BDS-3时间频率传递方法及其性能分析

我国独立自主建设的全球卫星导航系统——北斗三号（BDS-3），在2018年底已完成基本系统建设，计划2020年底全面建成并正式为全球用户提供定位、导航和授时服务。考虑到BDS-3系统与BDS-2区域系统在覆盖范围、卫星载荷、信号设计等方面的差异，其远程时间传递的性能有待进一步分析研究。利用GNSS时间传递中的共视法和载波相位时间传递方法，基于国际时间实验室BDS-2和BDS-3的短基线、长基线时间传递链路，对其时间传递链路的噪声水平和频率稳定度进行定量分析。实验结果表明，对于共视法，在时间传递的噪声水平和频率稳定度方面，BDS-3都明显优于BDS-2；长基线链路的精度为1.48ns（BDS-3）和3.13ns（BDS-2），短基线链路的精度为0.65ns（BDS-3）和1.02ns（BDS-2）。对于载波相位方法，BDS-3和BDS-2时间传递的噪声水平相当，长基线链路的精度为0.20ns，短基线链路的精度为0.02ns；但在频率稳定度方面，BDS-3优于BDS-2。     

一种基于Curvelet变换的红外图像去噪方法

针对红外图像中目标与背景的对比度差、边缘模糊、纹理信息缺失等特点,提出了一种基于Curvelet变换的红外图像去噪方法。算法原理简单,易于实现,具有较高的实时性。试验结果表明,算法能够有效去除红外图像中的噪声和杂波。     

Noise factor of receiving system with arbitrary antenna impedancemismatch

The system operating noise factor of a receiving system is modeled for arbitrary impedance mismatch of the antenna to the transmission line feeding the receiver. The effect of this mismatch on the noise factors of the transmission line and the receiver is considered. The stochastic nature of the external noise factor is considered. The amount of mismatch that can be tolerated before the internal system noise factor exceeds the external noise factor is determined. Numerical results are presented for a VHF-FM radio receiving system with an electrically short monopole antenna. It is noted that a large impedance mismatch at the antenna-transmission-line interface of a radio receiving system can cause a significant increase in the system internal noise factor (more than a 50-dB increase for a voltage reflection coefficient of 0.999)     

一种虚拟信号分析仪的设计

介绍了虚拟信号分析仪的结构和现代信号的处理方法。基于傅立叶变换、短时傅立叶变换和小波变换,提出了一种虚拟信号分析仪的系统软件模块的实现方法。该方法利用这三种变换,对信号进行多次处理,能够得到信号的时域、频域和时频域信息,能够对信号进行降噪处理。实验表明,利用此分析仪,能够测量信号的周期、频率、瞬时频率、时频变换趋势和奇异点,并且能以图形的形式显示出来。     

Radiometric detection of spread-spectrum signals in noise ofuncertain power

The standard analysis of the radiometric detectability of a spread-spectrum signal assumes a background of stationary, white Gaussian noise whose power spectral density can be measured very accurately. This assumption yields a fairly high probability of interception, even for signals of short duration. By explicitly considering the effect of uncertain knowledge of the noise power density, it is demonstrated that detection of these signals by a wideband radiometer can be considerably more difficult in practice than is indicated by the standard result. Worst-case performance bounds are provided as a function of input signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), time-bandwidth (TW) product and peak-to-peak noise uncertainty. The results are illustrated graphically for a number of situations of interest. It is also shown that asymptotically, as the TW product becomes large, the SNR required for detection becomes a function of noise uncertainty only and is independent of the detection parameters and the observation interval     

Quantitative SNR analysis for ISAR imaging using jointtime-frequency analysis-Short time Fourier transform

