MERLIN: Mars-Moon Exploration,Reconnaissance and Landed Investigation

Mars' moons Phobos and Deimos are low-albedo, D-type bodies that may preserve samples of outer solar system material that contributed organics and volatiles to the accreting terrestrial planets. A Discovery-class mission concept described in this paper, the Mars-Moon Exploration, Reconnaissance and Landed Investigation (MERLIN), will obtain in situ measurements from Deimos to test models for the moon's origin. The measurement objectives of MERLIN are to determine Deimos' elemental and mineralogical composition, to investigate its volatile and organic content, and to characterize processes that have modified its surface. To achieve these objectives, a landed payload will provide stereo imaging and measurements of elemental and mineralogical composition and interior structure. An orbital payload will acquire global high-resolution and color imaging, putting the landing site in context by characterizing Deimos' geology. Following MOI the spacecraft flies in formation with Deimos, and uses small changes in its orbit around Mars to investigate Deimos from a range of altitudes and illuminations over 4 months. Data taken during 1- to 2-km altitude flyovers will certify a landing site. The spacecraft will be delivered to a point several kilometers above Deimos, and will navigate to landing on a fresh exposure of regolith using onboard imaging. 90 days of baseline landed operations will provide a complete set of measurements, with schedule reserve, and there is sufficient propellant to repeat the measurements at a second site.     

主动式活塞凝胶流量标准装置的建立

凝胶推进剂是一种非牛顿粘弹性流体,具有粘度高、压力触变性等特点,在发动机实际试车中采用了科氏力质量流量计对凝胶推进剂在实际管路中的流量进行测量。西安航天计量测试研究所结合凝胶推进剂本身的压力触变特性,对凝胶流量计的校准进行了深入地研究。基于主动式活塞液体流量标准装置的结构,通过增设加压/泄压装置,加装在线密度计,设计了一套针对火箭发动机凝胶流量计的标准装置。该装置可以充分模拟凝胶流量计的实际使用工况,实现凝胶流量计的实流模拟校准,进而提高了瞬态流量的测量准确度。本套凝胶流量标准装置具有流量稳定、重复性好及测量范围大等特点,其质量流量测量范围为19.44~3 611 g/s,完全满足我国航天发动机在实际热试车和高空模拟试车中对凝胶推进剂质量流量测量的要求。     

含能热塑性聚氨酯推进剂的能量计算与分析

采用最小自由能法,在标准条件(pc/p0=70∶1)下,比较了用不同软硬段结构的含能热塑性聚氨酯弹性体(ET-PU)作粘合剂的复合推进剂的能量特性,从要获得较高能量水平的观点,排列出了几种ETPU选择的先后次序;计算了含ETPU的各类推进剂的能量特性参数,探讨了ETPU对硝酸酯增塑的复合推进剂和硝胺改性双基推进剂的能量特性的影响规律。结果表明,选用不同ETPU的复合推进剂配方相互间在能量特性上存在着差别,但这种差别并不十分显著,以GAP为软段、TDI为硬段的ETPU,更有利于配方获得较高的能量水平;硝酸酯增塑的ETPU推进剂的理论能量水平高于丁羟推进剂,随增塑比逐渐增大,推进剂的最大理论比冲随之增大,固含量逐步降低;少量ETPU的加入,对硝胺改性双基推进剂的能量特性影响不大,增加Al和RDX含量,更有利于提高含ETPU的硝胺改性双基推进剂的能量水平。     

采用高低燃温组合装药降低喷管内表面温度和烧蚀研究

根据不同推进剂及目前热防护材料的性能特点,采用了一种组合药柱的新方法,用来降低喷管内表面的温度和烧蚀率。该方法的主要设计思路是将药柱形式分为前后两段,靠近发动机头部段使用高能推进剂,靠近喷管段使用低燃温推进剂。低燃温推进剂占总推进剂质量百分比的很少一部分。使用这样的组合药柱形式,低燃温推进剂燃烧产生的气体会在喷管内表面形成一层低温帘幕,从而降低喷管内表面的温度和烧蚀率,使高能推进剂在固体火箭发动机设计上得到应用,并有助于提高发动机的质量比。     

