激光雷达系统仿真软件

从激光雷达约束条件入手 ,研究了通用激光雷达仿真模型 (GL M) ,其中包括大气传输模型、探测器噪声模型、发射与接收模型、目标反射数据库。着重分析、讨论了各种天气和系统条件下 ,对激光雷达性能的影响。根据模型 ,研制了通用仿真软件 ,最后给出了计算机仿真结果。     

星载铷原子频标的可靠性强化试验

针对影响星载铷原子频标可靠性的环境因素进行了分析,确定了影响星载铷原子频标可靠性的主要环境敏感应力,根据可靠性强化试验理论和星载铷原子频标的技术特点,设计了可靠性强化试验方案。依据此方案对新研制的某型星载铷原子频标工程样机实施了可靠性强化试验。试验结果表明,该方案对确定该型号铷原子频标样机工作极限、激发其潜在缺陷,均有较好的效果,从而为实现星载铷原子频标的可靠性增长提供了新的思路。同时本研究对同类高可靠航天产品的可靠性增长可提供借鉴。     

星载主动光学遥感技术现状

激光雷达具有重要的军事应用价值和民用价值,主要应用于军事侦察、军事气象、航天器交会对接和地球科学研究方面。文章简述激光雷达的研究历史,从地球科学应用角度阐述激光雷达技术现状。     

星载激光雷达高精高稳探测卫星系统保证技术

激光雷达探测精度高,具备全天时工作和垂直探测能力,在大气环境天基遥感领域应用广泛。基于CO_2柱线浓度激光遥感探测原理,分析了积分路径差分吸收星载激光雷达测量系统的激光波长、能量精度和稳定性及光轴指向精度等关键指标要求和功能模块配置,重点开展了星载激光雷达光机头部稳定安装、良好机热环境保障及星敏载荷一体化布局等整星层面系统设计保证,仿真结果初步表明设计方案可行。同时,提出了激光雷达波长、能量精度及稳定性实时监测、卫星对地光轴指向高精度测定和星地载荷光轴指向测量误差标定的地面试验验证要求,以确保系统设计的有效性,为激光雷达遥感卫星的研制提供了技术参考。     

通信卫星测控分系统在轨运行综合分析与改进

截至目前,我国已成功研制并发射了数十颗通信卫星,部分卫星已圆满完成其既定的工程任务目标。文章总结了通信卫星测控分系统总体设计的关键性和可靠性等特点,对某通信卫星测控分系统关键单机的工作时间、异常次数等在轨运行数据进行统计,并逐一分析典型异常现象,针对产生异常问题的原因,提出了加强电路设计、调整器件参数、更换能力较强器件等改进方案。此研究结果可为我国后续卫星测控分系统总体可靠性设计提供参考。     

Life support system development in West Germany

The delivery of fully qualified Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLS) flight hardware for the Spacelab Flight Unit was completed in 1979, and the first Spacelab flight is scheduled for mid 1983.

With Spacelab approaching its operational stage, ESA has initiated the Follow-on Development Programme. The future evolution of Spacelab elements in a continued U.S./European cooperation is obviously linked to the U.S. STS evolution and leads from the sortie-mode improvements (Initial Step) towards pallet systems and module applications in unmanned and manned space platforms (Medium and Far Term Alternatives).

Extensive studies and design work have been accomplished on life support systems for Life Sciences Laboratories (Biorack) in Spacelab (incubators and holding units for low vertebrates).

Future long term missions require the implementation of closed loop life support systems and in order to meet the long range development cycle feasibility studies have been performed. Terrestrial applications of the life support technologies developed for space have been successfully implemented.     

美国云和气溶胶星载激光雷达综述

气溶胶的探测,尤其是全球范围内气溶胶的探测,不仅对预测未来气候的变化有重要帮助,而且可以对遥感图像的大气校正提供重要大气参数,而星载激光雷达则是实现全球气溶胶探测的最有效的手段。美国是星载激光雷达的先行者,在气溶胶探测方面,它先后实施了LITE和CALIPSO两项计划。LITE试验的成功,验证了天基激光雷达的可行性,而CALIPSO上激光雷达CALIOP的在轨正常运行,则实现了星载激光雷达的应用。文章着重介绍和评述了美国云和气溶胶星载激光雷达的发展、收发装置以及观测结果等。     