V.C. Chen recently presented an inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging technique using the joint time-frequency analysis (JTFA), which has been shown having a better performance for maneuvering targets over the conventional Fourier transform method. The main reason is because the frequencies of the radar returns of the maneuvering targets are time varying and a JTFA is a technique that is suitable for such signals, in particular a JTFA may concentrate a wideband signal, such as a chirp, while it spreads noise. We quantitatively study the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the ISAR imaging using one of the typical JTFA techniques, namely the short time Fourier transform (STFT). We show that the SNR increases in the joint time-frequency (TF) domain over the one in the time or the frequency domain alone both theoretically and numerically. This quantitatively shows the advantage of the JTFA technique for the ISAR imaging     

有源对消隐身系统设计研究

针对有源对消隐身要求的系统延时短、反应速度快、信号参数测量和对消波幅相控制精度高的特点,设计了一个基于相控阵技术、数字射频存储器(DRFM)和现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)的有源对消系统。为了解决目标雷达散射截面计算量太大、不能有流水线延迟和难以实现实时计算等问题,采用离线计算的方法,预先建立目标的全向雷达散射截面(RCS)数据库、杂波数据库和噪声数据库,由FPGA根据测得的雷达信号参数在数据库中查找到相应的目标回波数据,实时调整对消波的幅度和相位,使对方的雷达接收机始终处于合成方向图的零点。最后通过仿真计算验证了该设计方案的有效性。     

Calculation of Output Noise Variances for Discrete Time-Invariant Filters

Certain calculations to minimize output noise variance are introduced. Many applied problems in sampled data systems require that data be smoothed in the presence of noise for the prediction of future positions, velocities, or accelerations. Smoothing coefficients in discrete time-invariant filters are computed to minimize the output noise variance, but under the constraints that the function and derivatives be predicted ahead. The output noise variance is seen to be a function of the input noise, the number of input signals (N+1) that the filter has to smooth, and the prediction time ?T. Four examples are given in the derivation of smoothing coefficients for step and ramp inputs subjected to either almost white noise or Gaussian-Markoff noise. The examples illustrate the number of constraint relations that the filter smoothing coefficients must satisfy for function and/or derivative convergence under noise-free conditions. The smoothing coefficients are also a function of the type of noise input into the system or the discrete filter. From the examples, it can be observed that as N becomes larger, the output noise variance becomes smaller, but the computation time is increased.     

Modeling and Performance Evaluation of Nonlinear Satellite Links-A Volterra Series Approach

An analytical solution to the problem of modeling bandpass nonlinear channels and evaluating the performance of digital communication systems operating on them is presented. A method based on a Volterra series representation of the overall channel is first proposed, which allows one to extend to nonlinearities with memory the well-known concepts of complex envelope of bandpass signals and low-pass equivalent of bandpass linear systems. The general results previously mentioned are then applied to digital satellite communication systems operating over nonlinear channels. The effect of a nonlinear amplifier located in the satellite is considered, in combination with that of transmitting and receiving filters located in the Earth stations. In addition, both uplink and downlink noise are taken into account. Basic advantages of this approach are the generality it offers to the analysis and the fact that it allows accurate evaluation of the error probability in a short computer time.     

Data-Adaptive Detection of a Weak Signal

Motivated by a form of the likelihood-ratio-tesf statistic for detection of a rank-one Gaussian signal in colored Gaussian noise, we apply our earlier technique for estimation of a low-rank signal to the problem of estimating and subtracting the waveform of a strong sinusoidal interference prior to detection of a weak sinusoidal signal. We consider the difficult case in which samples of data are taken over a short interval of time or space and the frequencies of the sinusoidal signal and sinusoidal interference are more closely spaced than the reciprocal of the extent of the aperture. The method can be applied to cases of nonsinusoidal and/or random signals and interference. The most important assumption is that when the samples of the interference are arranged in matrix form the matrix is approximately of low rank in the sense that, with high probability, the interference-only matrix can be well approximated by a matrix of low rank.     

