平板边界层中展向波包型扰动引起的转捩

过去在平板边界层转捩及湍流的研究中,主要考虑的扰动在展向是均匀分布的,这样有利于研究,但在实际问题中扰动形式是多样的,边界层可能是三维的,扰动在展向是不均匀的。对于以往研究的扰动来说,三维平板边界层中的展向非均匀扰动是比较复杂的扰动形式,更接近自然转捩,因此研究这种扰动引起的转捩和湍流具有重要的实际意义。基于此,针对平板边界层,控制方程为无量纲化的Navier-Stokes扰动方程,时间上采用三阶精度的差分格式,空间上展向采用伪谱方法,流向和法向采用高阶精度差分格式,应用数值模拟的方法研究了小幅值和有限幅值展向波包两种情况。通过数值模拟和线性稳定性理论分析小幅值波包的演化,得到了小幅值波包的演化符合线性稳定性理论(LST);分析了有限幅值的展向波包型扰动引起的转捩和湍流,描述了物理空间和谱空间中波包型扰动的演化特征;同时针对不同展向位置进行分析,结果表明不同展向位置的转捩位置不同,但转捩过程和特征是类似的。     

湍流度对边界层转捩测量的影响

通过实验研究了气流湍流度对边界层转捩各种测量方法的影响,指出:随机信号均方根值法是检测边界层转捩较有效的方法。在转捩过程中随机信号均方根值变化较大且稳定。此外还研究了气流湍流度和不同频率的声波扰动对转捩区速度脉动均方根值分布的影响,指出:存在最大脉动均方根值,其位置在0.2δ高度附近,且不受湍流度和声波扰动影响。     

风洞流场扰动和转捩区流场的相关性分析

本文通过实验研究了风洞实验区流场的扰动与边界层转捩区内的速度脉动及其强度、谱特性和两者之间的相关性,提出了实验区流场的扰动对转捩区流场起作用的条件和规律(即转捩对外界扰动响应的条件),这项工作是研究修正风洞背景流场噪声和湍流度对转捩雷诺数影响的基础。     

Breakdown过程长度及其前后边界层名义厚度的变化

采用数值模拟的方法,模拟了平板边界层的转捩过程及发展的湍流,在此基础上,研究了不同初始扰动对转捩持续时间和湍流边界层厚度影响的共性和差异.研究结果表明:在不同的波数情况下,计算得到不同的初始扰动引起的转捩的持续时间不同.在给定基本波数情况下,如果初始扰动在展向不是对称的,那么,它们引起的转捩后平均边界层厚度与转捩起始点处边界层厚度的比值δ_e/δ_b在相当长的时间内表现出相同的增长规律,这一增长规律与所加的初始扰动无关.然而,展向是非对称的表现出不同增长规律.      

高超声速流动中噪声与湍流度的关系

在不可压缩流动中，湍流度对流动失稳与转捩的影响机制有很多研究成果，已发展了一些依据其大小预测流动转捩的模型应用于工程设计。但在高速可压缩流动中，湍流度很难测量，给该速域的流动转捩预测建模带来困难。近年来的研究表明，高速流场（马赫数≥3）中的噪声是影响流动转捩提前与推迟，甚至决定转捩途径的关键因素。但流场噪声与湍流度对流场的激励机制有没有内在联系，或流场噪声与湍流度理论上是否存在相互关联，迄今仍缺少理论分析结果。由于可压缩流场中噪声的测量相对容易，因此探讨流场噪声与湍流度之间的定量关系具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。讨论了Euler系统中各类双曲波特性，重点分析了流场声波中脉动压力与脉动速度的本质联系，从理论上得到了声压级与声致湍流度的关系。同时，为了对影响湍流度的因素有更全面的认识，导出了非声扰动与非声致湍流度的关系。为建立高速流动转捩预测模型和探讨天地一致性问题，奠定了一定的研究基础。     

不可压平板边界层转捩机理

基于扰动形式N-S方程,从空间模式的角度,采用Fourier伪谱及MPI(massage passing interface)并行方法,模拟了不可压平板边界层从层流到湍流的转捩过程.通过对计算统计数据的分析,比较了不同幅值入口扰动引起的转捩过程的同异.研究结果表明:当层流中扰动幅值逐渐增大后,非线性作用将修正平均流剖面,表现为不稳定区域逐渐扩大,很多高次谐波被激发.当平均流剖面被修正到一定程度时,不稳定区域变得很大,这使得更多的高次谐波被快速激发并迅速增长,即转捩过程开始.由于大量谐波快速增长导致扰动能量快速增长,同时,扰动能量的快速增长又进一步加速了平均流剖面的快速修正,即平均流剖面的不稳定特性发生了改变,这样的相互作用使得层流快速变为湍流,因此,平均流剖面不稳定特性的改变在转捩过程中起到了关键作用.      

