考虑耦合变形的无轴承旋翼气弹稳定性分析

无轴承旋翼存在强烈的非线性扭转-弯曲耦合变形。推导了桨叶的非线性应变-位移关系,应用Hamilton原理建立了多路传力的无轴承旋翼桨叶运动的有限元方程,气动力模型采用二维准定常片条理论,考虑了耦合变形对桨叶轴向弹性位移的影响,并构造了一个新的15自由度梁单元,分析了悬停状态下的无轴承旋翼气弹稳定性。数值结果表明：考虑耦合变形对轴向弹性位移的影响可以提高悬停状态下的无轴承旋翼气弹稳定性分析的精度。     

弹性耦合对复合材料旋翼前飞气弹响应及载荷的影响

 给出一套计算复合材料旋翼前飞气弹响应和桨榖载荷的方法,所用结构模型考虑横向剪切变形、剖面面外翘曲变形和复合材料弹性耦合的影响。气动模型采用准定常升力线理论和Drees线性入流模型,翼型升力、阻力系数来自风洞试验。构造出21自由度梁单元,应用Hamilton 原理推导出桨叶运动的有限元方程。在此基础上,研究弯曲-扭转和拉伸-扭转耦合对复合材料旋翼前飞气弹响应和桨榖振动载荷的影响。结果表明：弹性耦合对扭转方向的影响很大,对挥舞和摆振两个方向的影响很小;各种弹性耦合对桨榖振动载荷有着不同程度的影响,负的摆振弯曲 扭转耦合和正的拉伸 扭转耦合使桨榖垂直方向的振动载荷降低5%左右。     

悬停状态下旋翼桨叶气动弹性稳定性分析及试验

研究直升机旋翼桨叶在悬停状态下挥舞-摆振-扭转全耦合运动的气弹稳定性。应用哈密顿原理推导桨叶运动的非线性偏微分方程, 推导气动载荷时采用了准定常气动理论, 并应用Galerkin有限元素法离散空间变量, 利用特征值分析来研究系统的稳定性。以海豚直升机为工程实例, 分析计算了其桨叶的气弹稳定性, 还进行了旋翼模型气弹稳定性试验研究, 确定旋翼结构参数对气弹稳定性的影响, 并同计算结果进行了比较, 得到了一些有意义的结论。      

直升机旋翼桨叶截面刚度的有限元计算

本文利用线性二维截面分析模型,在方程的建立和推导中综合考虑了直升机旋翼桨叶梁的变形特点,和梁截面的面内和面外翘曲对梁截面刚度的影响。在此基础上编制了具有多个不同节点单元可用于计算各向异性材料的旋翼桨叶截面刚度的有限元软件,用复合材料盒形梁作为算例并与ＮＡＢＳＡ的结果比较表明该方法及编制的软件正确可靠。     

含胶层复合材料梁构件性能分析

复合材料剪切模量通常比弹性模量低1个数量级,这就导致复合材料梁结构剪切效应比普通梁结构显著得多,尤其是梁截面高度较大的情况。作为夹胶玻璃等结构的复合材料支撑框架,复合材料方管梁翼缘通常存在较弱的胶层,此时复合材料梁横截面包含不同剪切模量的材料层,这就导致梁横截面在剪切作用下发生复杂的翘曲。剪切翘曲效应对梁结构的性能有着极大的影响,本文在分段线性位移场假设基础上,推导了对称面内变形的方管梁结构静力以及自振周期计算模型,并同经典梁理论计算结果进行对比,分析了梁几何参数、胶层力学参数等因素对两个模型计算误差的影响。计算结果表明,当胶层较弱时,弱层带来的层间剪切效应对梁的性能有着决定性的影响,此时经典梁理论不再适用。     

非线性叶间黏弹减摆器对直升机空中共振的影响分析

 建立带非线性叶间黏弹减摆器的直升机旋翼/机体耦合动稳定性分析模型。与全机飞行力学平衡计算相结合,旋翼/机体耦合动稳定性分析模型考虑前飞状态桨叶变距操纵、机体姿态角和桨毂纵向安装角。针对具有非线性特性的叶间黏弹减摆器,采用基于复模量的非线性VKS改进模型、Simulink时域仿真和多桨叶坐标变换等效阻尼识别法分析直升机悬停、前飞状态下旋翼/机体耦合动稳定性及减摆器双频动幅值,并就减摆器布局、全机总重以及前飞速度对桨叶摆振后退型模态阻尼的影响进行分析。结果表明：由悬停到前飞直升机动稳定性一般均下降,一定速度后又上升;加上减摆器能消除前飞不稳定区;叶间黏弹减摆器抬头连接能提高模态阻尼。     

