滚控式变质心飞行器动力学特性分析与控制

为明确滚控式变质心飞行器的控制机理,为其工程实践提供相应的理论参考,建立包含滑块运动的滚控式变质心飞行器七自由度完整动力学模型,并分析讨论其运动特性以及动力学系统的特点。其次结合频域分析法对滑块运动与载体姿态运动之间的耦合影响以及动态响应过程进行分析研究,揭示了滚控式飞行器的控制机理。同时针对其通道间的耦合效应以及执行机构参数设置对控制能力的影响分析提出了对飞行器结构设计和控制系统设计的相关要求,为滚控式变质心飞行器的工程实践提供一些理论参考。     

Asymptotic study of a complete magnetic attitude control cycle providing a single-axis orientation

The angular motion of an axisymmetrical satellite equipped with the active magnetic attitude control system is examined. Attitude control system has to ensure necessary orientation of the axis of symmetry in the inertial space. It implements the following strategy: coarse reorientation of the axis of symmetry with nutation damping or “-Bdot” without initial detumbling; spinning-up about the axis of symmetry to achieve the property of a gyro; fine reorientation of the axis in the inertial space. Dynamics of the satellite is analytically studied using averaging technique on the complete control loop consisting of five algorithms. Solutions of the equations of motion are obtained in terms of quadratures for most cases or even in closed-form. The latter allowed to study the dependence of motion parameters including time-response with respect to the orbit inclination and other parameters for all algorithms.     

Optimal control of reorientation of a spacecraft using free trajectory method

The problem of optimal control over spatial reorientation of a spacecraft is considered. The functional having a sense of propellant consumption is minimized. The analytical solution to the formulated problem is presented. It is shown that the optimal solution can be found in the class of two-impulse control at which the spacecraft’s turn is performed along a free motion trajectory. In order to improve the accuracy of spacecraft guidance into a specified angular position, methods of control are suggested that realize the method of free trajectories. The synthesized controls are invariant with respect to both external perturbations and parametric errors. The results of mathematical modeling are presented that demonstrate high efficiency of developed control algorithms. Propellant consumption for realizing a programmed turn is numerically estimated taking into account considerable gravitational and aerodynamic moments acting upon the spacecraft.     

Some issues of time-optimal control over a spacecraft programmed turn

The problem of optimal turn of a spacecraft from an arbitrary initial position to a final specified angular position in a minimum time is considered and solved. A case is investigated, when the constraint on spacecraft’s angular momentum during the turn is essential. Based on the quaternion method a solution to the posed problem has been found, and an optimal control program is constructed taking the constraints on controlling moment into account. The optimal control is found in the class of regular motions. A condition (calculation expression) is presented for determining the moment to begin braking with the use of measurements of current motion parameters, which considerably improves the accuracy of putting the spacecraft into a preset position. For a dynamically symmetrical spacecraft the solution to the problem of optimal control by the spacecraft spatial turn is presented in analytical form (expressions in elementary functions). An example of mathematical modeling of the spacecraft motion dynamics under optimal control over reorientation is given.     

一种利用动量轮的弹头姿态控制系统概念研究

对一种以动量轮为执行机构的具有中性静稳定外形的再入弹头姿态控制系统进行了概念研究。从动量矩定理和中性静稳定原理阐述了这种控制方案从理论上是可行的。推导了动量轮控制弹头的姿态动力学方程，并基于分离时间尺度方法设计了姿态控制系统。对该姿态控制系统仿真研究表明：1）姿态角跟踪回路性能良好；2）在不需要太大的动量轮控制输入力矩的情况下，能实现滚动通道稳定控制；3）俯仰和偏航通道的正弦跟踪需要相对较大动量矩的动量轮作为执行机构来实现高精度跟踪控制。     

