System quality factors for LPI communications

Quality factors are developed for low-probability-intercept (LPI) communication systems in order to provide a quantitative technique that allows the system engineer to evaluate LPI effectiveness in the presence of jammers and intercept receivers. LPI quality factors are derived from the system link equations, which describe the signal power gains and losses as a function of system link parameters. Quality factors for the essential components of the LPI system that provide some advantage to the cooperative transmitter and receiver over the jammer and intercept receiver are described. These include quality factors for the antennas, type of modulation, atmospheric propagation conditions, and interference rejection capability     

基于误码率准则的窄带干扰抑制算法性能分析

采用有效的窄带干扰抑制技术,可极大地改善扩频通信系统的性能.首先详细介绍了频域干扰抑制算法的基本思想,给出了算法实现的模块框图;其次具体分析了算法实现的关键技术：重叠加窗,背景噪声估计,干扰门限确定及干扰消除策略;最后以误码率作为干扰消除算法性能的评判标准,仿真分析了频域窄带干扰抑制技术中干扰强度、干扰频带宽度、干扰频率位置、干扰消除门限、陷幅值、加窗重叠度等因素对系统误码率的影响,为在不同条件下算法最佳参数的选取提供了依据.仿真结果表明：当干扰消除门限值取4aF,陷幅值取2σF～6σF,加窗重叠度为50％时,该算法可获得最佳抗干扰性能.     

Physical Modeling of Electromagnetic Interference in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle under Action of the Electric Transport Contact Network

The technique was developed for studying the noise immunity of electronic systems of unmanned aerial vehicles on the basis of physical modeling. The mathematical models, the scheme of a test bench, and examples of parameter calculation for physical modeling of electromagnetic interference in communication lines under the influence of switching magnetic fields of electric transport contact network are proposed. An example of physical modeling of electromagnetic interference in communication lines is presented.     

New Data Bus Interface Technique

Data bus systems as defined in MIL-STD-1553B are widely used in aerospace instrumentation systems for digital data transmissions between units on the bus. Although the bus is protected against a short circuit which may occur in the remote unit electronics or transformer, it has no protection against a cable termination failure. Open or short failure along main bus cable results in failure of the entire bus system. A new data bus interface technique is described which is insensitive to cable termination failure. The central feature of this new interface circuit is that communication between main unit and remote units is not affected by the cable termination failure. In applications such as multistage missiles, no provisions need be made for retermination in the cable characteristic impedance after stage separation. The key to this new technique is a directional coupling transformer which is only slightly more complicated than standard interface transformers. Design equations for directional coupling transformer and experimental results of new data bus systems are presented.     

Adaptive suppression of passive intermodulation in digital satellite transceivers

For the performance issues of satellite transceivers suffering passive intermodulation interference,a novel and effective digital suppression algorithm is presented in this paper.In con trast to analog approaches,digital passive intermodulation (PIM) suppression approaches can be easily reconfigured and therefore are highly attractive for future satellite communication systems.A simplified model of nonlinear distortion from passive microwave devices is established in consid eration of the memory effect.The multiple high-order PIM products falling into the receiving band can be described as a bilinear predictor function.A suppression algorithm based on a bilinear poly nomial decorrelated adaptive filter is proposed for baseband digital signal processing.In consideration of the time-varying characteristics of passive intermodulation,this algorithm can achieve the rapidness of online interference estimation and low complexity with less consumption of resources.Numerical simulation results show that the algorithm can effectively compensate the passive intermodulation interference,and achieve a high signal-to-interference ratio gain.     

Protection of PSK Communication Systems with Adaptive Arrays

The performance of binary phase-shift-keyed (BPSK), binarydifferential phase-shift-keyed (DPSK), and quadrature phase-shift-keyed(QPSK) communication systems that use adaptive arrayantennas for interference rejection is examined. The case where thedesired signal is corrupted by continuous wave (CW) interference isspecifically addressed. The performance of the adaptive array andthe ideal BPSK, DPSK, and QPSK detectors are evaluated first andthe results of these calculations are combined to determine theoverall system performance. The bit-error probability at the systemoutput is used as the performance measure. Several examples arepresented which illustrate the effects of signal powers, arrivalangles, frequencies, and the array input bandwidth.     

利用自适应与同态滤波抵消话音频段数据通信中回波的方法

就话音频段数据通信中利用自适应滤波器和同态滤波器的方法消除回波干扰的基本原理进行了描述，介绍了采用ＤＳＰ技术的滤波器的设计方法，并给出了硬件实现结构。     

Rejection of Multipath Interference in Satellite Communications by Use of Narrow-Band Filters

Earth-reflected multipath interference can be serious for communication between near-earth spacecraft and stationary satellites. It is shown that both the depth and rate of fading are reduced by using narrow-band filters. Curves demonstrate the saving in fading margin; this saving may be crucial in an emergency.     

