表面织构刀具的研究现状与进展

国内外相关研究学者采用电火花、光刻、激光等加工技术在硬质合金、高速钢等刀具上制备了尺寸从微米级到纳米级的多种表面织构,研究了其切削加工钢、铝合金、钛合金等工件材料的切削性能,结果表明表面织构刀具在改善刀-屑接触面摩擦润滑状态、降低切削力和切削温度、延缓刀具磨损方面具有显著的效果。     

微纳织构涂层刀具研究进展

<正>国内外相关研究学者采用电火花、光刻、激光等织构加工技术与气相沉积等涂层制备技术,在硬质合金、高速钢等刀具上制备了尺寸从微米级到纳米级的多种表面织构以及各种软、硬涂层,研究了其切削加工钢、铝合金、钛合金等工件材料的切削性能。结果表明,织构涂层刀具在改善涂层性能、刀-屑接触面摩擦润滑状态、降低切削力和切削温度、延缓刀具磨损等方面具有显著的效果。     

微纳复合织构自润滑陶瓷刀具的制备及切削性能

金属干切削过程中,由于前后刀面与切屑和工件之间存在的剧烈的摩擦,切削温度极高,刀具的磨损十分严重,导致刀具寿命降低[1],为解决这一问题国内外学者不断寻求幕发新型刀具材料,优化刀具结构,研究新型刀具[2-4]. 近年来,摩擦学与仿生学研究领域提出表面织构能够有效地减小摩擦,降低摩擦系数[5-8],将这种技术应用于切削加工刀具将是一种富有前景的研究领域.目前国内外学者将表面织构应用于刀具研究尚处在起步阶段.日本学者Kawasegi[9]等利用飞秒激光在WC-Co硬质合金刀具前刀面加工了微纳米沟槽织构,在干切削和最小微量润滑(MQL)条件下切削铝合金试验,结果表明微纳织构能有效地降低切削力.     

超声振动方向对TC4钛合金铣削特性的影响

为充分发挥超声铣削钛合金的优势，改善钛合金的加工效果，增强表面服役性能，分别对刀具和工件施加超声振动，以寻求合适的振动方向和加工参数。理论推导了侧刃断续切削时的临界速度，试验研究了不同振幅和切削速度对表面形貌、切屑形态、切削力和刀具磨损的影响，同时探究了表面微织构对摩擦特性的影响。试验表明在两种振动方向下，增大振幅均使切屑的锯齿化程度降低，并且增加轴向振幅可使锯齿形切屑转变为带状切屑。轴向振动更有利于表面形成微织构、减小切削力、减缓刀具磨损、减小工件摩擦时的磨合时间，但需合理控制切削速度和超声振幅。同时，对切削力进行频谱分析，为工作状态下超声振动频率的测量提供了一种参考方法。     

微织构刀具对钛合金切屑形成影响的仿真研究

针对微织构刀具对钛合金Ti6Al4V切屑形成以及微槽二次切削机理分析的不足，通过建立热-力耦合仿真模型对比研究不同微织构刀具、微织构几何尺寸以及切削速度对切屑形成的影响规律。数值仿真结果表明：微织构刀具更有利于断屑，二次切削作用使切屑的弯曲半径变大，微织构可以减小刀屑之间实际接触面积，降低切削温度。增大微织构宽度可以增强微槽的二次切削作用，利于断屑，但应注意其对刀具强度的削弱作用，而增大相邻微槽间距则会出现相反的二次切削作用机制。提高切削速度对各刀具均有利于断屑，弧形微织构刀具的降温效果最好，V形微织构刀具次之，矩形微织构刀具降温效果最差。研究结果对进一步理解微织构刀具对钛合金切屑的二次切削作用机理提供一定参考。     

后刀面织构化硬质合金刀具干切削氧化铝陶瓷生坯磨损机理研究

针对冷等静压氧化铝陶瓷生坯干切削中出现的刀具磨粒磨损严重等问题,利用激光加工技术制备后刀面织构化硬质合金刀具,对氧化铝陶瓷生坯干切削加工,研究后刀面织构化刀具磨损机理。结果表明在干切削氧化铝陶瓷生坯过程中,刀具前刀面仅有轻微磨损,后刀面有较为严重的磨粒磨损。相比硬质合金刀具,后刀面织构化刀具能有效降低刀具磨损,且织构沟槽平行于主切削刃的后刀面织构化刀具(AT-1)能有效提高刀具耐磨性。研究发现后刀面微织构在干切削过程中存在"衍生切削"现象,"衍生切削"能切除刀-工接触表面中的硬质点,避免硬质点加剧刀具磨损;微织构还有储存氧化铝粉末切屑的作用,这进一步减少硬质点对刀具后刀面的影响,延长刀具寿命。     

