速的发展过程.自循环机匣处理对离心压气机失速裕度和效率的影响都与失速模式紧密相关,其扩稳作用仅对80%设计转速时的叶片前缘失速有效.在80%左右设计转速,机匣处理使主流效率有朝大流量工况点变化的趋势,从而使效率降低.当转速低至50%设计转速时,主流通道形成大范围回流区,机匣处理的二次回流可以减少叶轮对通道回流区气流的做功量,从而提高效率.