Now You See It, Now You Don't

The signal enhancement properties of a single-loop delayline integrator (DLI) are derived for operation in the presence of correlated noise. The signal is assumed periodic with a period equal to the delay of the DLI and present only for a finite time interval. The noise is assumed additive, zero mean, statistically independent from the signal, and present for an infinite time. The noise also is assumed covariance stationary with a specified auto correlation function. Enhancement is defined as the ratio of the increase in average signal power to the increase in average noise power due to integration. The results are general in that the enhancement is derived in terms of the autocorrelation coefficients of the input noise. Plots of enhancement versus number of signal observations and feedback gain are shown for uncorrelated and exponentially correlated noise. The plots show graphically the optimum choices of feedback gain and number of signal observations for a specified auto correlation function and signal observation time. When strongly correlated noise, characteristic of 10-GHz backscatter from salt flats at low incidence angles, rather than uncorrelated noise is assumed present at the input of the DLI, an example, using DLI parameters typical of modern airborne radars, shows a degradation in the maximum achievable enhancement of 9 dB.     

一种新型模糊自适应Kalman滤波器在组合导航中的应用

针对光纤陀螺捷联惯导(FOG SINS)/GPS组合导航系统实际工作环境中,由于系统噪声与量测噪声模型发生变化而带来的滤波器发散的问题,提出一种新型模糊自适应Kalman滤波器(FSHAKF).通过引入IMU精度因子与GPS水平精度因子,构造模糊推理系统(FIS),实时更新自适应参数,有效地解决了传统Sage-Husa自适应滤波器(SHAKF)估计模型不准确、系统噪声与量测噪声无法同时估计以及滤波器长时间易发散的问题.仿真实验表明,本文提出的FSHAKF算法相较于SHAKF算法,估计精度得到明显提高,且避免了滤波器的发散.     

Control-Loop Noise in Adaptive Array Antennas

Adaptive array receiving antennas can be designed to sense the external noise field and to optimize the array illumination function. A substantial improvement in signal-to-noise ratio can be obtained with adaptive arrays when the external noise field is nonuniformly distributed in angle. The external noise process may be time varying and contain both discrete sources and continuously distributed sources. Two adaptive array implementations which maximize the signal-to-noise ratio are described in this paper. Expressions are derived for control-loop noise, i.e., the variance of the array element weights, and for the additional noise in the array output due to this element weight noise. It is shown that both the element weight noise and the array convergence rate are determined by the eigenvalues of the noise covariance matrix.     

The eigencanceler: adaptive radar by eigenanalysis methods

It is shown that the dominant eigenvectors of the space-time correlation matrix contain all the information about the space-time distribution of the interferences. The eigencanceler is a new approach to adaptive radar beamforming in which the weight vector is constrained to be in the noise subspace, the subspace orthogonal to the dominant eigenvectors. Two types of eigencancelers are suggested: the minimum power eigencanceler (MPE) and the minimum norm eigencanceler (MNE). It is shown that while the MPE is implemented as a linear combination of noise eigenvectors, the MNE can be formed using dominant eigenvectors only. Particularly for short data records, the MNE provides superior clutter and jammers cancellation, as well as lower variations in the pattern and lower distortion of the mainbeam, and can be carried out at a smaller computational cost than other known beamformers, such as the minimum variance beamformer     

斜下降旋翼桨涡干扰声源定位及表面压力

旋翼桨-涡干扰（BVI）是直升机在进场和离场等近地飞行时后行桨叶切割前行桨叶脱落桨尖涡产生的气动扰动，该扰动不仅对桨叶表面压力载荷产生激励作用，同时也会引起旋翼噪声出现激增，旋翼噪声激增的主要成分为桨-涡干扰噪声。本文首先对斜下降桨-涡干扰状态桨叶表面载荷进行数值计算；然后分别阐述了基于改进整周期同步平均旋翼噪声去噪方法、基于多层小波包分解的桨-涡干扰声源识别和分离方法以及基于bartlett时延计算和球面插值的声源定位方法，设计并开展了风洞斜下降状态桨-涡干扰桨叶表面压力和声源定位试验，给出了开发的声源定位软件界面、声源定位图像畸变校准方法及声阵列现场校准方法；最后对比分析了不同试验状态的桨-涡干扰噪声声源特性以及和桨叶表面压力之间的关联性，并给出了声源定位及表面压力试验数据分析结果。结果表明典型斜下降状态后行侧桨-涡干扰主要出现在方位角310°~330°、径向位置1.6~1.8 m桨盘平面区域。     

