Disturbance of the upper atmosphere after crash launch of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Proton</Emphasis> carrier rocket

The data of inclined sounding obtained on July 5, 1999 after explosion of the Proton carrier launcher in the upper atmosphere are discussed. A comparative analysis is performed of the detected disturbances with disturbances recorded during explosion of the Soyuz rocket in the middle atmosphere and with disturbances typical for the standard mode of the rocket flight.     

中国航天主动力液体火箭发动机技术进展（英文）

Liquid propellant rocket engines for a launch vehicle are an essential aerospace technology, representing the advanced level of hi-tech in a country. In recent years, China's aerospace industry has made remarkable achievements, and liquid rocket engine technology has also been effectively developed. In this article, the development processes of China's liquid rocket engines are discussed. Then, the performance features of China's new generation liquid rocket engines as well as the flight tests of the new-generation launch vehicles are introduced. Finally, the development direction and the most recent progress of the next generation large-thrust liquid rocket engine is presented.     

液体火箭发动机健康监控技术研究现状

液体火箭发动机健康监控技术是改进和提高运载火箭、航天器可靠性与安全性的核心技术之一,对其进行研究具有重要的学术价值和工程应用价值。液体火箭发动机健康监控技术的研究主要包括液体火箭发动机故障检测与诊断理论方法、液体火箭发动机健康监控系统两方面。该文介绍了基于模型驱动的方法、基于数据驱动的方法和基于人工智能的方法,阐明了液体火箭发动机故障检测与诊断理论方法的研究现状,通过对美国液体火箭发动机典型健康监控系统的介绍,阐明了液体火箭发动机健康监控系统研究的若干进展及现状,并对液体火箭推进系统健康监控技术的演变趋势作了简要评述。     

Quantitative characteristics of long-term changes in parameters of the upper atmosphere of the earth over the 1966–1992 period

On the basis of the long series of mass-spectrometer measurements conducted in rocket experiments during 1966–1992 period, long-term changes in the structural parameters of the upper atmosphere within the 100–160 km height interval at equatorial, middle, and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere of the Earth are quantitatively estimated. At all latitudes statistically significant negative trends are revealed in the turbopause height, temperature of the neutral atmosphere, and atomic oxygen concentration. Since the contribution to the obtained quantitative estimates of the trends caused by long-term solar-induced factors does not exceed 15–20%, a conclusion is drawn on the anthropogenic nature of the changes having occurred in the upper atmosphere.     

大推力液体火箭发动机推力调节技术综述（英文）

Throttling of large-thrust liquid rocket engines, which can improve mission adaptability of a carrier rocket, reduce risk and facilitate rocket recovery, is a key technology for current and future space development. This paper summarizes the state of the art and trends of throttling technology for large-thrust liquid rocket engines at home and abroad. According to the working principles of propulsion for rocket engines, throttling the propellant flow rate is a major way of adjusting thrust, and regulation devices along with adjustable injectors are primary measures of throttling propellant flow rates. This paper clarifies the working principles of typical regulation devices and adjustable injectors, introduces the regulation schemes of typical large-thrust engines such as YF-100, RD-170, and SSME, and summarizes the main characteristics of current throttleable large-thrust engines. Finally, critical technologies and development trends of throttling are discussed, including combustion stability and reliable cooling of thrust chambers at low thrust levels, turbopump stability, and stable regulation and precise control in a wide range of operating conditions.     

中国重型运载火箭动力系统研究

分析了未来航天发展趋势,指出为实现载人登月和深空探测,发展重型运载火箭,研制大推力火箭发动机势在必行.提出了中国重型运载火箭主动力--_1500吨级液氧煤油发动机和200吨级液氧液氢发动机的总体方案,确定了发动机的主要参数,明确了发动机的关键技术,考虑了发动机的研制条件,进行了发动机研制策划.根据中国的技术水平和经济实...     

Supercomputer modeling of hydrogen combustion in rocket engines

Hydrogen being an ecological fuel is very attractive now for rocket engines designers. However, peculiarities of hydrogen combustion kinetics, the presence of zones of inverse dependence of reaction rate on pressure, etc. prevents from using hydrogen engines in all stages not being supported by other types of engines, which often brings the ecological gains back to zero from using hydrogen. Computer aided design of new effective and clean hydrogen engines needs mathematical tools for supercomputer modeling of hydrogen–oxygen components mixing and combustion in rocket engines.The paper presents the results of developing verification and validation of mathematical model making it possible to simulate unsteady processes of ignition and combustion in rocket engines.     