一种基于推进剂消耗优化的卫星小推力器布局设计

针对小推力器安装角度对卫星南北位置保持、东西位置保持和姿态控制效率的影响,从而决定推进剂需求量,提出一种推进剂消耗过程耦合建模与求解方法,并建立了小推力器安装角度优化模型。该方法采用定点迭代对转移轨道阶段推进剂消耗量和静止轨道阶段推进剂消耗量与贮箱尺寸之间耦合过程进行解耦,并建立了不同阶段推进剂消耗量估算模型。以卫星寿命期推进剂需求量最少为优化目标,建立了小推力器布局优化模型。通过实际的小推力器布局设计实例,分别采用遗传算法和序列径向基函数代理模型（SRBF）优化策略进行优化。优化结果表明相比于基于经验设计,SRBF可以有效地降低推进剂需求量,而且对比遗传算法,优化效率得到了显著提高。     

光敏推进剂激光烧蚀过程建模与仿真

相较于传统大卫星,微小卫星具有结构紧凑、质量轻便和成本低廉的特点。然而,受功率和质量负载的限制,微小卫星一般不装备推进系统,其航线也局限于近地轨道。为扩展微小卫星的功能,满足日益复杂的任务需求,需给其配备合适的微推进系统。固体推进系统具有结构简单、寿命长、可靠性高的优点,但无法重复启动。为得到可重复启动的固体微推进系统,设计了一种非自持燃烧的光敏推进剂,采用激光控制其燃烧。在背压为大气压的环境下,利用高速摄像机拍摄燃烧过程并记录燃速。之后,对光敏推进剂的激光烧蚀过程进行建模。分析结果表明:激光可控制光敏推进剂的燃烧,燃速与激光强度成线性关系;该光敏推进剂的最小激光点火强度为0.28 W/mm~2;燃速计算值与实测值的误差在10%以内,证明该数学模型具备工程应用价值。     

复合固体推进剂静电危险性数值模拟

建立了一维非稳态传热、传质、裂纹扩展方程,对复合固体推进剂在静电激励下的危险性反应过程进行了数值模拟研究。计算了使一种HTPB推进剂发生危险的临界放电能量为0.74 J,与文献报道值0.76 J接近,说明本数值计算模型比较准确。在模型验证的基础上,考察了某推进剂的特征参数,如断裂韧性、裂纹扩展速度、固相分解热、燃速及静电放电时间对该推进剂发生危险时的临界放电能量和功率的影响规律。研究表明,放电时间、断裂韧性、裂纹扩展速度、燃速对推进剂发生危险变化的临界能量影响较大,断裂韧性越大、裂纹扩展速度越低、燃速越高的推进剂越容易在静电激励下发生危险。     

微铝含量推进剂配方与刮涂成型装药工艺

为满足瞬间变换内弹道和燃烧产物而能量不变的特殊发动机装药要求，设计了微铝含量复合推进剂配方。经地面热试车考核，发动机性能满足设计要求，为今后高装填密度，高质量比的发动机装药开拓出一条新途径。     

A space exploration strategy that promotes international and commercial participation

NASA has created a plan to implement the Flexible Path strategy, which utilizes a heavy lift launch vehicle to deliver crew and cargo to orbit. In this plan, NASA would develop much of the transportation architecture (launch vehicle, crew capsule, and in-space propulsion), leaving the other in-space elements open to commercial and international partnerships. This paper presents a space exploration strategy that reverses that philosophy, where commercial and international launch vehicles provide launch services. Utilizing a propellant depot to aggregate propellant on orbit, smaller launch vehicles are capable of delivering all of the mass necessary for space exploration. This strategy has benefits to the architecture in terms of cost, schedule, and reliability.     

