International cooperation in space for security enhancement

This is the text of a report prepared by the UN Secretary-General, International Cooperation in Space Activities for Enhancing Security in the Post-Cold War Era. It discusses what can be done in this field - both by states acting cooperatively and by the relevant specialized agencies of the UN - in areas such as arms control and conversion of military technologies, commercialization and proliferation, environmental protection and scientific and technical cooperation. Various confidence-building measures to increase global security are discussed and the need to improve developing countries' access to space technology via the establishment of regional education centres and an international space information centre is emphasized.     

International cooperation and competition in civilian space activities

This article considers how the USA can best maintain its commercial and governmental competitiveness in space, while facilitating private investment and international marketing, and at the same time keeping up significant cooperation with other nations. The current state of US civilian space activities in each of these areas is summarized, and several alternative solutions are presented. The article concludes that strengthening US competition with other space-capable nations, and improving US ability to cooperate effectively, will require careful coordination of the activities of federal agencies with each other and with the private sector.     

International cooperation in assuring continuity of environmental satellite data

In the 25 years since the launch of the first weather satellite, meteorological observations from space have become an essential part of weather forecasting and global environmental monitoring. Beginning in the 1970s, constrained national budgets and the need for a coordinated approach to global satellite observing have caused satellite operators to pursue international cooperation to assure the continuity and compatibility of these systems. This article reviews current bilateral and multilateral cooperation and technical coordination in environmental satellite activities. It also explores the potential for alternative institutional arrangements for maintaining the continuity of environmental satellite data in the decades to come.     

International cooperation in space : Enhancing the world's common security

Instead of preparing for space warfare, the USA could make tremendous use of space activities to enhance global security. Arms control verification, environmental monitoring and international cooperation on space missions are important examples. International space year, 1992, could be the time to launch a triumphant effort such as an international mission to Mars.     

International cooperation in space: the AIAA–IAC workshops

Over the past decade the International Activities Committee (IAC) of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) has organized a series of six workshops on international space cooperation. The major findings and recommendations that have emerged from these workshops are summarized, clustered by topic, with a reference to the report on the particular workshop at which they were made. The authors comment on the relevance of certain of the findings in today's environment and the status of implementation of associated recommendations.     

A failure of international space cooperation: the International Earth Observing System

This paper examines the failure of the Earth Observation International Coordination Working Group to implement an International Earth Observation System. Tracing the history of both the Group and the mission concept, it explains the political and organizational failures that took place. It shows that these failures were linked to different approaches to international cooperation in Earth observation data policy. The main points of contention existed between Working Group members, NASA and ESA. NASA favored formal and binding legal arrangements, while ESA preferred to avoid institutionalized legal commitments. Success in coordinating and harmonizing data policy on a multilateral basis for Earth observation missions is more likely to be achieved by pursuing agreement on general principles and terms of reference than by seeking specific legal agreements.     

International cooperation in remote sensing for global change research: political and economic considerations

Activities concerning international cooperation in space-based remote sensing for global change research have for the most part focused on technical/functional aspects such as data harmonization, research project coordination, and sensor selection and deployment. Until fairly recently, little attention has been directed towards the various political and economic constraints which may act as ‘stumbling blocks’. A review of the contemporary international remote sensing milieu as it relates to the global change research agenda is presented. Several important political and economic conditions affecting this area are identified: (1) data access and pricing policies; (2) national security concerns; (3) developed/developing nation relations; and (4) inconsistent political/financial commitments. A set of recommendations is offered to enhance international cooperation in the use of space-based remote sensing data for global change research.     

International cooperation in space — new opportunities, new approaches : An assessment

Now that the Cold War is over, the authors of this Viewpoint believe that in the interests of the USA as well as the rest of the world international cooperation should become a more fundamental element of US space policy. Cooperative agreements will not always be easy to reach and will require creative statecraft. To that end the USA should take the initiative in establishing a high-level international policy forum to facilitate discussions on the main goals and objectives to be served by international cooperation in space.     

如何减少由于空管原因造成的安全差错

引言随着空中交通流量的增加,管制员的工作负荷成几何增大,随之由于空管原因造成的飞行不安全事件时有发生,并成日益增长态势。如何减少由空管原因造成的安全差错成为整个空管行业共同面临的课题。下面笔者就从一线工作者的角度对管制工作中出现安全差错事件的原因做一下简要的分析,然后讨论一下如何在空管一线工作中减少由空管原因造成的安全差错。     

GEOWARN - a possible global lifesaver : International Space University

This is an abridged and edited version of the executive summary of a report produced by students at the 1993 summer session of the International Space University at Hunstville, AL. Intended as a contribution to the International Decade for Disaster Reduction, the report is a design proposal for a Global Emergency Observation and Warning (GEOWARN) system to address the growing impact of natural disasters on humans. Concentrating on warning and relief support, the system's designers emphasize its use in promoting cooperation among governments, international organizations and agencies.     