铝基复合材料的高速切削

针对铝基复合材料高速切削方面的研究主要集中在刀具选择、切屑形貌、刀具磨损、表面完整性、切削力和切削温度等方面。众多的研究表明,用PCD刀具高速切削铝基复合材料时,能获得较好的表面质量,较高的刀具寿命和较小的切削力、切削温度。     

刀具织构轮廓对碳纤维增强复合材料面下损伤影响的切削仿真研究

为减小碳纤维增强复合材料（CFRP）加工时的面下损伤深度,创建了基于二维Hashin准则的宏观连续动态切削CFRP有限元模型,分析了切削力和面下损伤深度与纤维方向角之间的变化趋势,通过引入织构刀具来降低切削力及面下损伤深度,比较了沟槽形织构刀具、圆形织构刀具、三角形织构刀具切削CFRP的切削力和面下损伤。结果表明,不同织构刀具的切削力和面下损伤深度随纤维方向角变化趋势一致,均在0°时最小,90°达到最大值;织构刀具相对传统无织构刀具切削CFRP时均降低了切削力和面下损伤深度,其中圆形织构刀具降低程度最大;仿真模型经实验验证准确有效。     

钛合金切削加工技术研究进展

钛合金是典型的难加工材料,加工时刀-屑接触面积小、应力大、温度高,刀具粘结磨损、扩散磨损严重。刀具材料的合理选择是应对钛合金加工的首要问题,含钛刀具在高速下可以用于切削钛合金。在一定条件下刀具表面形成稳定的钛合金粘接层,可以起到抑制磨损的作用。随着数值计算理论和软件工具的不断发展,切削过程仿真和预测必将在钛合金切削加工理论和技术的研究中起到越来越重要的作用。     

刀具磨损形态对Ti6Al4V切削过程影响的有限元仿真研究

应用有限元仿真方法研究了不同刀具磨损形态对钛合金切削过程的影响规律。首先根据实际刀具磨损尺寸建立前刀面月牙洼磨损为主、后刀面磨损为主、前后刀面同时磨损以及刃口钝化4种磨损类型,然后应用AdvantEdge软件建立磨损后硬质合金刀具切削Ti6Al4V的仿真模型并对其进行有限元分析。结果表明:前刀面月牙洼增大时刀尖处温度减小;后刀面磨损增大时工件表层拉应力增大,次表层压应力减小;前、后刀面同时磨损时,随着磨损程度的增大,切屑曲率半径明显减小,切削力增幅相比单一磨损有所减小;刃口钝化对切削力影响最大,当钝圆半径接近进给量时,耕犁效应变得十分明显。     

钛合金TC11深孔钻削刀片材料的选择

在研究了钛舍金材料切削性能的基础上，针对钛合金的特点，选用了五种国内常用的硬质舍金刀片材料，对钛合金进行深孔钻削刀具磨损试验。结果表明，确定了适合钻削钛合金TC11的硬质合金刀片材料。     

钛合金锪钻改进与优化设计

在深入分析钛合金材料特性及切削性能的基础上,针对钛合金锪钻在锪制过程中存在的典型问题提出了相应的改进和优化设计方案,验证试验证明可大幅度提高国家某重点工程用钛合金零件的加工效率。同时,为其他钛合金加工刀具的研究和设计提供了重要的理论基础。     

CFRP/TC4叠层板的钻削实验

采用硬质合金麻花钻对碳纤维复合材料-钛合金叠层板进行钻削试验,分析了钛合金层加工参数对刀具磨损的影响和刀具磨损机制。刀具磨损对孔入口处最大撕裂长度的影响。结果表明:磨损的主要区域是横刃和后刀面,前刀面磨损不明显。钛合金层的低转速和低进给量可以降低刀具磨损;此外随着钻孔数的增加,钛合金层转速越低、进给量越大碳纤维复合材料孔入口处孔质量更好。     

TC9钛合金拉削加工性与表面完整性的试验研究

 本文介绍了用P18、M2Al、M42等三种高速钢拉刀低速拉削TC9钛合金时的刀具磨损、拉削表面完整性同拉削工艺条件的关系,同时也探讨了用H19硬质合金拉刀高速拉削TC9钛合金的可能性;并比较了两种拉削条件下的刀具磨损和表面完整性状况;分析了为提高钛合金拉削的表面完整性所应采取的措施。     

Tool Life and Surface Integrity in High-speed Milling of Titanium Alloy TA15 with PCD/PCBN Tools

