重力差异导致的航天器设备安装精度变化量评估

为评估在轨和地面环境间由于重力差异导致的航天器设备安装精度的变化量,对27颗已发射运行的小卫星在地面环境空载和满载状态下设备安装精度的变化量进行了统计分析,得到对数正态分布模型的线性回归关系和参数估计值。结果表明：用该模型预测的航天器设备安装精度在空载和满载状态下的变化量均值与实测值的相对误差不超过10.6%,说明对数正态分布模型可较好地表征航天器设备安装精度在空载和满载状态下的变化量分布。以上研究可为在轨设备安装控制提供参考。     

Degraded EEG response of the human brain in function of gravity levels by the method of chaotic attractor

The measurement of the influence of different gravity levels on the brain allows to explain how humans react to microgravity in space and to predict the adaptation capability of astronauts. Human electroencephalographic (EEG) signals were recorded during low and high gravity phases of three consecutive days of parabolic flights on the Caravelle aircraft in 1991. EEG signals were processed, using the method of correlation dimensions d of chaotic strange attractors. Results show clear differences between the three flights, with a general decrease over time in the attractor dimensions, a measure of the brain response to changing g levels. However, the dimension is not a one-to-one relation with g levels, as additional variations are observed. Two hypotheses are introduced, the "fatigue/stress" and the "g stress" hypotheses corresponding, respectively, to long-term fatigue accumulated over the three flights, and to short-term fatigue in response to change in g levels. The former explains the overall decrease of dimensions, the latter yields additional variations on shorter time scales. As the brain response degrades with time, at least six degraded modes were observed, explained by both short- and long-term fatigue.     

A new goldfish model to evaluate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of drugs used for motion sickness in different gravity loads.

This paper proposes a new goldfish model to predict pharmacodynamic/pharmacokinetic effects of drugs used to treat motion sickness administered in differing gravity loads. The assumption of these experiments is that the vestibular system is dominant in producing motion sickness and that the visual system is secondary or of small import in the production of motion sickness. Studies will evaluate the parameter of gravity and the contribution of vision to the role of the neurovestibular system in the initiation of motion sickness with and without pharmacologic agents. Promethazine will be studied first. A comparison of data obtained in different groups of goldfish will be done (normal vs. acutely and chronically bilaterally blinded vs. sham operated). Some fish will be bilaterally blinded 10 months prior to initiation of the experiment (designated the chronically bilaterally blinded group of goldfish) to evaluate the neuroplasticity of the nervous system and the associated return of neurovestibular function. Data will be obtained under differing gravity loads with and without a pharmacological agent for motion sickness. Experiments will differentiate pharmacological effects on vision vs. neurovestibular input to motion sickness. Comparison of data obtained in the normal fish and in acutely and chronically bilaterally blinded fish with those obtained in fish with intact and denervated otoliths will differentiate if the visual or neurovestibular system is dominant in response to altered gravity and/or drugs. Experiments will contribute to validation of the goldfish as a model for humans since plasticity of the central nervous system allows astronauts to adapt to the altered visual stimulus conditions of 0-g. Space motion sickness may occur until such an adaptation is achieved.     

Thermocapillary simulation of single bubble dynamics in zero gravity

The lack of significant buoyancy effects in zero gravity conditions poses an issue with fluid transfer in a stagnant liquid. In this paper bubble movement in a stagnant liquid is analysed and presented numerically using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach. The governing continuum conservation equations for two phase flow are solved using the commercial software package Ansys-Fluent v.13 and the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method is used to track the liquid/gas interface in 2D and 3D domains. The simulation results are in reasonable agreement with the earlier experimental observations, the VOF algorithm is found to be a valuable tool for studying the phenomena of gas–liquid interaction. The flow is driven via Marangoni influence induced by the temperature difference which in turn drives the bubble from the cold to the hot region. A range of thermal Reynolds (Re_T) and Marangoni numbers (Ma_T) are selected for the numerical simulations, specifically Re_T=13–658 and Ma_T=214–10,721 respectively. The results indicate that the inherent velocity of bubbles decreases with an increase of the Marangoni number, a result that is line with the results of previous space experiments (Kang et al., 2008) [1]. An expression for predicting the scaled velocity of bubble has been derived based on the data obtained in the present numerical study. Some three-dimensional simulations are also performed to compare and examine the results with two-dimensional simulations.     