有压梯度边界层流中湍流斑形成的机制研究

人们虽然对层流向湍流转捩过程的研究已经付出了许多艰辛的努力,但仍然有一个重要的物理现象还没有弄清楚,即有压梯度边界层转捩过程中湍流斑形成的理论机制以及湍流斑的运动特征是什么?这些问题正有待于人们做进一步的深入探索.本文提出一种以壁面局部脉冲的初始小扰动场来模拟有压梯度边界层流中湍流斑形成的物理模型.采用直接数值模拟的方法研究有压梯度边界层流中湍流斑产生的理论机制和发展规律;数值结果显示,它们在好多方面与湍流斑的基本特征相符.     

高负荷低压涡轮时序效应数值模拟与试验验证

为了研究上下游叶片的相位对低压涡轮流动的影响机理，使用商用 CFX 软件进行数值模拟，并辅以试验校核。选取了 0°和180°2个流动相差较大的相位，分析边界层分离与转捩、边界层积分参数，对吸力面的载荷系数、壁面剪力、附面层形状因子及 动量厚度等进行对比，并从边界层的瞬态流动分析着手，在1个尾迹扫掠周期内对Klebanoff条纹、K-H涡等结构进行分析。结果 表明：不同相位的流动特性差异主要取决于势流的压力扰动与速度扰动的相位，这将决定尾迹诱导转捩与寂静区之间的主导关 系。当压力扰动与速度扰动同相时，寂静区处于逆压梯度逐渐增强的阶段，保持层流的能力被削弱；反之当二者异相时寂静区强 度较大，尾迹诱导转捩带来的湍流损失可以被寂静区平衡。通过瞬态分析可知，0°相位尾迹诱导全展向K-H涡的卷起，全展向涡 的破碎会带来较大的能量耗散，且其诱导的Klebanoff条纹强度较大，二者共同作用使得尾缘动量损失较大。     

高对流Mach数三维混合层转捩特性分析及小激波结构模拟

采用空间大涡模拟方法对超/超混合、超/亚混合两类三维可压缩平面混合层转捩及其全湍流流场进行了研究,认为混合层动量厚度饱和点可作为流场转捩完成的标志.计算所得到的线性扰动波激励下流场转捩拟序结构与随机扰动下自然失稳结构以及文献结果进行了比对,其结果是一致的,表明了引入线性扰动激励来研究流场转捩结构是合理的.同时,本文还在较高对流Mach数流动下得到了三维流场动态小激波结构,其分布具有非对称特性,且形状与实验及直接数值模拟结果相似.不同条件混合层转捩计算表明:高对流Mach数下混合层转捩以Λ涡结构的形成和发展为主导机制,受扰动及对流条件的影响Λ涡结构不尽相同,某些情况下流场出现二维与三维涡结构共存现象.充分发展湍流区域,流场脉动速度分量量级相同,湍流压缩效应随着对流Mach数提高而明显增强.     

基于湍流模型的转捩预测方法研究

阻力的精确计算,一直是低雷诺数飞行器设计的关键.而与附面层分离和转捩相关的摩擦阻力的精确计算则是此类飞行器阻力精确计算的关键.因此,开展了基于湍流模型的转捩预测方法的研究,应用几种湍流模型对平板边界层进行计算分析,研究各湍流模型预测流动转捩的能力.由于各模型对扰动的过于敏感,引起转捩提前发生,使预测与实验差距较大,由于k-ωSST两方程湍流模型预测能力优于其它模型,在此模型基础上引入了间隙函数进行粘性系数修正,对平板和NACA 0012翼型的转捩重新进行了预测,计算结果表明改进后的模型对转捩位置具有较好预测能力.     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.     

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nano-powder via Ion-exchange Hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 and Azeotropic Drying

Antimony-doped tin hydroxide colloid precipitates have been synthesized by hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 using: (1) an ion-exchange hydrolysis to remove chlorine ions, and (2) isoamyl acetate as an azeotropic solvent to obviate water. The obtained dried powder is of high dispersivity without any need for further grinding. The size and dispersivity of the final particles are investigated with the aid of TG-DTA, BET, XRD and TEM. After having calcined, the antimony-doped tin oxide nanopowder possesses a tetragonal rutile structure with high dispersivity, uniform particles and low hard agglomeration.     