无人直升机旋翼桨叶设计及动力学特性分析

复合材料在桨叶上广泛应用的同时使桨叶的受力、刚度特性比传统的桨叶更为复杂。为了降低桨叶工作时动应力和旋翼的振动水平,有必要对旋翼桨叶进行动力学特性分析。对旋翼总体参数及桨叶气动参数进行设计,采用CFD 方法对旋翼悬停状态进行气动特性分析,将桨叶三维非线性弹性模型分解为二维线性剖面模型和一维非线性梁模型进行动力学特性分析。结果表明：该旋翼能够成功拉起230 kg 级无人直升机,悬停效率大于0.65,工作转速下桨叶的固有频率与8 阶以下的气动激振力频率保持一定的范围,避开了转速共振区,满足桨叶动力学设计要求。     

舰船纵横摇运动对旋翼瞬态气弹响应影响分析

为了研究舰船运动对舰载直升机旋翼瞬态气弹响应的影响,采用中等变形梁模型处理桨叶弹性变形,有限转角处理桨叶绕桨轴和铰的转动及舰船的横摇和纵摇运动,采用Hamilton原理建立了带有舰船运动的舰面旋翼瞬态气弹响应计算模型。通过与国外的试验值和计算值对比验证了本文计算方法的正确性,得到以下结论:(1)舰船的横摇运动对桨尖负向最大位移影响较小;(2)舰船的纵摇运动影响则较显著,随纵摇周期的减小和桨毂离舰船质心纵向距离的增加,桨尖最大负向位移增加显著,纵摇相位影响较为明显;(3)舰船与旋翼的气动和惯性耦合对旋翼瞬态气弹响应的非线性影响非常明显,计算中需计入两者共同的影响。     

无铰变截面盒型梁桨叶气弹动力学多目标优化

基于有限元法建立了无铰旋翼变截面盒型梁桨叶的挥舞/摆振气弹稳定性优化分析模型,提出了多目标、多约束条件下的灵敏度分析方法,采用遗传优化算法（Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm - NSGA-II）,实现了盒型梁桨叶气弹稳定性条件下多约束、多目标优化。最后完成了实例模型旋翼桨叶的优化与对比验证,结果表明,在气弹稳定性、自转惯量和振动固有频率等多约束条件下,实现自转惯量提高到原来的1.147倍,桨叶重量减少5.74%～8.6%,应力减少29.6%～30.1%的多目标优化,优化性能良好。     

悬停状态下无铰旋翼模型气弹稳定性试验

通过悬停状态下2m直径旋翼模型试验, 研究了旋翼结构参数及动力学参数对无铰旋翼桨叶气弹稳定性的影响, 参数包括桨叶总距角、预锥角、预掠角、摆振频率和旋翼转速。桨叶为挥-摆-扭耦合结构, 并能构成面内柔软和面内刚硬旋翼。试验采用在垂直方向以摆振后退型频率进行周期变距激振的新方法, 得到了与理论相一致的结论。      

The Effect of Composite Flexures on Aeroelastic Stability of a Hingeless Rotor Blade

The effects of ply orientation angle of composite flexures on stability of hingeless rotor blade system are studied.The composite hingeless rotor blade system is simplified as a hub,a flap flexure and a lag flexure.pitch bearing and main blade.The kinematics formulations are inferred by employing the moderate deflection beam theory.The shear deformation and warping related to torsion are considered.The quasi-steady strip theory with dynamic inflow effects is applied to obtain the aerodynamic loads acting on the blade.Based on these.the set of finite element formulations of a hingeless rotor blade system is worked out.The numerical results show that the ply angle of the composite flexures has great effects on the aeroelastic stability of rotor blade.     

基于自由尾迹方法的复合材料无铰式旋翼气弹稳定性分析

基于有限元理论及自由尾迹方法,建立了一套适用于各向异性复合材料无铰式旋翼的气弹稳定性分析方法.为了模拟复合材料旋翼气弹特性,截面特性参数采用二维线性有限元方法分析得到,展向一维梁则采用考虑剪切变形的23自由度非线性梁单元模拟,并将自由尾迹分析模型用于计算旋翼非均匀诱导速度场,基于升力线模型构建了一个高效且较为精细的气动分析模块.在此基础上开展了无铰式旋翼气弹稳定性分析,算例计算及验证表明建立的模型能有效地用于复合材料旋翼非定常气动载荷预估及进行气弹稳定性分析.最后细致分析并获得了复合材料铺层角对无铰式旋翼气弹稳定性参数的影响规律,结果表明:算例在小拉力系数(0.0025)下,截面竖直铺层角在10°到25°会发生气弹稳定性问题,这在真实型号设计中应当注意避免.      