重力式自循环系统中热沉结构设计方法研究

文章对空间环境模拟器中的重力式自循环系统进行了介绍,分析系统的工作原理,明确了热沉管内流体的流动状态。对重力式自循环系统中的热沉结构设计方法进行研究,给出理论计算公式和热沉结构的设计流程。最后,根据确定的外流程输入条件,计算出热沉支管直径和支管热负荷随体积含气率的变化曲线,对重力式自循环系统的热沉结构设计提供了参考依据。     

月面重力模拟系统恒拉力绳索的动力学研究

月面巡视器在未来探月工程中有非常重要的作用.月球重力场是影响月面巡视器运动性能的重要环境因素,需要对其进行地面模拟试验.文章基于绳索悬挂建立月面重力模拟系统,其关键是对恒拉力绳索进行建模和动力学分析.通过将绳索离散化为一系列集中质量的弹簧阻尼结构,得到多刚体系统来代替连续的弹性系统,用数值计算方法来研究绳索系统的动力学参数(如刚度和阻尼)对月面重力模拟系统的影响,来优化月面重力模拟系统.     

低重力环境下基于超弹性铰链的某折展机构展开动力学研究

针对地外行星、月球探测中杆状天线对轻量化折展机构的需求,提出了一种基于超弹性铰链的两折杆折展机构,天线展开长度可达1.3 m,折展机构重量小于200 g;建立了超弹性铰链的薄壳大变形模型和机构的有限元分析模型,同时引入重力场影响,对不同重力场下机构展开动力学行为、展开时序进行了分析,并对天线末端特征点最大位移进行了预测;利用该折展机构原理样机开展了地球重力条件下的展开试验,使用高速摄影对展开过程进行记录并反演获得特征点位移信息,验证了特征点实际最大位移与分析值的一致性.基于超弹性铰链的两折杆折展机构的设计思路与分析方法,可以为我国后续深空探测更长尺度天线折展机构的设计与分析提供新的思路.     

冲压发动机燃烧引起激波运动过程一维分析

分析了冲压发动机喷油燃烧引起内流道内正激波运动的机理,采用一维激波捕捉方法,建立了燃油喷入对正激波运动位置影响的一维仿真模型。通过仿真发现:喷入燃油并逐步增大燃油-空气当量比时,正激波逐步向上游运动;燃油-空气当量比越大,正激波越接近进气道喉道;当燃油-空气当量比增大到一定程度时,正激波距离进气道喉道最近,但并未越过喉道;进一步增大燃油-空气当量比,正激波开始向下游回退进一步分析发现:冲压发动机流道及燃烧组织匹配设计直接影响到正激波在流道内的运动位置,需要在设计中格外重视。燃油-空气当量比与激波位置的关系分析可为冲压发动机设计提供一定的理论参考。     

Subgravity states: key to understanding the role of terrestrial gravity in human behaviour

The early orbital flights, although undertaken with considerable confidence, involved some uncertainty because of the impossibility of simulating under terrestrial conditions all of the conditions encountered in space. However, space-flight achievements by both the American astronauts and Soviet cosmonauts have firmly established that man, if appropriately selected, trained, and protected by suitable life-support systems, can perform efficiently for long periods of time in the hostile environment of space. We know that the side effects of vestibular origin pose important problems in space exploration, and the neurophysiological effects of any extensive, rapid adaptation processes in subgravity states have enabled a better understanding of man's compensatory capabilities. With the successful establishment of orbiting research laboratories, an unparalleled opportunity exists that will undoubtedly enable better understanding of the role played by gravity in normal terrestrial activity, not only as it affects our vestibular physiology, but also as it may or may not concern other systems and at different organizational levels in the body.     

密封舱内漂浮小球运动规律的数值模拟研究

“天宫二号”空间实验室开展了首次人机协同在轨维修技术试验,机械臂操作终端抓取漂浮小球试验为在轨试验任务之一。为研究漂浮小球与机械臂操作终端运动特性之间的匹配性,文章建立了在轨微重力环境下小球运动的物理模型与数学模型,采用动网格方法对不同小球的运动特性进行数值模拟,得到小球的运动规律,由此确定小球的设计参数范围,作为机械臂操作终端系统方案设计的依据。最终,数值模拟结果与“天宫二号”空间实验室在轨试验数据的对比初步验证了该计算结果的正确性。     

一种舰载反导的复合干扰模式

在质心干扰的基础上,提出关于"距拖干扰+箔条干扰"的复合型干扰模式。通过提前布放箔条陷阱,利用距离门拖引干扰技术,完善原有质心干扰的性能,并将其运用于多目标导弹来袭的态势中。通过运筹学中排队论等相关知识的推论、证明,验证了这种舰载反导策略具有较高的可行性和实践性。     

Effectiveness of centrifuge-induced artificial gravity with ergometric exercise as a countermeasure during simulated microgravity exposure in humans

