平流层飞艇控制与推进技术

飞艇作为平流层平台可以实现无线通信、空间观测、大气测量以及军事侦察等目的。本文主要结合平流层的环境特点对平流层飞艇动力推进系统的组成和概念进行初步分析,并对飞艇在升空、浮空、回收过程中的飞行控制策略进行探讨,同时简要分析了控制系统的组成、控制难点和飞艇应急控制问题。     

低空环境中浮空器的热数值模拟与实验研究

浮空器在通信等领域有着广阔的应用前景。温度控制是浮空器应用中涉及的关键技术之一,因此有必要对浮空器进行热分析和实验研究。本文针对低空环境与平流层的不同,考虑太阳直接辐射、天空散射辐射、地表反射的太阳辐射、大气辐射、地表辐射以及外部对流换热等因素,建立了浮空器在地面的热分析理论模型,利用CFD软件对浮空器进行了热数值模拟,并初步进行了实验研究。通过数值模拟结果与实验数据的对比,证明了理论模型具有一定的合理性。本文也为研究浮空器升空过程提供了数学物理模型。
     

Rapid model-based inter-disciplinary design of a CubeSat mission

With an increase in the use of small, modular, resource-limited satellites for Earth orbiting applications, the benefit to be had from a model-based architecture that rapidly searches the mission trade-space and identifies near-optimal designs is greater than ever. This work presents an architecture that identifies trends between conflicting objectives (e.g. lifecycle cost and performance) and decision variables (e.g. orbit altitude and inclination) such that informed assessment can be made as to which design/s to take on for further analysis. The models within the architecture exploit analytic methods where possible, in order avoid computationally expensive numerical propagation, and achieve rapid convergence. Two mission cases are studied; the first is an Earth observation satellite and presents a trade-off between ground sample distance and revisit time over a ground target, given altitude as the decision variable. The second is a satellite with a generic scientific payload and shows a more involved trade-off, between data return to a ground station and cost of the mission, given variations in the orbit altitude, inclination and ground station latitude. Results of each case are presented graphically and it is clear that non-intuitive results are captured that would typically be missed using traditional, point-design methods, where only discrete scenarios are examined.     

飞艇的信息战应用研究

飞艇广泛应用于预警、侦察、通讯、干扰等信息对抗领域,具有传统航空器无法取代的优势.分析了飞艇的信息化作战应用和国外的技术现状,并在此基础上,讨论了飞艇信息战应用的发展趋势和所涉及的一系列关键技术.     

Suborbital and low-thermospheric experiments using sounding rockets in Taiwan

The suborbital flight is a kind of flight, which reaches the space and then comes back to ground without completing one orbital revolution. The atmospheric thermosphere extends from 85 km to 600 km in altitude. Therefore, the suborbital and low-thermospheric experiments to be performed at altitude below 300 km can be combined using the sounding rocket. These experiments include rocket staging, fairing separation, ultrasonic flight, reentry, aerobrake and recovery test, ultraviolet and ionization observations, ozone measurement, etc. The advent of Taiwan's sub-orbital and thermospheric experiments project can be traced back to 1997. This is the year Taiwan's National Space Organization (NSPO) was assigned to be responsible for procuring the sounding rocket for applications in science experiments and space technology research effort. From 1997 to 2010, 8 launches have been completed including one experimental hybrid rocket. All onboard instruments and sensors for sub-orbital and low-thermospheric experiments are developed and integrated by the domestic universities. More launches have been planned in the future. Opportunities for international cooperation in developing new instruments and payloads for future experiments will be possible.     

高空飞艇螺旋桨驱动电机分析

高空飞艇的一些概念设计中采用电动机驱动螺旋桨的电推进系统,对该系统中电 动机的关键技术进行分析,为高空飞艇螺旋桨驱动电机的研制提供参考。针对高空飞艇的电 源和不同电动机的特点,分析了螺旋桨驱动电机应首选稀土永磁无刷直流电动机。根据高空 飞艇对螺旋桨的推力要求,分析了满足螺旋桨驱动需求的驱动电机的额定参数确定。结合高 空环境的特点,从材料选择、轴承润滑和电机温升等方面对驱动电动机的高空适应性设计进 行了探讨。稀土永磁无刷直流电动机驱动螺旋桨的地面试验表明所设计的电动机样机具有高 效率,能够满足螺旋桨驱动需求。
     

超高空系缆气球的空气动力特性试验研究

介绍自然形状和流线形状两种高空系缆气球的空气动力特性。着重探讨攻角和雷诺数对升力、阻力和俯爷力矩的影响。指出：合理、良好的气动外形（具备可靠的稳定性和最小阻力），对提高抗风能力、增加留空时间都有重要意义。     

机动再入飞行器的复合制导方案研究

对机动再入飞行器弧段的复合制导方案进行了研究，首先提出了通过高低空复合制导控制再入飞行器的终端速度和弹道倾角的思路；然后分别给出了高空最优制导律和大气厚再入最优制导律；最后对此复合制导方案进行了数字仿真。仿真结果表明此方案在理论上是可行的。     