倾斜轨道星敏感器热控设计及在轨分析

倾斜轨道卫星星敏感器空间外热流复杂多变,同时兼具内功率集中、热容小等特点,这为星敏感器的热设计带来了很大的困难。文章以某临界倾角轨道卫星星敏感器热设计为背景,在详细外热流分析的基础上,提出了一种倾斜轨道星敏感器热设计方案,利用热分析软件Thermal Desktop对此热控系统进行了具体的热分析。星敏感器在轨遥测温度在-19.8^-5.1℃之间,满足温度指标要求,表明星敏感器热设计合理、有效,可为今后倾斜轨道星敏感器热设计提供设计依据。在此基础上,文章利用在轨遥测数据对星敏感器热分析模型进行修正,得出入轨初期星表主要热控涂层退化约为50%的结果,这对于分析近地轨道卫星在轨温度具有一定的参考意义。     

跨传感器异步迁移学习的室内单目无人机避障

针对强化学习策略由仿真环境向实际迁移困难的问题,以提高无人机采用无深度信息单目视觉时的行人规避能力为目标,提出一种基于异步深度神经网络结构的跨传感器迁移学习方法。首先,在仿真环境中仅使用虚拟单线激光雷达作为传感器,通过基于确定性策略梯度(DDPG)的深度强化学习方法,训练得到一个稳定的初级避障策略。其次,用单目摄像头和激光雷达同步采集现实环境中的视觉和深度数据集并逐帧绑定,使用上述初级避障策略对现实数据集进行自动标注,进而训练得到无需激光雷达数据的单目视觉避障策略,实现从虚拟激光雷达到现实单目视觉的跨传感器迁移学习。最后,引入YOLO v3-tiny网络与Resnet18网络组成异步深度神经网络结构,有效提高了存在行人场景下的避障性能。     

大规模箭载无线传感网络技术研究

无线传感网络技术是未来火箭测量系统发展的关键技术之一,大规模的箭载无线传感网络技术是箭载测量系统的发展趋势。简单介绍了现有箭载无线传感器网络的应用以及目前国内对于箭载无线传感网络的研究现状,归纳了其技术特点,在此基础上提出了对新一代大规模箭载无线传感器网络设计的思路与相关技术,为进一步实现箭载测量系统的“无缆化”提供参考。     

Cost effectiveness requirements for space power stations

The concept of converting solar energy in orbital space stations and transmitting electrical power to Earth at radio frequency, is receiving increasing attention both in paper studies and experimental and development work. The projects conceived are large in scale and implications and will demand major resources in their development and deployment. In addition to the technological requirements, the problem of reaching international decisions at political levels to fund and operate such systems will be immense. It will therefore be essential to establish as accurately as possible the basic parameters which will lead to a viable project, particularly with regard to economics.

This paper, therefore, examines the requirements which together will determine the appropriate levels of cost effectiveness of space power stations and should assist in establishing critical or sensitive areas which will influence the operational validity of the concepts. The r.f. transmission of electric power to and from, or between, spacecraft may itself have wider implications and is another aspect considered in the paper.

In summary, the paper does not seek to introduce new design concepts, but appraises the situation and exposes indicators concerning cost effectiveness.     

Group dynamics training for manned spaceflight and the CAPSULS mission: prophylactic against incompatibility and its consequences?

On February 7, 1994, four Canadian Astronauts were sealed off in a hyperbaric chamber at the Canadian Government's Defense and Civil Institute for Environmental Medicine in Toronto, Canada. This space lab training mission lasted seven days and was the first to be conducted with astronauts outside of Russia.

The objective of this mission was to give Canadian astronauts, space scientists and the staff of the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), the opportunity to gain first hand experience on preparational and operational aspects of a typical space mission. Twenty-one scientific experiments involving six countries from several disciplines were involved in this mission.

This paper describes the goals and preliminary results of a psychological experiment/training program that used the CAPSULS mission as a test bed for its application in the manned space flight environment. The objective of this project was to enhance the understanding of small group behaviour with a view to maximizing team effectiveness and task accomplishment in teams living and working in isolation under difficult and confined conditions. The application of this model in the light of future missions is a key thesis in this paper.     

基于主星带伴随小卫星编队系统的AT-INSAR研究

针对主星带伴随小卫星编队雷达系统的特点和AT INSAR的基本原理,本文对主星带伴随小卫星编队雷达系统执行AT INSAR任务进行了比较全面的分析。本文建立了主星带伴随小卫星编队雷达系统AT INSAR模型。基于这个模型分析了临界基线、测速精度,以及动目标检测等性能。最后,对一个L波段的主星带伴随小卫星编队系统完成AT INSAR任务进行了仿真。结果表明,测速精度对于编队小卫星的基线测量精度要求相对较高,而且检测地面慢速运动目标是可行的。     

