大型民用飞机货舱哈龙替代品抑制及灭火系统研究

基于美国联邦航空局休斯研究中心环保型飞机货舱哈龙替代品抑制及灭火的研究,阐释了飞机货舱哈龙替代品抑制及灭火系统最低性能标准,总结了氮气、气溶胶、细水雾等三种机载灭火系统最新研究成果,剖析了大型民用飞机货舱哈龙替代品抑制及灭火系统的最新发展趋势,分析了三种哈龙替代品抑制及灭火系统用于飞机货舱的可行性,旨在为我国大型民用飞机货舱哈龙替代品抑制及灭火系统研究提供工程技术参考。     

航空锂电池适航审定规章解读及符合性方法研究

锂离子电池作为动力电池有着优异的性能,在民航行业上有广阔的应用前景。但行业对其技术特征 和安全风险的认识还不充分,现行的规章条款缺乏足够的安全要求,国外局方针对锂离子电池颁发了专用条 件,但回顾相关事故可以发现,锂离子电池的验证和审查环节还不完善,相关条款更新修正的步伐也同锂电池 的发展现状和技术水平不相适应。以航空锂电池事故为例,分析航空锂离子电池作为动力电池的安全性风险, 从对现有规章条款和专用条件的解读出发,借鉴不同行业近年来积累的锂电池验证和使用经验,针对航空动力 锂电池的适航符合性方法提出一些改进方案,可作为现有锂电池适航符合性方法的有益补充,为自主建立健全 适航验证规范体系做出探索。     

大型客机总体设计准则与概念创新

 从研制中国未来具有全球市场竞争力的大型客机为出发点,结合波音和空客下一代大型客机的研究思路以及美国和欧洲近年来围绕大型客机的若干重大研究计划,较深入地分析了在我国的大型客机的研制中实现安全性、经济性、舒适性和环保性总体设计思想的重要性和必要性。在此基础上,就如何建立大型客机综合考虑安全性/经济性/舒适性/环保性设计与评价准则体系,评价思路与方法进行了探索和研究,这对我国大型客机的研制具有借鉴意义。此外,依据详实的数据,分析了2种新概念布局方案,即“BWB-C”型翼布局方案和“大载重浮升式飞机”方案,与目前常规布局方案飞机优缺点,同时分析了应用多学科精细设计方法对于提高大型客机飞机经济性的效果。在此基础上,指出了概念创新和多学科优化精细设计方法大规模应用对于提高大型飞机安全性/经济性/舒适性/环保性的重要意义。     

机载火警探测系统的改进研究

针对目前飞机货舱火警探测系统误报率高等问题,本文提出研究一种基于模糊信息融合理论的飞机货舱火警探测系统,同时利用温度传感器、一氧化碳传感器、红外烟雾传感器测试飞机货舱火警探测标的物,并将3种传感器所获得的温度、一氧化碳浓度、烟雾浓度参数信息进行模糊融合运算和决策处理,实现飞机货舱火警早期预报.验证结果表明,基于模糊信息...     

民用飞机货舱烟雾探测系统研究

货舱烟雾探测系统作为飞机探测系统的重要组成部分,对货舱的烟雾或火情状况进行探测、监控和告警。介绍了民用飞机货舱烟雾探测系统的组成,对两种常用的货舱烟雾探测器的类型进行了对比分析;对货舱烟雾探测的相关条款进行了分析说明;对货舱烟雾探测系统设备级试验、系统级试验和机上试验进行了详细的介绍;针对烟雾探测系统当前存在的设计难点和适航验证试验,提出了新的研究方法。     

9th Annual Battery Conference on Advances and Applications

The developments in batteries reported at the 8th Annual Battery Conference on Advances and Applications, are discussed. It was sponsored by the electrical engineering department of California state university, long beach, CA, with IEEE-AESS cooperation. Previous well-funded battery research had been directed toward getting low weight in spacecraft batteries, which had to be boosted into orbit with expensive rockets. Ni-H₂ batteries, even though costly, won the race. Their demonstrated life, like 30,000 charge-discharge cycles, gives an earth-orbiting satellite decades of usable life. Other types of batteries discussed are: aircraft batteries; electric vehicle batteries; Ni-Cd cells; Zn-Br batteries; industrial Pb-acid batteries; rechargeability; computer controlled charging; and small rechargeable and primary batteries     

货物在货舱内移动时飞机动态特性的研究

本文根据理论力学和飞行力学的基本原理,对货物在飞机货舱内移动时飞机和货物的运动方程作了详细推导.并对牵引伞的牵引力,约束反力的确定进行了探讨.得出了一些有益的结论.并以Y—8飞机为例,对牵引伞的牵引比、空投速度、空投高度、空机和货物重量、空投货物装置位置和操纵规律等各种田素以及空投操稳特性进行了分析研究.     