To test the effectiveness of centrifuge-induced artificial gravity with ergometric exercise, 12 healthy young men (20.7 +/- 1.9 yr) were exposed to simulated microgravity for 14 days of -6 degrees head-down bedrest. Half the subjects were randomly selected and loaded 1.2 G artificial gravity with 60 W (four out of six subjects) or 40 W (two out of six subjects) of ergometric workload on days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14 (CM group). The rest of the subjects served as the control. Anti-G score, defined as the G-load x running time to the endpoint, was significantly elongated by the load of the centrifuge-ergometer. Plasma volume loss was suppressed (-5.0 +/- 2.4 vs. -16.4 +/- 1.9%), and fluid volume shift was prevented by the countermeasure load. Elevated heart rate and muscle sympathetic nerve activity after bedrest were counteracted, and exaggerated response to head-up tilt was also suppressed. Centrifuge-induced artificial gravity with exercise is effective in preventing cardiovascular deconditioning due to microgravity exposure, however, an effective and appropriate regimen (magnitude of G-load and exercise workload) should be determined in future studies.     

Study of physiological effects of weightlessness and artificial gravity in the flight of the biosatellite Cosmos-936.

In the 18.5-day flight of the Soviet biosatellite Cosmos-936 (3-22, August 1977) com-parative investigations of the physiological effects of prolonged weightlessness (20 rats) and artificial gravity of 1 g (10 rats) were carried out. Throughout the flight artificial gravity was generated by means of animal rotation in two centrifuges with a radius of 320mm. Postflight examination of animals and treatment of the flight data were performed by Soviet scientists in collaboration with the specialists from Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Poland, Rumania, France and the U.S.A. During the flight the total motor activity of the weightless rats was higher and their body temperature was lower than those of the centrifuged animals. Postflight examination of the weightless rats showed a greater percentage of errors during maze an increase in water intake and a decrease in diuresis; a fall of the resistance of peripheral red cells; an increase in the conditionally pathogenic microflora in the mouth; a decrease of oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production and energy expenditures; a drop in the static physical endurance; a decline in the capacity to keep balance on the rail; an increase in the latent period of the lifting reflex, etc. The centrifugal animals displayed lesser or no change of the above type. These findings together with the biochemical and morphological data give evidence that during and after flight adaptive processes in the centrifuged rats developed better.     

重力对载人航天器密封舱内空气对流换热影响的数值分析

地面重力环境中进行航天器密封舱内空气通风换热试验时,由于自然对流的存在导致换热量和温度分布与空间微重力环境中的情况存在偏差。文章针对航天器密封舱,建立了舱内空气对流换热的数值模型,利用数值模拟软件对有无重力时典型工况下的对流换热进行了数值模拟及模拟结果的对比分析。分析表明重力对壁面换热量的影响较大,而对空气温度及分布的影响较小;且重力的影响随空气与壁面温差的增大而增大,随通风流量的增大而减小,舱间通风也会减小重力的影响。因此在重力环境中进行试验时需要对壁面换热量进行修正。     

复杂电磁环境下的智能干扰系统架构研究

主要分析了国外在智能干扰技术上的最新研究成果,研究了人工智能技术的基本原理,在此基础上提出了一种复杂电磁环境下的智能干扰系统架构,最后研究了一种可用于智能干扰系统的认知引擎技术.     

Does gravity play an essential role in the asymmetrical visual perception of vertical and horizontal line length?

The eye perceives the length of vertical and horizontal lines with an inherent asymmetry. A vertical line having the same length as a horizontal one is usually perceived to be longer. In this experimental investigation we tested the hypothesis that gravity has a direct role in producing the observed perceptual asymmetry. To this end we performed experiments in weightlessness during long-orbital space flights onboard the MIR station. Subjects performed a psychophysical task in which the length of a visually-presented vertical line was adjusted to match the length of a horizontal reference. On Earth, almost all subjects produce errors in adjusting the length of the vertical line, consistently under-estimating the length of the horizontal reference. The asymmetry of perception of the line lengths persisted in weightlessness. From these results we conclude that the phenomena of asymmetry of perception of the lengths of vertical and horizontal lines is not dependent on gravity, but is instead defined by properties of the system of internal representation. Grant numbers: 99-04-48450.     

Experimental investigation of the effects of gravity on thermosolutal convection and compositional homogeneity in bridgman grown,compound semiconductors

Lead-tin-telluride has been grown in a thermally stable mode (solutally unstable) and in a solutally stable (thermally unstable) mode in a Bridgman configuration. Significant differences in the crystal morphology and the compositional homogeneity have been found between the two configurations. In addition, for the solutally stable configuration, evidence has been found that the flow characteristics in the melt change drastically during the course of the run.     

复杂弹头目标微运动的建模与仿真

通过对雷达目标旋转微运动的分析,推导了点源目标的微多普勒频偏计算公式.以静态电磁理论建模为基础,提出了锥旋弹头的动态电磁建模方法,仿真得到锥旋弹头的RCS回波,并用时频方法对回波进行了分析.仿真结果与理论计算对比,证明了理论推导的正确性.