烃类推进剂航天动力技术进展与展望未来

为研究烃类推进剂航天动力技术在中国的后续发展和未来应用方向,对比分析煤油、甲烷和丙烷等典型烃类推进剂的物理化学性质和应用特性,简要介绍烃类推进剂航天动力在一次性运载火箭、可重复使用运载器、高性能上面级推进、无毒空间推进和吸气式推进领域的发展动态及应用状况。当前国内外航天动力系统的发展和应用情况表明,以液氧煤油发动机和液氧甲烷发动机为代表的烃类推进剂航天动力将引领未来高性能低成本航天推进系统的发展趋势,依照中国液氧/烃火箭发动机的研制进展和技术水平,以其为核心的新型动力体系在中国未来的天地往返、载人登月和深空探测等多任务适应性方面具有良好应用前景。     

LOX/LCH_4变推力发动机技术初步研究

对国内外变推力发动机和LOX/LCH4发动机的研究进展进行了总结,在此基础上,提出了一种LOX/LCH4变推力发动机系统方案。在深入分析的基础上,对此方案进行了功率平衡和推力室传热计算,结果表明该系统方案完全能够实现10:1推力变比。LOX/LCH4变推力发动机可以广泛应用于多种运载器和航天器中,对我国探月及后续的载人登月工程均可以提供技术支持,对LOX/LCH4发动机的技术发展和未来的载人登陆火星等任务都具有深远影响。     

Electrification of a rocket during its launch and motion in the atmosphere along active part of the trajectory

We studied the process of electrification of a rocket during launch and flight in the atmosphere at the active part of its trajectory. The values of charge, field strength, and rocket potential at the launch are estimated. Charging and discharging currents are determined for a rocket flying through clouds and precipitation, and solutions expressing the time variation of the rocket’s charge are found. The values of charge, field strength, and rocket potential are obtained as functions of time, together with the engine plume represented as a charged plasma structure. The rocket’s charge is shown to tend to an equilibrium state, and the time of reaching it is found. Mechanisms limiting the charge value are considered, and the conditions of origination of an electric breakdown (lightning) between the rocket and atmosphere are determined.     

基于DMSJ发动机流道的RBCC发动机设计

首先完成了一种典型DMSJ发动机流道型面和燃烧组织设计,该发动机在M_∞=4.0和6.0时的比冲分别为1 029.6 s和899.9 s。以此DMSJ发动机流道为基础,在隔离段一侧布置火箭发动机,形成RBCC发动机流道。数值模拟研究表明,低马赫数时,火箭台阶及下游流道型面变化对发动机性能影响有限;保持DMSJ发动机燃料喷注方案不变,RBCC发动机在M_∞=4.0时,冲压模态比冲可达到1 052.8 s。高马赫数时,由于燃烧组织位置靠前,必须对DMSJ发动机原有的燃料喷注方案进行调整,才能确保RBCC发动机达到与前者相当的比冲水平,经过调整本文RBCC发动机M_∞=6.0时冲压比冲达到了887.8 s。因此,基于目前较成熟的DMSJ发动机进行高马赫数RBCC发动机设计,是一条快速可行的技术途径。     

RBCC发动机火箭推力增益之探讨

为提高火箭基冲压组合循环(RBCC)发动机火箭冲压模态下火箭推力增益,基于模拟飞行Ma=4来流条件的数值计算结果,分析了火箭射流与冲压主流超/超剪切流动的特性,探讨了火箭推力增益的组成,并给出了提高火箭推力增益的措施:1)冲压流道、火箭工作参数的选取必须确保两股超声速剪切流之间的流动匹配,在有限空间内快速、低损的实现高能火箭射流与低能冲压主流间的动量及质量输运,最大限度地提高发动机喷管排气速度及压力;2)采用高室压火箭,通过增加推力室室压,提高火箭燃气膨胀程度,减小火箭推力增益损失。     

Comparison of the rocket engines efficiency in the case of low thrust orbit-to-orbit transfers

The main task of this paper is to compare two types of low thrust rocket engines: constant thrust vs. variable-thrust engines. We will be concerned with efficiency, where efficiency is evaluated in the case of the orbit-to-orbit transfer with maximum payload mass in the central Newtonian gravity field. The launch mass of the space vehicle is supposed to be fixed. The traditional solution is the decomposition of the problem into parametric and dynamical parts. The corresponding variational problems differ for two rocket thruster types under consideration. We propose change of variables, which makes it possible to reduce averaged equations of optimal motion of a spacecraft with the mentioned engines to the unified form. Using this unified form comparison of the performance of constant- and variable-thrust engines is conducted.     