Firedass

FIREDASS was an EU funded research project concerned with the development of fine water mist systems as possible replacements for halon fire suppression systems currently used in aircraft cargo holds. This paper gives an overview of the results of computational modelling and fire test validation, highlights the benefits of European Research collaboration, and examines the successes of the programme.     

基于逆向设计的飞机货舱烟雾等效方法

在飞机货舱烟雾探测的适航符合性验证中,为尽可能降低验证试验风险,通常需要采用烟雾发生器产生的模拟烟雾来代替真实火灾烟雾进行飞行试验,但研究表明两种烟雾在造成烟雾探测器响应时间方面存在较大差异,必须通过改变烟雾发生器边界条件来实现与真实火灾烟雾的等效,然而,通过传统"试错法"寻找能够实现两种烟雾等效的边界条件将耗费大量时间资源。采用逆向设计的方法,首先在火灾动力学模拟（FDS）软件中分别建立烟雾发生器模拟烟雾与真实火灾烟雾数值模型,并在Isight优化软件中将FDS进行集成,通过构建使两种烟雾等效的目标函数,采用多岛遗传算法（MIGA）对烟雾发生器边界条件进行一次性逆向求解,从而避免了传统"试错法"造成的资源浪费。对逆向计算的结果进行了试验验证,逆向求解得到的边界条件能实现烟雾发生器模拟烟雾与真实火灾烟雾的等效,该结果可直接指导飞机货舱烟雾探测的适航符合性验证工作。     

民用客机舒适性评估

本文给出了能用于说明民用客机旅客乘坐品质的数量关系,这些关系能用于预测旅客乘坐的舒适性。可供设计及使用单位参考。     

Development of an efficient contact-friction model for high-fidelity cargo airdrop simulation

High-fidelity cargo airdrop simulation requires the contact dynamics between an aircraft and a cargo to be modeled accurately. This paper presents a general and efficient contact-friction model for simulation of aircraft-cargo coupling dynamics during airdrops. The proposed approach has the same essence as that of the finite element node-to-segment contact formulation, which leads to a flexible, straight forward, and efficient code implementation. The formulation is developed under an arbitrary moving frame with both the aircraft and the cargo being treated as general six-degree-of-freedom rigid bodies, and thus it eliminates the restrictions of lateral symmetric assumptions in most existing methods. Moreover, the aircraft-cargo coupling algorithm is discussed in detail, and some practical implementation details are presented. The accuracy and capability of the present method are demonstrated through three numerical examples with increasing complexity and fidelity.     

Performance characteristics of lithium-ion cells for NASA's Mars2001 Lander application

NASA requires lightweight rechargeable batteries for future missions to Mars and the outer planets that are capable of operating over a wide range of temperatures, with high specific energy and energy densities. Due to the attractive performance characteristics, lithium-ion batteries have been identified as the battery chemistry of choice for a number of future applications, including Mars rovers and landers. The Mars 2001 Lander (Mars Surveyor Program MSP 01) will be one of the first missions which will utilize lithium-ion technology. This application will require two lithium-ion batteries, each being 28 V (eight cells), 25 Ah and 8 kg. In addition to the requirement of being able to supply at least 200 cycles and 90 days of operation on the surface of Mars, the battery must be capable of operation (both charge and discharge) at temperatures as low as -20°C. To assess the viability of lithium-ion cells for these applications, a number of performance characterization tests have been performed, including: assessing the room temperature cycle life, low temperature cycle life (-20°C), rate capability as a function of temperature, pulse capability, self-discharge and storage characteristics, as well as mission profile capability. This paper describes the Mars 2001 Lander mission battery requirements and contains results of the cell testing conducted to-date in support of the mission,     

一款国产民机旅客氧气面罩的防火性能测试

旅客氧气面罩作为旅客氧气系统的重要组成部分,是一种常见的为旅客提供应急氧气的分氧装置,随着国产大飞机项目的深入开展,依照国际通用标准研制了一款持续气流旅客氧气面罩。由于旅客氧气面罩在民用飞机上的广泛装备,要求其必须具备优良的防火性能。针对CCAR-25-R4的第25.853条款和附录F第一部分的防火性能要求,对适航条款进行分析,通过对所研制面罩主体部分的硅胶和聚氯乙烯材料进行模拟切块制样,采用CCAR-25-R4附录F第Ⅰ部分(b)(5)的测试方法对所制备的试样进行水平燃烧试验。结果表明,面罩材料的水平燃烧试验燃烧速率为0,满足CCAR-25-R4附录F第Ⅰ部分第(a)(1)(iv)条款所规定的水平燃烧试验燃烧速率不得超过64mm/min的要求,研制的旅客氧气面罩防火性能满足适航要求。     