低温推进剂重定位推力幅值及时序优化

为了减少重定位时间及推进剂消耗量,提升低温末级的机动性及运载能力,采用流体体积函数(VOF)方法开展重定位推力幅值及时序优化研究,分析重定位过程推进剂质心高度、平均动能、卷气率以及平均气泡直径的变化规律,以获得不同推力幅值及推力时序下的重定位时间和推进剂消耗量。结果表明：小推力重定位时间长,推进剂消耗量少;而大推力重定位时间短,推进剂消耗量多。通过合理优化推力时序可以有效减少重定位时间及推进剂消耗量。     

铅盐、铜盐及其碳黑复合物对叠氮/硝胺推进剂燃烧性能的影响

研究了LA铅盐、GT铜盐及其碳黑复合物对硝胺/叠氮推进剂燃烧性能的影响。结果表明：GT铜盐可提高叠氮/硝胺推进剂的燃速,质量分数1%的GT铜盐能提高推进剂燃速1.5～2.4 mm/s;LA铅盐、GT铜盐及其碳黑复合物可降低叠氮/硝胺推进剂压强9～19 MPa下的压强指数,推进剂中加入质量分数3%的该复合催化剂,压强9～...     

硝胺固体推进剂燃烧性能计算的神经网络方法

传统的燃烧模型致力于对固体推进剂燃烧的物理化学过程的数学描述，其发展往往受到对推进剂燃烧机理认识程度的限制，本文利用误差反转（ＢＰ）神经网络建模的方法建立了硝胺固体推进剂燃烧性能及其影响因素（硝胺含量、压强、硝胺重均粒径）的定量关系，而不考虑燃烧的具体过程，根据此定量关系对硝胺固体推进剂燃烧性能的计算表明，计算结果和实验值吻合得较好，这为推进剂配方的计算机辅助设计提供了一种新方法。     

低温推进剂在轨加注技术与方案研究综述

为了探究适用于低温推进剂在轨加注的相关技术与方案,通过文献调研与对比分析,介绍国内外在轨加注技术的研究现状,梳理低温推进剂在轨加注的关键技术,研究现有加注技术与方案对低温推进剂的适用性,并提出我国开展相关研究的思路与方向。研究表明：1）气液分离、蒸发量控制、质量测量和流体驱动循环等技术是直接影响推进剂在轨加注系统结构与加注性能的关键技术;2）低温推进剂具有沸点低、表面张力小等特殊性,对气液分离、系统热防护等技术的性能要求更高;3）表面张力式气液分离、纤维镜或射频质量检测、多层隔热材料、热力学排气系统（TVS）以及无排气加注等先进技术方案对低温流体和微重力环境均具有更好的适用性,将成为实现低温推进剂在轨加注的关键突破口。     

Project Icarus: Optimisation of nuclear fusion propulsion for interstellar missions

The Daedalus spacecraft design was a two-stage configuration carrying 50,000 tonnes of DHe³ propellant. Daedalus was powered by electron driven Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) to implode the pellets at a frequency of 250 Hz. The mission was to Barnard's star 5.9 light years away in a duration of around 50 years. This paper is related to the successor Project Icarus, a theoretical engineering design study that began on 30 September 2009 and is a joint initiative between the Tau Zero Foundation and The British Interplanetary Society. In the first part of this paper, we explore ‘flyby’ variations on the Daedalus propellant utilisation for two different mission targets: Barnard's star and Epsilon Eridani, 10.7 light years away. With a fixed propellant mass a number of staged configurations (1–4) are derived for an optimal configuration but then moving to an off-optimal configuration due to the requirement for a high final science payload mass. Some comments are then made on the ICF pellet configuration compared to the typical pellets fielded at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) and those proposed for the Vista and Longshot fusion based propulsion designs. This is a working progress report, which aims to study perturbations of the Daedalus baseline design as part of a trade study. This is a submission of the Project Icarus Study Group.     