Effects of Mo on the Microstructure and Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Ti-Mo Getters

The effects of Mo on the microstructure evolution, porosity and hydrogen sorption properties of Ti-Mo getters are investigated in this work. The results show that the addition of Mo prolongs the densification process of Ti-Mo getters and results in a significant amount of sintered pores. With the Mo content increasing, the porosity of getters firstly increases reaching the maximum value as it at- tains about 7.5wt.%, and then drops. At the room temperature, the hydrogen sorption property of getters increases progressively with the Mo content increasing, but the tendency is not very clear before its content lies below 2.5wt.%. When the Mo content achieves about 7.5wt.%, the hydrogen sorption property proves to be the best. The discussion is made about the above mentioned phenomena inclusive of hydrogen sorption properties of getters under different activation conditions (from 500-750 ℃).     

超声速燃烧数值模拟中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型

高精度数值模拟有助于理解超声速湍流燃烧中湍流与化学反应的相互作用,可为发动机燃烧室等工程应用设计提供可靠的预测模型。除直接数值模拟外,目前在湍流燃烧应用中使用的大涡模拟和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes模拟均需要借助模型模化发生在湍流小尺度上的流动与化学反应过程对湍流大尺度运动的影响。现有的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型大致可分为:火焰面类模型和概率密度函数类模型,2类模型在不同的应用中各自具有优势和局限性。此外,现有模型大都基于低马赫数燃烧,而超声速燃烧中通常会伴随快速混合、局部熄火和再着火以及激波等复杂过程,这为发展其中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型提出了更多的挑战。     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的单核共享树组播算法(英文)

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,本文提出了一套单核共享树组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)和加权核心群合并共享树(w-CCST)算法。CCST 算法包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法专为周期、规律运动的低轨卫星网络提出,不需要复杂的星上计算。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的带宽利用率和组播传输效率。w-CCST 算法中所提出的加权因子可以调整树代价和端到端传播时延之间的折衷程度,因此,可以通过调整加权因子来适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延以支持某些端到端时延要求苛刻的实时组播业务。最后,与低轨卫星 IP 网络中典型算法进行了性能比较,仿真结果说明,CCST 算法的平均树代价比其它算法显著降低,w-CCST 算法的平均端到端传播时延小于 CCST 算法。     

Jet Vectoring Control Using a Novel Synthetic Jet Actuator

A primary air jet vectoring control system with a novel synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is presented and simulated numerically. The results show that, in comparison with an existing traditional synthetic jet actuator, which is able to perform the duty of either “push” or “pull”, one novel synthetic jet actuator can fulfill both “push” and “pull” functions to vector the primary jet by shifting a slide block inside it. Therefore, because the new actuator possesses greater efficiency, it has potentiality to replace the existing one in various appli- cations, such as thrust vectoring and the reduction of thermal signature. Moreover, as the novel actuator can fulfill those functions that the existing one can not, it may well be expected to popularize it into more flow control systems.     

Nonlinear Adaptive Slewing Motion Control of Spacecraft Truss Driven by Synchronous V-gimbaled CMG Precession

The slewing motion control of a truss arm driven by a V-gimbaled control-moment-gyro (CMG) is a nonlinear control problem. The V-gimbaled CMG consists of a pair of gyros that must precess synchronously. The moment of inertia of the system, the angular momentum of the gyros and the external disturbances are not exactly known. With the help of feedback linearization and recursive Lyapunov design method, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed to deal with the unknown items. Performance of the proposed controller is verified by simulation.     

An SOR Implicit Time-accurate Scheme in Calculating Unsteady Flows

A new time-accurate marching scheme for unsteady flow calculations is proposed in the present work. This method is the combination of classical Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) iteration method and Jacobian matrix diagonally dominant splitting method of LUSGS. One advantage of this algorithm is the second-order accuracy because of no factorization error. Another advantage is the low computational cost because the Jacobian matrices and fluxes are only calculated once in each physical time step. And, the SOR algorithm has better convergence property than Gauss-Seidel. To investigate its accuracy and convergency, several unsteady flow computa- tional tests are carried out by using the proposed SOR algorithm. Roe’s FDS scheme is used to discritize the inviscid flux terms. Un- steady computational results of SOR are compared with the experiment results and those of Gauss-Seidel. Results reveal that the numerical results agree well with the experimental data and the second-order accuracy can be obtained as the Gauss-Seidel for unsteady flow computations. The impact of SOR factor is investigated for unsteady computations by using different SOR factors in this algorithm to simulate each computational test. Different numbers of inner iterations are needed to converge to the same criterion for different SOR factors and optimal choice of SOR factor can improve the computational efficiency greatly.