Guidance of a spacecraft with low lift-to-drag ratio to a landing point

The problem of terminal control over a deorbiting spacecraft at the stage of its flight after leaving plasma (altitude of ∼40 km) is considered, the aim being to guide it to a preset landing point. The algorithm is based on a modification of the well-known method of proportional navigation, when a fixed point is the target. It is suggested to use satellite navigation systems (of the GLONASS or GPS types) and/or radio beacons, which should allow one to determine the spacecraft trajectory parameters with high precision. Single-channel control is performed by changing the roll angle according to current parameters of the trajectory, which ensures adaptability of the method. Examples of three-dimensional trajectories of flight are presented for a manned spacecraft with low lift-to-drag ratio (∼0.5), currently under design in Russia. The results of statistical modeling taking into account initial deviations of the trajectory parameters and wind disturbances are presented. A method of statistical choice of a reference trajectory for the guidance stage is suggested. A theoretical possibility of using the algorithm of spacecraft guidance (in case of in-light accident with a carrier launcher) to preset regions in the vicinity of launching route is demonstrated. A qualitative analysis of proportional navigation with a fixed target is presented.     

主控格栅反射器基体结构/压电作动器参数集成优化设计

为提高反射器形面控制能力和减小在轨热变形，本文以锆钛酸铅压电陶瓷(PZT)驱动的主控格栅反射器为研究对象，开展反射器基体结构和PZT压电作动器参数的集成优化设计研究。首先，建立主控格栅反射器有限元模型并通过实验验证了有限元模型的正确性。然后，以形面控制能力最大和热变形最小为目标函数，以设计变量上限、下限和结构基频为约束，采用遗传算法(GA)和非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA II)求解。最后，给出多个仿真算例的优化结果。仿真结果表明，控制能力最大的单目标优化，其热变形远大于控制能力，多目标的帕累托(Pareto)最优前沿可以给出更合理的设计方案。通过优化设计可以显著提高形面控制能力和减小热变形。     

H2 optimal control solution for a combined energy and attitude control system

This addendum is an extension of a series of research work on the combined energy and attitude control system (CEACS) for small satellites. Previous works appeared in Acta Astronautica showed that the CEACS is able to simultaneously perform the attitude control and energy storage task. This addendum focuses on the CEACS attitude control enhancement by employing the H₂ optimal control method. Governing equations describing the CEACS H₂ attitude control architecture are established. Numerical treatments are performed in order to validate the attitude control option.     

一种高超声速试飞器助推段主动弹性抑制方法

针对高超声速试飞器助推段由于其高静不稳定特性所引起的低频弹性模态与刚体高带宽控制之间动态耦合问题，具有低频模态和大静不稳定度等特征，引入主动弹性抑制技术，即在传统控制器的设计基础上引入弹性振动能量在线辨识技术相结合的改进自适应增广控制技术(Adaptive augmenting control, AAC)，动态改变开环系统控制增益，以降低弹性模态对舵机的影响，同时增加刚体控制系统的稳定性。仿真结果验证了该方法能够有效减小由干扰激励出的弹性模态所引起的附加舵机摆角，抑制伺服弹性耦合作用。该方法对高超声速试飞器助推段的控制具有重要的理论意义和工程应用价值。     

Optimal control of a spinning double-pyramid Earth-pointing tethered formation

The dynamics and control of a tethered satellite formation for Earth-pointing observation missions is considered. For most practical applications in Earth orbit, a tether formation must be spinning in order to maintain tension in the tethers. It is possible to obtain periodic spinning solutions for a triangular formation whose initial conditions are close to the orbit normal. However, these solutions contain significant deviations of the satellites on a sphere relative to the desired Earth-pointing configuration. To maintain a plane of satellites spinning normal to the orbit plane, it is necessary to utilize “anchors”. Such a configuration resembles a double-pyramid. In this paper, control of a double-pyramid tethered formation is studied. The equations of motion are derived in a floating orbital coordinate system for the general case of an elliptic reference orbit. The motion of the satellites is derived assuming inelastic tethers that can vary in length in a controlled manner. Cartesian coordinates in a rotating reference frame attached to the desired spin frame provide a simple means of expressing the equations of motion, together with a set of constraint equations for the tether tensions. Periodic optimal control theory is applied to the system to determine sets of controlled periodic trajectories by varying the lengths of all interconnecting tethers (nine in total), as well as retrieval and simple reconfiguration trajectories. A modal analysis of the system is also performed using a lumped mass representation of the tethers.     