载人登月舱概念设计阶段多方案比较方法初探

载人登月舱是完成载人登月任务的关键环节,也是登月飞行器系统的核心部分。由于登月舱推进剂占总质量的70％以上,因此在概念设计阶段,多方案比较应重点针对推进剂类型及其对应的构型开展对比分析,从而明确总体方案的深入方向。文章给出了该多方案比较的基本思路,并利用美国Altair登月舱作为实例具体说明该方法的基本流程,首先开展月面着陆器的分级方案选择分析、多种推进剂选择分析,并根据推进剂选择分析的结果,完成上升级、二级方案下降级、三级方案制动级的构型方案分析以及气闸舱的布局分析,最后给出组合多种可行方案,并对多种方案进行综合评价,开展比较分析,筘得帚倦对比音塞曲詹缝铖人签目舱柏袷证工椎打下了基础。     

卫星气体工质剩余量高精度显式计算方法

为获取卫星气体工质在高压下的剩余量,研究气体密度的不同算法,结果显示:基于理想气体状态方程的密度计算在高压下存在误差;Redliche-Kwong（RK）方程对氮气密度的计算与NIST数据库查询结果最为接近。为在判读卫星实时遥测数据期间快速获取气体工质剩余量,基于数学拟合公式提出一种气体工质剩余量的显式计算方法,并采用气瓶容积随压力变化的线性模型对气瓶膨胀的影响进行修正。地面试验结果表明,该显式计算方法与实际测试结果符合良好,气瓶随压力的膨胀量呈线性变化,气瓶容积修正能够有效减小计算结果的误差。该方法针对某卫星冷气推进系统的计算结果显示,计算剩余量的不确定度为180 g,相对不确定度为0.62%。     

某缩尺推力室燃烧和传热特性研究

为了研究冷却剂的流动方向和推进剂的质量流量对推力室燃烧和传热过程带来的影响,以某型氢氧火箭发动机的推力室缩比试验件为研究对象,对推力室的燃烧和传热过程进行了数值仿真。改变冷却剂的流动方向,最高壁面温度相差1.04%,最高壁面热流密度相差0.544%,冷却剂温升相差0.233%,出口压力相差3.803%,分析发现,改变冷却剂的流动方向,对推力室内部的燃烧过程和壁面传热效率影响很小,冷却剂的流动方向会影响壁面温度分布。推进剂质量流量提升22.29%,室压提升22.17%,燃烧效率降低0.55%,最高壁温提升9.16%,最高热流密度提升17.48%,冷却剂温升提高13.05%,分析发现,提升推进剂质量流量会导致推力室壁面温度和冷却剂温升的提高,由于缩比发动机反应空间小燃烧不够充分,提升推进剂质量流量会使燃烧效率有所下降。     

泵压式氢/氧液体火箭发动机质量分析

在文献资料研究的基础上,根据泵压式氢/氧液体火箭发动机的实际特点,考虑发动机性能参数及结构尺寸等影响因素,利用理论推导、统计学及面密度等方法建立发动机质量模型。通过对SSME、RD-0120等8台氢/氧发动机质量的计算,验证了质量模型的合理性。为发动机在系统方案论证时,其质量、性能等参数的估算和优化奠定了基础。     

Aeroshell design techniques for aerocapture entry vehicles

A major goal of NASA's In-Space Propulsion Program is to shorten trip times for scientific planetary missions. To meet this challenge arrival speeds will increase, requiring significant braking for orbit insertion, and thus increased deceleration propellant mass that may exceed launch lift capabilities. A technology called aerocapture has been developed to expand the mission potential of exploratory probes destined for planets with suitable atmospheres. Aerocapture inserts a probe into planetary orbit via a single pass through the atmosphere using the probe's aeroshell drag to reduce velocity. The benefit of an aerocapture maneuver is a large reduction in propellant mass that may result in smaller, less costly missions and reduced mission cruise times. The methodology used to design rigid aerocapture aeroshells will be presented with an emphasis on a new systems tool under development. Current methods for fast, efficient evaluations of structural systems for exploratory vehicles to planets and moons within our solar system have been under development within NASA having limited success. Many systems tools that have been attempted applied structural mass estimation techniques based on historical data and curve fitting techniques that are difficult and cumbersome to apply to new vehicle concepts and missions. The resulting vehicle aeroshell mass may be incorrectly estimated or have high margins included to account for uncertainty. This new tool will reduce the guesswork previously found in conceptual aeroshell mass estimations.