平流层飞艇热仿真初步探讨

结合平流层的环境条件和平流层飞艇的特点,文章详细分析了影响飞艇热平衡的基本热源和换热途径,建立了平流层飞艇的传热数学模型,给出了飞艇内表面冷热部分相互之间的辐射换热模型,在此基础上,对于某概念飞艇进行了仿真分析,得出了蒙皮热点、蒙皮冷点以及艇内气体的温度,为进一步开展平流层飞艇的热分析奠定基础。     

Economic benefits of the OTV program

A new upper stage for the Shuttle called Orbiter Transfer Vehicle (OTV) is planned by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for a broad range of missions including transfer of very large spacecraft, unmanned and manned servicing at Geosynchronous orbit (GEO). Leading OTV configurations use 13 to 34 tonnes of cryogenic propellants in vehicles based on the existing Centaur or new designs. These OTVs can deliver to Geosynchronous orbit more than double the payload possible with the solid propellant Intertial Upper Stage (IUS), which is currently being developed. This high performance reduces the number of shuttle launches required to deliver a given total mass of payloads. After delivery of current size spacecraft, OTV could be returned to the Orbiter for reuse, saving the cost of building a new stage. OTV performance and flexibility will create the opportunity for the next generation of spacecraft such as Geostationary Platform. In these three ways, the high-performance OTV will provide economic benefits to Space Transportation Systems.     

平流层飞艇热仿真初步探讨

结合平流层的环境条件和平流层飞艇的特点，文章详细分析了影响飞艇热平衡的基本热源和换热途径，建立了平流层飞艇的传热数学模型，给出了飞艇内表面冷热部分相互之间的辐射换热模型，在此基础上，对于某概念飞艇进行了仿真分析，得出了蒙皮热点、蒙皮冷点以及艇内气体的温度，为进一步开展平流层飞艇的热分析奠定基础。     

基于数据的火箭总体设计方法研究及软件实现

为了提升火箭总体设计能力,通过集成化的设计工具实现设计方法的统一和规范,解决总体设计流程通过文档传递速度慢、缺乏统一接口和设计工具、设计效率低的痛点问题,提出基于数据驱动的运载火箭总体协同设计方法,并开发软件实现应用。遵循基于模型的系统工程（Model Based System Engineering,MBSE）理念,通过制定专业间接口数据规范,构建总体多专业协同设计数据物料清单(Bill of Materials, BOM),形成统一数据接口,围绕统一数据BOM模型开展协同设计工作,成功应用于总体协同设计工作中的多个场景,实现设计过程数据同源、状态变化同知。基于数据的总体协同设计方法,设计效率显著提升,设计精度与传统设计方法整体相当,局部更优。     

Innovations in mission architectures for exploration beyond low Earth orbit

Through the application of advanced technologies and mission concepts, architectures for missions beyond Earth orbit have been dramatically simplified. These concepts enable a stepping stone approach to science driven; technology enabled human and robotic exploration. Numbers and masses of vehicles required are greatly reduced, yet the pursuit of a broader range of science objectives is enabled. The scope of human missions considered range from the assembly and maintenance of large aperture telescopes for emplacement at the Sun-Earth libration point L2, to human missions to asteroids, the moon and Mars. The vehicle designs are developed for proof of concept, to validate mission approaches and understand the value of new technologies. The stepping stone approach employs an incremental buildup of capabilities, which allows for future decision points on exploration objectives. It enables testing of technologies to achieve greater reliability and understanding of costs for the next steps in exploration.     

Theoretical solution for the lift force of “ecranoplan” moving near rigid surface

This paper develops a theoretical solution for the problem of determining thin wing's lift force while moving near flat surface (a screen). The solution is determined under the assumption of fluid being ideal and incompressible. The Chaplygin–Zhukovsky hypothesis of rear-edge-limited solution is taken into consideration. The solution of a problem is reduced to the Fredholm equation that is solved numerically. The generalization of the Zhukovski solution was obtained, which provides the lift force dependence on the altitude of the flight. The behavior of the lift force is very peculiar: it increases on decreasing altitude above the rigid surface. The screen effect becomes essential on moving wing altitude being smaller than the wing's length. The effect was detected experimentally before and gave birth to construction of a special flying vehicle named “ecranoplan”. It is shown in the paper that the lift force could increase several orders of magnitude. This effect could be used in developing flying vehicles of high loading capacity, which could be used in the territories of smooth surface: savannas, steppes, deserts, lakes, swamps, etc. The effect could be used for developing vehicles for operation on other planets having not very dense atmosphere and relatively smooth surface (like Mars). Flights in such an atmosphere are energy consuming, while using the effect of lift force increase near the surface could be very effective.     