Titanium alloys are widely used in aeronautics that demand a good combination of high strength, good corrosion resistance and low mass. The mechanical properties lead to challenges in machining operations such as high process temperature as well as rapidly increasing tool wear. The conventional tool materials are not able to maintain their hardness and other mechanical properties at higher cutting temperatures encountered in high speed machining. In this work, the new material tools, which are polycrystalline diamond (PCD) and polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) tools, are used in high-speed milling of Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V (TA15) alloy. The performance and wear mechanism of the tools are investigated. Compared to PCBN tool, PCD tool has a much longer tool life, especially at higher cutting speeds. Analyses based on the SEM and EDX suggest that attrition, adhesion and diffusion are the main wear mechanisms of PCD and PCBN tools in high-speed milling of TA15. Oxidation wear is also observed at PCBN tool/workpiece interface. Roughness, defects, micro-hardness and microstructure of the machined surface are investigated. The recorded surface roughness values with PCD/PCBN tools are bellow 0.3 μm at initial and steady cutting stage. Micro-hardness analysis shows that the machined surface hardening depth with PCD and PCBN tools is small. There is no evidence of sub-surface defects with PCD and PCBN tools. It is concluded that for TA15 alloy, high-speed milling can be carried out with PCD/PCBN tools.     

Tool wear during high speed turning in situ TiCp/TiBw hybrid reinforced Ti-6Al-4V matrix composite

Chipping, adhesive wear, abrasive wear and crater wear are prevalent for both the polycrystalline diamond(PCD) and the carbide tools during high speed turning of TiC_p/TiB_w hybrid reinforced Ti-6Al-4V(TC4) matrix composite(TMCs). The combined effects of abrasive wear and diffusion wear caused the big crater on PCD and carbide tool rake face. Compared to the PCD, bigger size of crater was found on the carbide tool due to much higher cutting temperature and the violent chemical reaction between the Ti element in the workpiece and the WC in the tool.However, the marks of the abrasive wear looked much slighter or even could not be observed on the carbide tool especially when low levels of cutting parameters were used, which attributes to much lower hardness and smaller size of WC combined with more significant chemical degradation of carbide. When cutting TC4 using PCD tool, notch wear was the most significant wear pattern which was not found when cutting the TMCs. However, chipping, adhesive wear and crater wear were much milder when compared to the cutting of titanium matrix composite. Due to the absence of abrasive wear when cutting TC4, the generated titanium carbide on the PCD protected the tool from fast wear, which caused that the tool life for TC4 was 6–10 times longer than that for TMCs.     

钛合金TB6刀具磨损铣削实验研究

使用硬质合金刀具对钛合金TB6进行正交铣削实验,对比分析不同切削参数下的刀具磨损情况,并用实验结果进行回归分析得到刀具磨损的回归公式。结果表明:刀具主要磨损在后刀面,其磨损大都呈现一条带状磨损带,在速度增大时大磨损带变长,刀具易发生脆性破损,且在刀具表面会出现钛合金粘连;对刀具耐用度的影响大小依次为切削速度、进给量、切削宽度和切削深度;刀具磨损回归方程具有良好的回归方差,能够很好的对刀具寿命进行预测。     

Evaluation of tool wear and cutting performance considering effects of dynamic nodes movement based on FEM simulation

An accurate estimation of tool wear morphology can provide the opportunity to investigate the influence of tool wear on cutting performance as well as reduce the overall production cost. However, tool wear prediction is still a very challenging research issue. In this paper, a novel method for simulating the actual chip formation and wear evolution thorough the 3D finite element model has been carried out. In order to improve the accuracy of simulation results, the influence of worn tool, stress and temperature distribution on wear rate are considered. Then cutting experiment has been conducted by turning AISI1045 with uncoated carbide tools to validate the accuracy of the proposed model. The comparison between experimental and simulation results show good agreement which proves the ability of the proposed model in forecasting the tool wear. The validated finite element model has been further utilized studying how the worn tool affects the cutting performance including actual cutting rake, stress distribution, cutting force and temperature. The results of this paper not only provide a clear understanding of wear evolution between tool rake face and chip, but also are meaningful to optimize tool design and cutting parameters.     

An improved analytical model of cutting temperature in orthogonal cutting of Ti6Al4V

Cutting heat has significant effects on the machined surface integrity of titanium alloys in the aerospace field. Many unwanted problems such as surface burning, work hardening, and tool wear can be induced by high cutting temperatures. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately predict the cutting temperature of titanium alloys. In this paper, an improved analytical model of the cutting temperature in orthogonal cutting of titanium alloys is proposed based on the Komanduri-Hou model and the Huang-Liang model. The temperatures at points in a cutting tool, chip, and workpiece are calculated by using the moving heat source method. The tool relief angle is introduced into the proposed model, and imaginary mirrored heat sources of the shear plane heat source and the frictional heat source are applied to calculate the temperature rise in a semi-infinite medium. The heat partition ratio along the tool-chip interface is determined by the discretization method. For validation purpose, orthogonal cutting of titanium alloy Ti6Al4V is performed on a lathe by using a sharp tool. Experimental results show to be consistent well with those of the proposed model,yielding a relative difference of predicted temperature from 0.49% to 9.00%. The model demonstrates its ability of predicting cutting temperature in orthogonal cutting of Ti6Al4V.