Neural networks in nonlinear aircraft flight control

This paper describes an approach for incorporating a neural network with real-time learning capability in a flight control architecture. The architecture is also applicable, in general, for the control of processes described by nonlinear differential equations of motion in which there exists a control for each degree of freedom. The main features are that the defining equations of motion for the process to be controlled are poorly known with respect to their functional forms, and that the functional forms, themselves, may undergo sudden and unexpected variation. It is well known that such systems are difficult to control, particularly when the effect of the control action enters nonlinearly. Numerical results based on 6DOF simulations of a high performance aircraft are presented to illustrate the potential benefits of incorporating neural networks as a part of a flight control system architecture     

Fast converging adaptive processor or a structured covariance matrix

The use of adaptive linear techniques to solve signal processing problems is needed particularly when the interference environment external to the signal processor (such as for a radar or communication system) is not known a priori. Due to this lack of knowledge of an external environment, adaptive techniques require a certain amount of data to cancel the external interference. The number of statistically independent samples per input sensor required so that the performance of the adaptive processor is close (nominally within 3 dB) to the optimum is called the convergence measure of effectiveness (MOE) of the processor. The minimization of the convergence MOE is important since in many environments the external interference changes rapidly with time. Although there are heuristic techniques in the literature that provide fast convergence for particular problems, there is currently not a general solution for arbitrary interference that is derived via classical theory. A maximum likelihood (ML) solution (under the assumption that the input interference is Gaussian) is derived here for a structured covariance matrix that has the form of the identity matrix plus an unknown positive semi-definite Hermitian (PSDH) matrix. This covariance matrix form is often valid in realistic interference scenarios for radar and communication systems. Using this ML estimate, simulation results are given that show that the convergence is much faster than the often-used sample matrix inversion method. In addition, the ML solution for a structured covariance matrix that has the aforementioned form where the scale factor on the identity matrix is arbitrarily lower-bounded, is derived. Finally, an efficient implementation is presented.     

To a Matter of Increasing the Spectral Efficiency of Phase Radio-Technical Data Transmission Systems Operating under Strong Intersymbol Interference

This paper analyzes the possibility of increasing the spectral efficiency of phase radio-technical data transmission systems that operate under conditions of mutual interference of symbols when “transparency windows” are used. The conditions for emergency of “transparency windows” are defined, recommendations for their application with the purpose of increasing the spectral efficiency of communication systems being considered are presented. Changes in time characteristics of “transparency windows” are analyzed (their lengths over the range of channel symbol time duration) depending on the frequency detuning.     

通信传输系统计算机仿真技术

 摘要 本文综述了基于Monte-Carlo方法的各种误码率仿真算法,概括了线性、非线性和编译码通信信道的建模问题,给出了信号通过线性系统的各种仿真方法。最后提出了通信传输系统仿真技术的发展方向和有待深入研究的几个问题。     

雷达抗干扰能力度量方法的研究

 本文论述了度量雷达抗干扰能力的方法,提出了一组通用的度量公式。这些公式的基本部分是由雷达的主要技术参数组成。代表雷达的潜在抗干扰能力。公式的补充部分是由雷达各种抗干扰技术措施的指标所组成,代表这些抗干扰措施的质量水平。用这组公式可以计算出雷达抗消极干扰能力、抗积极干扰能力与综合抗干扰能力的表征数值。本文给出了计算举例,讨论了计算结果在雷达系统分析与总体设计中的应用。     

Intersatellite laser crosslinks

Intersatellite laser crosslinks (ISL) provide a method of communication that has significantly increased the data throughput that can be managed over typical RF communication systems, and has significant growth potential. Optical communications offer very wide bandwidths which can be effectively utilized with wavelength division multiplexing techniques. The data rate growth potential is well beyond the few gigabit per second range of RF technology. The use of lasers in transmitting optical data takes advantage of its small wavelength and low beam divergence to send highly directed signals over significant distances with controlled losses in intensity. The high directivity of the laser aids in resistance to jamming communications between satellites, or between satellites and ground stations. Various intersatellite laser optical crosslink system are discussed including the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Laser Intersatellite Transmission Experiment (LITE), the McDonnell Douglas Electronic Systems Company Laser Crosslink System, and The Ball Aerospace Optical Intersatellite Link,in order to display the various subsystem and their implementations. Link budget calculations are performed on the most commonly used modulation formats to determine system parameters necessary to close the crosslink. Background is provided on primal system architectures and methods of laser communication, as well as presently implemented systems. The authors provide some insights on where ISL systems have opportunity to increase their data throughput and reduce acquisition time     