The future of earth observations in Central and Eastern Europe

The Central and Eastern Europe are characterized by a high theoretical and scientific level in space research and technology, including remote sensing, but inexperience in practical applications. The emerging private sector lacks management experience and needs appropriate training. Other constraints are inadequate administrative structures, a lack of coordination, and an outdated technology in general. In his report on the results of a study carried out for the European Commission, consultant and emeritus professor of the International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences, Caesar Voûte, outlines the new forms of European and regional cooperation being promoted. Agriculture, yield prediction and agricultural statistics, land use studies, environmental monitoring and environmental management are identified as future high priority operational applications of remote sensing and geographical information systems (GIS). Hazard management and marine observations also need to be developed.     

Development of an advanced rocket propellant handler's suit.

Most launch vehicles and satellites in the US inventory rely upon the use of hypergolic rocket propellants, many of which are toxic to humans. These fuels and oxidizers, such as hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide have threshold limit values as low as 0.01 PPM. It is essential to provide space workers handling these agents whole body protection as they are universally hazardous not only to the respiratory system, but the skin as well. This paper describes a new method for powering a whole body protective garment to assure the safety of ground servicing crews. A new technology has been developed through the small business innovative research program at the Kennedy Space Center. Currently, liquid air is used in the environmental control unit (ECU) that powers the propellant handlers suit (PHE). However, liquid air exhibits problems with attitude dependence, oxygen enrichment, and difficulty with reliable quantity measurement. The new technology employs the storage of the supply air as a supercritical gas. This method of air storage overcomes all of three problems above while maintaining high density storage at relatively low vessel pressures (<7000 kPa or approximately 1000 psi). A one hour prototype ECU was developed and tested to prove the feasibility of this concept. This was upgraded by the design of a larger supercritical dewar capable of holding 7 Kg of air, a supply which provides a 2 hour duration to the PHE. A third version is being developed to test the feasibility of replacing existing air cooling methodology with a liquid cooled garment for relief of heat stress in this warm Florida environment. Testing of the first one hour prototype yielded data comparable to the liquid air powered predecessor, but enjoyed advantages of attitude independence and oxygen level stability. Thermal data revealed heat stress relief at least as good as liquid air supplied units. The application of supercritical air technology to this whole body protective ensemble marked an advancement in the state-of-the-art in personal protective equipment. Not only was long duration environmental control provided, but it was done without a high pressure vessel. The unit met human performance needs for attitude independence, oxygen stability and relief of heat stress. This supercritical air (and oxygen) technology is suggested for microgravity applications in life support such as the Extravehicular Mobility Unit.     

平流层飞艇蒙皮材料的研究

文章介绍了飞艇蒙皮材料的组成与选择,并对当前平流层飞艇研制中有关材料方面的某些问题,如飞艇主结构层材料的组成与特性、飞艇内外气囊材料的膜材、纤维的配置织法、主结构纤维的涂层前工艺、飞艇气囊膜片的连接等方面进行了分析与介绍。以供在研制平流层飞艇的膜材时作参考。     

考虑高空粘性干扰效应的乘波体气动性能工程预测方法研究

粘性干扰效应是飞行器在高空、高马赫数飞行状态下所面临的诸多重要物理效应之一,对飞行器在这一区段飞行时的气动性能有着极其重要的影响.本文基于粘性干扰理论,结合参考温度方法提出了一种能够考虑粘性干扰效应的高超声速乘波体气动性能的工程预测方法,克服了传统工程预测方法不能计及粘性干扰效应的不足.文中对该方法的合理性进行了理论分析,并在飞行高度30～70km,飞行马赫数15～20范围内,通过本文提出的方法与传统工程方法以及计算流体力学(CFD)方法计算结果的比较,验证了本文所提出的方法的有效性.     

美国载人航天商业运输的发展

研究了美国载人航天商业运输的发展现状和趋势。美国在取消星座计划之后,实施商业乘员和货物项目,将依靠商业运输器实现＂国际空间站＂的乘员和货物运输,以缩短＂后航天飞机＂时代（航天飞机退役后）运输的断档期。美国商业乘员和货物项目包括商业轨道运输服务（COTS）计划、商业再补给服务（CRS）计划和商业乘员开发（CCDev）计划...     

Structure of the Venusian atmosphere from surface up to 100 km

The goal of this paper is to summarize the experimental data on the atmosphere of Venus obtained after 1985, when the VIRA (Venus International Reference Atmosphere) or COSPAR model was published. Among the most important results that have appeared since then are the following: measurements of the vertical temperature profile by the VEGA spacecraft with high precision and high altitude resolution; measurements made with balloons of the VEGA spacecraft; radio occultation measurements of Magellan, Venera-15, and Venera-16; and temperature profiles derived from the data of infrared spectrometry obtained by Venera-15. The new result as compared to VIRA is the creation of a model of the atmosphere in the altitude range 55 to 100 km dependent on local time. This model is presented in our paper in tabulated form.