Self-discharge losses in lithium-ion cells

The self-discharge losses in several lithium-ion cell designs have been measured by three different methods. The losses are separated into time-dependent and state-of-charge dependent contributions. For most cycling conditions, the time-dependent self-discharge losses are dominant; however, after several months of stand on open circuit or float charge, the state-of-charge dependent losses become significant. The self-discharge rate has been found to not increase monotonically with state-of-charge, but to drop somewhat at intermediate states of charge. The implications of these measurements for maintaining balanced cell capacities in batteries and establishing optimum storage voltage levels for batteries are discussed.     

某系列飞机蓄电池组新型自动加温装置的技术研究

航空蓄电池组是我军航空兵部队某系列飞机的地面起动、机载备份应急化学电源。本文分析了我军现役某系列飞机的航空蓄电池组使用状况和温度性能后,揭示了研制稳定高效的蓄电池组自动加温装置的必要性并给出了初步的设计方案。     

运输机空投货物建模与任务性能影响因素研究

针对当前运输机空投货物模型可拓展性不强的问题,提出了分离体的建模方法。在无需分析货物与飞机整体质心变化的情况下,分别以货物和飞机为对象进行受力分析,推导了货物与飞机之间的相互作用力,建立了更加贴近实际的运输机单件货物空投和连续空投的动力学模型。最后,通过数值仿真,分析了飞行速度和牵引伞牵引比对空投任务性能的影响。结果表明,飞行速度和牵引比越大,飞机在货物干扰作用下的状态变化量越小。     

A Performance Measure for Evaluating Aircraft Landing Trajectories

A general performance index is developed for evaluating aircraft landing trajectories. The primary term in the index is the effect of noise on people residing near the air terminal. Other terms included are passenger comfort, fuel consumed, and the time spent in the near-terminal area. Models are developed for aircraft engine noise, passenger comfort, the population distribution about a specific airport, and the aircraft flight behavior. While this performance index may be used in computing optimal trajectories, it is also useful for comparing nonoptimal trajectories which, for one reason or another, may be worthy of consideration. Some examples of such comparisons are included through simulations of landing. The aircraft considered is a Boeing 737.     

A maintenance-free lead acid battery for inertial navigationsystems aircraft

Historically, aircraft inertial navigation system (INS) batteries have utilized vented nickel-cadmium batteries for emergency DC power. The United States Navy and Air Force developed separate systems during their respective INS developments. The Navy contracted with Litton industries to produce the LTN-72 and Air Force contracted with Delco to produce the Carousel IV INS for the large cargo and specialty aircraft applications, over the years, a total of eight different battery national stock numbers (NSNs) have entered the stock system along with 75 battery spare part NSNs. The standard hardware acquisition and reliability program is working with the Aircraft Battery Group at Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division, Naval Air Systems Command (AIR 536), Wright Laboratory, Battelle Memorial Institute, and Concorde Battery Corporation to produce a standard INS battery. This paper discusses the approach taken to determine whether the battery should be replaced and to select the replacement chemistry. The paper also discusses the battery requirements, aircraft that the battery is compatible with, and status of Navy flight evaluation. Projected savings in avoided maintenance in Navy and Air Force INS systems is projected to be $14.7 million per year with a manpower reduction of 153 maintenance personnel. The new INS battery is compatible with commercially sold INS systems which represents 66% of the systems sold     

基于数据模型的某型民用飞机货舱区域腐蚀影响因素研究

 为研究舱内环境因素对民用飞机货舱区域腐蚀的影响,采集了停场飞机的货舱内外环境指标的数据,建立线性模型,给出了飞机货舱内外环境指标的数量关系。收集了国内几家航空公司某型民用飞机长期的结构腐蚀维修数据,计算了飞机货舱区域腐蚀频率与环境因素的灰色关联度,选取影响腐蚀的主要环境因素,提取主成分消除环境因素之间的多重共线性,建立腐蚀频率的多因素回归模型,研究了各类环境因素对飞机货舱区域腐蚀的影响规律与特点。分析结果表明:高温高湿天数与降水指标对该型飞机货舱区域腐蚀有显著的促进作用,并且不同航空公司的货舱区域腐蚀频率有显著差异,表明运营、结构检查和维护等人为因素对货舱区域腐蚀有显著影响。分析结果符合民用飞机货舱腐蚀控制的工程经验,表明研究方法是合理的。