Liquid rocket engines for large thrust: Present and future

The possibility of an increase in economy and rise in efficiency of liquid-propellant rocket engines of launch vehicles and flight vehicles is considered. The characteristics of liquid-propellant rocket engines, made in the Soviet Union, U.S.A., France, Japan, China and other countries, and working on the following fuels: O₂, +H₂, O₂ + kerosene, N₂O₄ + H₂N-N(CH₃)₂, HNO₃ + dimethylhydrazine, etc. are recalled. Ways of further improvement of liquid-propellant rocket engines are outlined and the problems, arising during their realization, are discussed.     

液体火箭发动机实时故障检测与报警原型系统的设计与实现

实现了液体火箭发动机启动和稳态工作过程故障检测的神经网络和统计算法,以及检测结果的综合决策与报警算法,并从系统硬件、软件结构和功能等方面设计建立了液体火箭发动机工作过程的实时故障检测与报警原型系统。试车数据验证考核结果表明,故障检测与报警系统能及时和准确地对发动机稳态和启动工作过程中的故障进行检测和报警,现已成为实验室级发动机故障检测与报警的演示与验证原型系统,并对实现未来箭载发动机工作过程实时在线故障检测与报警具有重要的工程应用价值。     

蓝箭航天液氧甲烷发动机研制进展

探讨了国内外商业航天运载火箭及其发动机的发展情况,研究比较了液氧甲烷、液氧煤油和液氧液氢等推进剂组合,提出液氧甲烷是商业航天、未来可重复使用液体火箭发动机的发展方向和最佳选择。分析了液体火箭发动机推力选择的原则,确定了蓝箭航天液氧甲烷发动机的推力为80 t和8 t。比较了燃气发生器循环、补燃循环及膨胀循环等动力循环方式,选择了燃气发生器循环的技术方案。介绍了蓝箭航天两型液氧甲烷发动机的总体方案、性能指标、技术创新点、用途和研制情况。     

高层大气及其预报研究对航天飞行的重要性

简述控制高层大气的主要能源和描绘了高层大气的主要天气变化过程,并且阐明高层大气及其预报研究的量要性和给出高层大气对航天飞行有严重影响的几个实例,最后简介高层大气及其预报研究的新动向。     

泵压式发动机精细化热分析技术

上面级泵压式发动机结构复杂、经历的热环境复杂多变,须通过严格的热控设计以保证飞行过程中发动机部组件温度在合适范围内,因此研究泵压式发动机的温度变化规律对发动机研制具有重要作用。文章在分析上面级泵压式发动机热环境特点的基础上,提出了泵压式发动机的热分析建模方法,采用热网络法进行了泵压式发动机精细化热环境分析。通过发动机热平衡试验验证了热分析模型和方法的正确性,获得了发动机在飞行过程中的温度变化规律,可为后续泵压式发动机热分析提供参考。     

瞬态时域数据合成冲击响应谱算法研究

某液体火箭发动机的部件采用振动台进行模拟冲击环境试验,冲击控制谱的冲击时域波形由软件采用基本波形合成,基本波形有正弦波、合成小波、Chirp波形,而国内常用正弦波合成冲击谱进行冲击环境试验。给出了瞬态冲击数据合成法的算法过程,提取某液体火箭发动机试车过程中的冲击时域数据来合成冲击控制谱的冲击时域波形,计算结果表明算法有效,所合成的冲击时域数据能够满足冲击响应谱的精度要求。     

A Review of Throttling Technology Development for Large-Thrust Liquid Rocket Engines

Throttling of large-thrust liquid rocket engines,which can improve mission adaptability of a carrier rocket,reduce risk and facilitate rocket recovery,is a key ...