Orbit and attitude control of a geostationary inertially oriented large flexible plate-like spacecraft

The paper presents design of a near optimal orbit and attitude control system for a very large flexible rectangular flat plate-like spacecraft in geostationary orbit, with its normal kept in the orbital plane in an inertial orientation. First, assuming the plate to be rigid, an optimal control system is designed. Two control systems are needed: one to balance the gravity gradient torque and the other to control the plate's orbit and attitude against disturbances. The interaction of the structural dynamics with the control system is investigated next. It is shown that the structural dynamics destabilizes the control system. The control design is modified to reduce the interactions, by including just a couple of flexural modes into the control logic and by optimally locating the thrusters a little away from the corners. The control structure interaction which is measured by the residual flexural energy after an orbit or attitude correction, is shown to be reduced by several orders of magnitude by the simple modifications. An approach to find an optimal location of actuators and a concept of “associated modes” are also proposed to help the designer evolve a very simple coupled orbit and attitude controllers with minimum control/structure interactions for very large flexible space systems of the future. This configuration considered represents the proposed solar power satellite, solar reflectors, communication platforms, etc.     

接近和跟踪非合作机动目标的非线性最优控制

航天器在实施对空间非合作目标的近程操作任务中,需要接近目标并保持在目标附近的特定方位,对目标指定部位随动跟踪和观测。针对非合作机动目标的接近和视线跟踪的六自由度控制问题,根据视线坐标系下的相对轨道方程和体坐标系下的相对误差四元数姿态方程,建立了航天器间近距离相对运动的轨道和姿态联合控制模型。考虑模型的非线性、时变性和计算的快速性,采用θ-D控制方法进行接近和视线跟踪的轨道和姿态联合控制。为了减小跟踪同时存在轨道和姿态机动的非合作目标的控制误差,应用Lyapunov最小-最大定理设计了θ-D修正控制器,改善非合作目标同时进行姿态和轨道机动时的控制性能。仿真验证了模型的正确性和控制器良好的跟踪性能。     

风场综合利用的新型平流层浮空器轨迹设计

针对平流层底部准零风层特点,提出一种基于风场综合利用进行长时区域驻空的新型平流层浮空器,系统采用南瓜形超压气球体制,建立系统的浮重模型、推阻模型和能源模型,利用迭代算法完成了总体方案设计。在此基础上,建立动力学模型和高度调控模型,针对我国某地风场模型,设计东西、南北方向独立控制区域驻留策略以及基于风场综合利用的协同控制区域驻留策略,通过SIMULINK模块开展区域驻留仿真,并对五种控制模式下的飞行轨迹进行对比分析。     

基于压电智能结构飞机座舱振动噪声主动控制研究

针对在某些特殊情况下飞机座盘舱振动、噪声过大的实际情况，本文对其进行了振动、噪声抑制研究。以某飞机座舱模型为研究对象，利用压电智能结构，并结合振动主动控制方法和LMS自适应滤波算法，实现了一套完整的飞机座舱模型振动、噪声主动控制系统。最后本文给出实验结果，证明了此方法对飞机座舱模型振动、噪声抑制的有效性。     

Stability of a ring of connected satellites

The motion of a large number of artificial satellites connected in a ring one after another by tethers of variable length is considered. Every satellite is supposed to have a control system programmed according to some tether tension law as a function of the distance between tethered satellites. The effect of the tension control law on the stability of stationary rotation of this ring is investigated. The final stability condition includes two requirements: 1) the nominal tether tension should be less than a definite limit equal, up to numerical coefficient, to one satellite weight divided by the number of satellites; 2) tether tension should decrease (or remain constant) with the increase of the distance between tethered satellites. In dynamics the artificial rings of this kind are much like their natural prototype—meteor rings. On the other hand, the investigation of the artificial rings contributes to developing an unexpected view upon meteor rings, suggesting a model of an imaginary equivalent string.     