Nonredundant error correction DQPSK for the aeronautical-satellitechannel

The performance of differentially encoded quadrature phase-shift keying (DQPSK) system employing nonredundant error correction (NEC) receivers with single- and double-error correction capability is analyzed and evaluated for the aeronautical satellite channel. The NEC is an attractive coding technique which employs differential detectors with more than one symbol delay elements and which does not introduce any redundancy as other coding schemes do. As typical for aeronautical satellite communications, a Rician fading channel with Gaussian power spectrum has been considered. Unlike the additive, uncorrelated from symbol to symbol interference such as additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) or static cochannel interference (CCI) which has been investigated in the past, analysis of the performance in a fading channel is much more difficult. The difficulty arises from the multiplicative and correlative nature of the fading interference. Bit error rate (BER) performance evaluation results have been obtained by means of computer simulation for various channel conditions, including different values of the K-factor and the fading B_DT. These results have indicated that considerable performance gains as compared with conventional differentially detected systems are achieved for high values of K and for very fast fading. Both of these conditions are encountered in typical aeronautical communication systems. Wherever possible, heuristic explanations of the trend of the obtained BER performance evaluation results are also given     

激光测控通信技术研究进展与趋势

激光测控通信技术作为航天测控通信领域的一项新技术,具有作用距离远、测量精度高、通信速率快、抗电磁干扰能力强等优势。介绍了美国、欧盟、日本和俄罗斯在激光测控通信技术领域的最新研究进展和计划,总结了典型激光测控通信系统的主要性能指标,分析了激光测控通信技术的发展趋势,并结合我国激光测控通信技术研究现状提出几点发展建议。     

双框架控制力矩陀螺群的建模与分析

 研究采用双框架控制力矩陀螺群在卫星高精度姿态控制中的建模问题。对于中心刚体带有多个双框架控制力矩陀螺,构造了该系统的拉格朗日函数。采用拟拉格朗日方程建立了卫星姿态动力学模型。在建模中,陀螺的内、外框架未进行无惯量的假设,使得双框架运动带来的动力学特性得到了准确的反映;设计了适宜的标记,使得方程形式简洁并且统一。该模型为高精度的数学仿真和分析提供了基础。基于系统的拉格朗日函数,应用拉格朗日方程,分别建立了沿内、外框架轴和转子轴的轴向动力学方程,为执行机构伺服系统的动力学特性分析和控制器设计提供模型的依据。     

基于概率统计的DS/FH系统干扰检测算法

基于时频分布的干扰检测算法是DS/FH（Direct Sequence/Frequency Hopping,直接序列扩频/跳频扩频）系统干扰检测的传统手段,针对其运算量大、实时性差,以及无法检测某些特殊干扰信号等问题,提出一种基于概率统计的干扰检测算法.通过统计DS/FH系统频谱图中各频率的幅值出现位置,以DS/FH信号与干扰信号频谱分布规律的差别为判决依据,完成DS/FH系统中干扰信号的检测.分析和仿真结果表明：该检测算法能够有效识别DS/FH系统中的典型干扰信号,与传统基于时频分布的检测算法相比,能够实现某些特殊干扰信号的有效检测;同时,由于该算法不需要进行复杂的时频联合分析,其运算复杂度大大降低,能够实现DS/FH系统干扰信号的快速检测.     

Physical modeling of electromagnetic interferences in the unmanned aerial vehicle in the case of high-voltage transmission line impact

A technique has been developed for studying the interference resistance of electronic systems for unmanned aerial vehicles based on physical modeling The paper proposes mathematical models, a scheme of a test stand and examples of parameter calculation for physical modeling of electromagnetic interferences in communication links of the unmanned aerial vehicle in the case of electromagnetic fields of high-voltage transmission lines interference. Examples demonstrating successful implementation of physical modeling for similar tasks ascertain the feasibility of this approach.     

An anti-image interference quadrature IF architecture for satellite receivers

Since Global Navigation Satellite System（GNSS） signals span a wide range of frequency, wireless signals coming from other communication systems may be aliased and appear as image interference. In quadrature intermediate frequency（IF） receivers, image aliasing due to in-phase and quadrature（I/Q） channel mismatches is always a big problem. I/Q mismatches occur because of gain and phase imbalances between quadrature mixers and capacitor mismatches in analog-to-digital converters（ADC）. As a result, the dynamic range and performance of a receiver are severely degraded. In this paper, several popular receiver architectures are summarized and the image aliasing problem is investigated in detail. Based on this analysis, a low-IF architecture is proposed for a single-chip solution and a novel and feasible anti-image algorithm is investigated. With this anti-image digital processing, the image reject ratio（IRR） can reach approximately above50 dB, which relaxes image rejection specific in front-end circuit designs and allows cheap and highly flexible analog front-end solutions. Simulation and experimental data show that the antiimage algorithm can work effectively, robustly, and steadily.