红外地球敏感器的高截止度新型红外滤光片的设计

高截止度新型红外滤光片是三轴稳定卫星红外地球敏感器的关键件之一。文章介绍了用等效折射率概念设计这种滤光片的方法 ,讨论并给出了膜系设计和研制的结果 ,简介了镀膜的工艺技术 ,并与国内外同类滤光片的光学特性进行了比较 ,试验表明新型红外滤光片的膜系设计是成功的。     

光纤法布里-珀罗传感器及其高温应用

随着航天技术不断发展，大推力运载火箭等精细化设计需求日益增加，飞行器高温工况结构及流场状态感知已成为当前研究的关键环节。基于法布里-珀罗干涉结构的光纤传感器在高温、高压、狭小空间等特殊环境展现出独特优势，被视为下一代高温原位测量工具。介绍了法布里-珀罗传感器的基本结构及原理，并分别从温度、应变和压力监测方面介绍了法布里-珀罗高温传感技术研究进展以及未来的发展趋势。基于石英光纤的法布里-珀罗传感器能够应用于1000°C以下环境，对于1000°C以上环境，需要以蓝宝石光纤作为敏感元件和传光介质。     

空间相机中与大口径透镜有关的结构设计分析

某空间相机镜头在光学设计时,因透过率、吸收率等原因,为了满足光学系统要求,经过各方面平衡后,其中有一片透镜比正常径厚比设计的偏薄些。在镜头总体结构设计时,单独对该镜片及与之相配的结构件进行了有限元分析和实验检测,发现不同的结构形式对镜片面形影响不同。为了解决这一问题,在实验中进行了探讨,以保证整个相机系统满足空间相机的实用要求。     

ENVISAT RA-2 advanced radar altimeter: Instrument design and pre-launch performance assessment review

RA-2 is a second generation spaceborne radar altimeter designed and developed by ALENIA AEROSPAZIO (ALS) in the frame of the European Space Agency (ESA) ENVISAT programme. The project, started at beginning of 1990, reached its completion in October 1998 with the delivery of the Instrument Flight Model to Daimler-Benz Aerospace, Dornier (the mission prime contractor of ENVISAT) for its integration on the platform.

RA-2 only partly resembles in its characteristics those of ERS-1 / ERS-2 first generation Radar Altimeters, designed by ALS. Principal innovative features of the RA-2 are: dual frequency operation (Ku and S band) for ionospheric bias correction of the range measurements, enhanced precision range measurements over oceans, capability of including in the instrument telemetry data down linked to ground In-phase and Quadrature samples of individual Ku band radar echoes, resolution adaptivity and robust tracking algorithms to allow range measurements and radar echoes collection not only over open oceans but also at land-ocean boundaries, ice and land regions with the real objective of continuous global Earth topography mapping.

Aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the instrument key design characteristics and to present instrument pre-launch performance results derived from the evaluation of the test results gathered during the instrument integration and characterisation campaign of the Flight Model (FM).     

星载主动遥感气溶胶-云参数技术需求与进展

面对越来越迫切的气象和气候预测及大气环境监测需求,利用主动星载仪器在全球范围内探测云和气溶胶参数成为快速发展的研究领域。相比被动遥感仪器,主动仪器可以获取云和气溶胶参数的垂直分布信息,这将在天气气候模式的改进方面发挥重要作用。通过云和气溶胶遥感需求分析,从雷达数据应用角度,首先介绍了数值模式对云和气溶胶的科学参数需求和定量需求,进一步分析了云和气溶胶联合观测的需求,以及星载微波激光雷达的探测特点;然后对国内外正在规划的星载云和气溶胶微波激光雷达探测任务进行了综述,包括仪器指标和数据产品设计;最后展望这一领域的应用前景。     

遥感器焦面电路热设计改进的模拟试验

焦面电路是空间光学遥感器重要发热源,需要通过合理的热设计将热量及时导走,维持电子元器件温度不致过高。某空间光学遥感器焦面电路大量采用高功耗电子元器件,采取传统方法对该焦面电路进行了热设计;建立了模拟试验系统对该热设计进行验证,在模拟试验过程中发现了该热设计的不足之处;提出了改进措施,即:建立从发热器件到电路盒壳体之间直接导热路径,并再次进行了试验。试验结果表明改进后测点温度有大幅度降低,从而验证了改进措施的有效性。     

弹道导弹防御系统中的天基信息链

讨论了弹道导弹防御(BMD)系统的构成和作战过程。着重分析了BMD系统中的天基信息链,包括天基信息获取和天基信息传输,最后指出了天基信息链在未来信息化战争中必然起着重要的作用。