应用跟踪微分器的高超声速飞行器的反演控制

针对存在参数摄动和外部干扰等不确定性的高超声速飞行器模型，提出一种基于新型跟踪微分器的鲁棒反演控制方法。利用正切sigmoid函数和终端吸引子函数设计跟踪微分器，通过扫频测试得到了参数整定规则，并进行了对比仿真试验。在此基础上，构造一种非线性干扰观测器对模型的不确定项进行估计，增强了控制器的鲁棒性；并利用所设计的跟踪微分器对虚拟控制量进行滤波处理，解决了传统反演控制的“微分项膨胀”问题。最后，通过仿真校验了所设计控制器的有效性。     

Command shaping for a flexible satellite platform controlled by advanced fly-wheels systems

In this paper we consider the coupling between the flexibility of a spacecraft equipped with variable speed control moment Gyros and its attitude control system, in the framework of command shaping techniques. The analysis is performed on the set of equation of motion written in an explicit form describing a flexible platform and N wheels gimballed to it. The attitude control system is designed upon a Lyapunov based feedback relying upon a rigid body model. Whenever the structure is not stiff enough, flexibility degrades the performances of the controller that fails to track the desired history. We therefore study the possibility of altering the tracking signal fed to the controller trying to get rid of the relevant frequencies notch filtering them in order to reduce vibrations. The results obtained for a test case attitude acquisition maneuver are presented and the benefit deriving from the command shaping technique evaluated and discussed.     

A System of Stabilizing the Angular Motion of a Spacecraft Based on a Neuron-like System of Autonomous Adaptive Control

The aim of this paper is to apply the Autonomous Adaptive Control method to the problem of stabilization of a spacecraft's angular motion. The method is being developed at the Department of Simulation Systems of the Institute for System Programming, Russian Academy of Sciences. As applied to the problem under study, the main advantages of this method lie in the fact that there is no need to construct and incorporate into the control system a mathematical model of the controlled object, while it provides high-quality control, which cannot be ensured by a traditional control system. By optimizing the system with the use of genetic algorithms, one can save computational and hardware resources without losses in the quality of control and in the adaptive properties of the control system.     

Effects of uncertainties and flexible dynamic contributions on the control of a spacecraft full-coupled model

One of the most important problems for performing a good design of the spacecraft attitude control law is connected to its robustness when some uncertainty parameters are present on the inertial and/or on the elastic characteristics of a satellite. These uncertainties are generally intrinsic on the modeling of complex structures and in the case of large flexible structures they can be also attributed to secondary effects associated to the elasticity. One of the most interesting issues in modeling large flexible space structures is associated to the evaluation of the inertia tensor which in general depends not only on the geometric ‘fixed’ characteristic of the satellite but also on its elastic displacements which of course in turn modify the ‘shape’ of the satellite. Usually these terms can be considered of a second order of magnitude if compared with the ones associated to the rigid part of a structure. However the increasing demand on the dimension of satellites due to the presence for instance of very large solar arrays (necessary to generate power) and/or large antennas has the necessity to investigate their effects on their global dynamic behavior in more details as a consequence. In the present paper a methodology based on classical Lagrangian approach coupled with a standard Finite Element tool has been used to derive the full dynamic equations of an orbiting flexible satellite under the actions of gravity, gravity gradient forces and attitude control. A particular attention has been paid to the study of the effects of flexibility on the inertial terms of the spacecraft which, as well known, influence its attitude dynamic behavior. Furthermore the effects of the attitude control authority and its robustness to the uncertainties on inertial and elastic parameters has been investigated and discussed.     

Optimal Control of a Spatial Turn of a Spacecraft with Minimal Loading of Construction

The problem of optimal control of a three-dimensional turn of a spacecraft is considered and solved. The turn is performed from an initial angular position into the required final angular position in a specified time and with a minimum value of the functional that represents the degree of loading of the construction. An analytical solution to the formulated problem is presented. It is demonstrated that the optimal (in this sense) control of the spacecraft reorientation can be determined in the class of a regular precession executed by the spacecraft. The instant when braking begins is determined based on the principles of terminal control using the actual kinematical parameters of the spacecraft motion, which substantially increases the accuracy of transferring the spacecraft to a specified position. Data of mathematical modeling are also presented that confirm the efficiency of the described method of controlling the spacecraft's three-dimensional turn.