Geometrically exact nonlinear analysis of pre-twisted composite rotor blades

Modeling of pre-twisted composite rotor blades is very complicated not only because of the geometric non-linearity, but also because of the cross-sectional warping and the transverse shear deformation caused by the anisotropic material properties. In this paper, the geometrically exact nonlinear modeling of a generalized Timoshenko beam with arbitrary cross-sectional shape, generally anisotropic material behavior and large deflections has been presented based on Hodges’ method. The concept of decomposition of rotation tensor was used to express the strain in the beam. The variational asymptotic method was used to determine the arbitrary warping of the beam cross section. The generalized Timoshenko strain energy was derived from the equilibrium equations and the second-order asymptotically correct strain energy. The geometrically exact nonlinear equations of motion were established by Hamilton’s principle. The established modeling was used for the static and dynamic analysis of pre-twisted composite rotor blades, and the analytical results were validated based on experimental data. The influences of the transverse shear deformation on the pre-twisted composite rotor blade were investigated. The results indicate that the influences of the transverse shear deformation on the static deformation and the natural frequencies of the pre-twisted composite rotor blade are related to the length to chord ratio of the blade.     

Aeroelastic analysis and structural parametric design of composite rotor blade

Based on FEM theory, a method of dynamic analysis for hingeless rotors considering anisotropic composite materials is established. A parametric modeling method of composite blade with typical profile and high simulation degree for design is proposed. Through the finite element method, the profile characteristics of rotor blade can be obtained efficiently and accurately, and the synchronization of parametric design and finite element analysis of structural characteristics can be realized. Then a 23-degrees of freedom non-linear beam element is used to simulate the extended one-dimensional beam, thereby a non-linear differential equation describing the elastic motion of the rotor is established. To obtain the cross-sectional target characteristics of the blades, an inverse design method is proposed for cross-section components based on combinatorial optimization algorithm. The calculation and validation work show that the proposed model can effectively analyze the aeroelastic characteristics of general composite rotors. Further, the influence of cross-sectional parameters on the aeroelastic stability and hub loads of hingeless rotor is analyzed and some remarkable conclusions are obtained.     

带气弹稳定性约束的复合材料浆叶减振优化设计

研究以降低直升机旋翼激振力为目标的复合材料桨叶结构动力学减振优化设计 ,分析了桨叶结构特性及桨尖后掠角等参数对N次 /转旋翼桨毂振动载荷的影响。在建立的桨叶二维结构特性有限元分析方程中 ,计入了桨叶剖面翘曲变形的影响 ,并利用哈密尔顿原理推导了旋翼桨叶的一维非线性运动微分方程。以桨毂交变载荷为目标函数 ,直接以复合材料桨叶典型剖面构造节点数据、铺层设计参数和桨尖后掠角等为设计变量 ,引入桨叶挥舞惯量、固有频率和气弹稳定性约束 ,进行旋翼的动力学优化设计 ,并结合 3片桨叶旋翼的设计进行了算例分析 ,优化结果使 3次/转的桨毂载荷降低了 2 4 .9%～ 33%。     

带受控振荡附翼的新概念旋翼气动弹性分析

通过建立带受控振荡附翼的新概念旋翼气动弹性分析模型,研究了采用受控振荡附翼的直升机旋翼气动弹性特性及其在降低旋翼振动载荷方面的有效性。气动模型采用了计及振荡附翼非定常影响的二元叶素模型。探讨了改变旋翼桨叶及振荡附翼的结构参数对新概念旋翼减振效果的影响。数值结果表明振荡附翼的引入能有效地降低旋翼桨毂的振动载荷。为振荡附翼的振动自适应控制律设计提供了有效的旋翼气动弹性分析方法。     

Aeroelastic analysis of a shipboard helicopter rotor with ship motions during engagement and disengagement operations

An aeroelastic simulation of a shipboard helicopter rotor with ship motions during engagement and disengagement operations is investigated to explore the coupled dynamic behavior between the rotor and the ship. A finite element analysis based on a moderate deflection beam model is employed to capture the flap, lag and torsion deflections of the rotor blade. The ship is treated as a six-degree-of-freedom rigid body. By using the Hamilton?s principle, system equations of motion are derived based on the generalized force formulation. The responses agree well with the test data of the rotor blade droop stop impact and the transient aeroelastic response of the shipboard teetering model rotor. Parametric investigations illustrate that the ship pitch motion has significant influence on the maximum negative displacement of the blade tip. Additional over 25% increase of the tip deflection can be introduced by the ship pitch motion. The aerodynamic and inertial couplings between the ship motion and the rotor have significantly nonlinear influence on the transient aeroelastic response. Both terms should be taken into account in the coupled helicopter–ship dynamics model.