False Alarm Rate and False Alarm Number for Discrete and Continuous Time Sampling

A comparison of the false alarm rates and false alarm numbers for discrete and continuous time sampling is given for different noise spectrums (rectangular, Hamming, Gaussian, and cosine noise voltage spectrums) and for different sampling rates for the case of discrete time sampling. Also given is the increase in the false alarm rate when going from discrete to continuous time sampling when the detection threshold is held fixed. The amount that the threshold has to be increased for continuous sampling to achieve the same false alarm rate obtained with discrete time sampling is also given.     

混沌时序的噪声降低技术研究

介绍了噪声对混沌时序分析的影响,回顾了混沌时序噪声降低方法的研究情况。在此基础上将Ｔａｋ－ｅｎｓ的嵌入理论拓展应用到具有噪声干扰的时间序列,并结合非线性信号处理和非线性近似函数技术,提出了一种把重构相空间同降低噪声干扰相结合的理论方法和处理技术,并以受噪声污染的Ｈｅｎｏｎ 映象时间序列为例,说明了有关概念和应用结果。     

F-P滤波器和SOA在全光帧时钟提取中的分析和试验

F—P腔作为光滤波器用．具有稳定性高．通带窄的优点。采用低精细度的法布里-珀罗滤波器（F—P）直接提出帧时钟,保证时钟的快速建立和快速消失。利用半导体光放大器（SOA）的自增益调制效应（SGM）对F-P提取的帧时钟进行整形,降低帧时钟的幅度噪声。并推导了F—P的精细度Q和SOA的自增益调制效应对帧时钟建立时间、消失时间的影响。通过理论分析表明,利用SOA的SGM效应可以降低帧时钟的幅度噪声并加快帧时钟建立速度。实验中,用上述方案对10．075GHz的帧信号进行了全光帧时钟提取．得到了建立时间为8个信号周期．消失时间为22个信号周期抖动为2.35ps的帧时钟信号.     

考虑飞机舱壁影响的螺旋桨声场时域预测法

通过引入镜像法,给出了一种能近似包含舱壁边界曲率影响的螺旋桨噪声时域预测法,其基本思想是把飞机舱壁当作无限长圆柱边界,在时域里求解该边界空间中的FW-H方程来预测螺旋桨辐射声场。数值计算结果表明,飞机舱壁对螺桨辐射声场有影响,且随舱壁曲率变化而变化,计及这些影响将有助于预测合理的舱壁表面螺桨辐射声场;另外,对螺桨飞机多个螺桨之间的干涉机制进行了一些初步的研究,计算结果表明,多桨之间的干涉严重,可以通过改变螺桨之间的相位差改变其干涉机制,以获得较低的舱壁表面噪声分布。     

基于相位平滑伪距的GNSS时差监测评估

随着全球卫星导航系统进一步的发展和完善,在系统层面上对各个GNSS进行实时时差监测是必要的。为了降低时差监测中伪距观测值的观测噪声及多径误差对时差监测的影响,采用相位平滑伪距的方法对伪距观测值的噪声及多径误差进行平滑,该方法可以实时地对伪距观测值进行处理,并且具有较好的平滑效果。利用平滑后的伪距观测值进行时差监测可以将时差监测值的标准差由2~4ns降低到1~3ns,噪声降低比率平均在20%以上。在与BIPM公布的时差数据相比,GPS-GLONASS实测值也具有较好的一致性,可以满足GNSS时差监测与预报的需求。