Promoting ASEAN space cooperation

In the 21st century space activities are having an ever greater influence on global society, economics, culture and the environment; they are becoming a key tool of sustainable development. However, for many individual developing countries, including those in Southeast Asia, there actually are many obstacles to participating in the space field. Therefore in order to promote sustainable space development and to solve space conflicts within the region, all Association of Southeast Nations (ASEAN) nations should embark on greater regional space cooperation as soon as possible. Because regional space cooperation can assure equal rights to space benefits, it does not limit returns only to the first beneficiary or the first user to receive space benefits. In the end, the total space benefits will be spread to other cooperating countries equally.     

浅谈如何提高雪情通告发布质量

引言雪情通告(SNOWTAM)是一种专门格式、特别系列的航行通告(NOTAM),用于通知在活动区内的雪、冰、雪浆或积水伴有雪、雪浆和水等危险情况的存在和清除情况。雪情通告由机场现场指挥部门提供相关原始参数,空管飞行服务中心人员负责对外发布,它是保证冬季特殊天气条件下飞行安全、航班正常和航空公司经     

Prospects for Euro-Indian space cooperation

This is the executive summary of a report prepared for the European Commission by LD consultants on the status of India's space industry and the prospects for European firms to invest in it. India has impressive launch capabilities, telecommunications and disaster warning satellites but commercialization of its activities is occurring only slowly. There are many opportunities for joint ventures with Europe (which must not let the USA consolidate its superior position in the broadcasting field) but issues of technology transfer and India's unhappiness with the MTRC must first be resolved. As well as selling products and services, Europeans should also be prepared to buy those Indian components that are available more competitively.     

Ocean observation and international cooperation

This article reports on the types of effects changes in the oceans can have on the Earth’s atmosphere and climate and on progress in monitoring and understanding these effects with particular reference to the French–US Topex-Poseidon satellite. It discusses the types of results that are now becoming available and describes some of the future satellites that are set to continue Topex–Poseidon’s work. This article was first published in Elsevier’s Nouvelle Revue d’ Aeronautique et d’ Astronautique, No. 3, May–June 1998.     

International Practices to Protect the Geostationary Ring

Since more than 20 years reorbiting of geostationary satellites at the end of their mission is recommended and partially performed to protect the GEO environment. Now a worldwide accepted reorbiting altitude was defined by the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC). Still only one-third of the aging satellites follow this IADC rule. Based on orbital data in the DISCOS database, the situation in the geostationary ring is analyzed. From 878 known objects, 305 are controlled inside their longitude slots, 353 are drifting above, below or through GEO, and 125 are in a libration orbit (status of January 2001). In the last four years (1997–2000) 58 spacecraft reached end-of-life. Twenty of them were reorbited in compliance with the IADC recommendations, 16 were reorbited below this recommendation and 22 were abandoned without any end-of-life disposal manoeuvre.     

亚特兰蒂斯号执行空间站任务

美国东部时间５月１９日晨６时１１分１０秒，亚特兰蒂斯号航天飞机在晨曦中离开了肯尼迪航天中心的发射台，开始执行国际空间站的维修和后勤补给任务。这次编号ＳＴＳ—１０１的飞行是美国航天飞机历史上的第９８次飞行，也是航天飞机第３次飞往国际空间站。航天飞机上次升空执行国际空间站任务是在去年的５月２７日，至今已有将近一年时间。 此次飞行是亚特兰蒂斯号的第２１次飞行，也是它１９９７年９月以来的首次飞行。当时亚特兰蒂斯号执行了编号ＳＴＳ—８６的第７次航天飞机－和平号空间站对接任务。此后，这架航天飞机到波音公司的…     

Brazilian-Chinese space cooperation: an analysis

This paper aims to examine some of the most important juridical issues raised during the short, but rich, history of Brazilian-Chinese space cooperation. It tries to assess the effectiveness of the agreements signed by these countries on space matters.At the same time, it seeks to present the political and legal concepts which founded the main phases of this history.     

A model for multinational space cooperation

It is becoming increasingly clear that space activities can benefit from international cooperation, but concerns about national interests remain. This article examines the experience of the Inter-Agency Consultative Group (IACG), which achieved striking success in coordinating the efforts of the USA, the USSR, the European Space Agency and Japan to study Halley's Comet. Subsequently the IACG has undertaken a new project, focused on solar-terrestrial science, and further expansion could follow. However, tje group's success has depended on scrupulous respect for members' national autonomy, and so it is unlikely to herald the formation of a supranational space agency in the near future.