航天光学系统的污染控制技术

文章介绍了国外航天光学系统的污染控制方法,研究了航天光学系统的污染效应和航天用非金属材料放气污染引起的光学透射率的变化。针对航天光学系统对污染高度敏感的特点,探讨了航天器研制全过程针对航天光学系统的污染控制措施。     

红外地平仪光学系统研究及其参数优化设计

本文对于地平仪光学系统的设计思想提出了一个新的观点,它把光学系统看做地平仪整系统的一个有机部分,分析了光学设计与整系统的弦宽变动误差和随机检测误差之间的关系。按照这种思想对于光学系统进行了理论分析和参数优化,给出了优化的光学系统参数及其重要性能指标。本文对于探索地平仪光学系统的设计方法是有益的。     

高分辨率超大幅宽星载成像光谱仪光学系统设计

针对高空间分辨率、高光谱分辨率和大幅宽成像的遥感应用需求,提出了高分辨率超大幅宽星载成像光谱仪技术方案,分析确定了成像光谱仪光学系统指标,设计了空间成像光学系统和光谱成像光学系统.空间成像光学系统采用自由曲面离轴三反设计方案,实现了大视场、大相对孔径像方远心设计,系统相对畸变小于0.02％;光谱成像光学系统的狭缝长度超...     

异形遮拦光学系统衍射限MTF数值计算方法研究

根据光学系统理想光学传递函数(OTF)与光瞳函数P(x,y)的关系,文章提出了一种求取光学系统调制传递函数(MTF)的数值计算方法,以解决不能解析求解异形遮拦光学系统调制传递函数的问题。利用该方法可在光学设计初级阶段就能对光学性能进行预估,其中结合具体光学系统给出了若干计算实例并与该光学系统的实际指标进行了对比,基本一致,表明该方法可以在光学详细设计前实现较准确的光学系统成像性能预估。     

无热化大相对孔径星敏感器光学系统设计

提出了一种大相时孔径轻小型光学系统的设计方案,给出了设计方案及热分析结果.光学系统工作谱段500～800nm,视场角9°,相对孔径1／1.2,光学系统设计结果良好,弥散斑直径在两个像元尺寸之内,能够满足光学系统对能量集中度和弥散斑的要求.基于光学热补偿理论对光学系统进行了无热化分析和消热设计.通过分析不同温度下的传递函...     

小视场红外光学系统设计

从红外光学系统的视场设计出发 ,分析了浸没透镜的厚度和曲率半径对光学特性的影响 ,介绍了小视场红外光学系统的设计方法 ,给出了弯月镜和浸没透镜的设计结果 ,试验表明小视场红外光学系统的设计是成功的     

偏视场光学系统视场优化设计方法

文章以同轴三反偏视场光学系统型式为例,利用ZEMAX宏建立优化函数,实现了将光学系统视场中心位置、视场大小作为变量进行优化设计,从而实现了综合考虑光学系统视场、像质及相关尺寸要求的整体优化.     

新型立体测绘光学系统杂散辐射分析与抑制

针对国家发明专利《基于集成式共用主镜的双视场立体成像光学系统》(发明专利号:ZL2009 1 0243273.8)中所设计的光学系统,进行了杂散辐射的仿真分析及抑制。为了实现较大基高比的立体测绘,满足内方位元素的高稳定度,以实现对图像的高精度校正,采用了集成式共用主镜的双视场立体成像光学系统,它具有结构紧凑、轻量化及热稳定性好等特点。针对该光学系统独特的光学系统结构型式并实现其工程化,通过仿真并根据杂散光的传播路径进行了分类总结分析,通过采取有效的杂散光抑制措施,光学系统最终的杂散光系数为1.1075%,满足系统的使用要求。     

星模拟器光机系统的设计

叙述了星模拟器光学系统设计的原则,提出了一种远摄型光学系统结构,最后给出了合格的设计结果。     

红外探测器比探测率与光学系统工作温度关系研究

针对低温光学系统自身辐射与红外探测器比探测率(D*)的关系,从红外辐射基本理论入手,建立了光学系统工作温度与背景限红外探测器D*之间的关系模型。由此计算出了典型四反光学系统不同工作温度下、不同谱段的背景限红外探测器D*值,综合考虑探测器处于非背景限情况,得出相关曲线;总结出了背景限红外探测器与光学系统工作温度之间关系的几点体会。     

Analysis of the Accuracy of Ballistic Descent from a Circular Circumterrestrial Orbit

The problem of the transportation of the results of experiments and observations to Earth every so often appears in space research. Its simplest and low-cost solution is the employment of a small ballistic reentry spacecraft. Such a spacecraft has no system of control of the descent trajectory in the atmosphere. This can result in a large spread of landing points, which make it difficult to search for the spacecraft and very often a safe landing. In this work, a choice of a compromise scheme of the flight is considered, which includes the optimum braking maneuver, adequate conditions of the entry into the atmosphere with limited heating and overload, and also the possibility of landing within the limits of a circle with a radius of 12.5 km. The following disturbing factors were taken into account in the analysis of the accuracy of landing: the errors of the braking impulse execution, the variations of the atmosphere density and the wind, the error of the specification of the ballistic coefficient of the reentry spacecraft, and a displacement of its center of mass from the symmetry axis. It is demonstrated that the optimum maneuver assures the maximum absolute value of the reentry angle and the insensitivity of the trajectory of descent with respect to small errors of orientation of the braking engine in the plane of the orbit. It is also demonstrated that the possible error of the landing point due to the error of specification of the ballistic coefficient does not depend (in the linear approximation) upon its value and depends only upon the reentry angle and the accuracy of specification of this coefficient. A guided parachute with an aerodynamic efficiency of about two should be used at the last leg of the reentry trajectory. This will allow one to land in a prescribed range and to produce adequate conditions for the interception of the reentry spacecraft by a helicopter in order to prevent a rough landing.     

基于羽流效应分析的航天器发动机布局设计研究

为解决由航天器姿控发动机等带来的羽流热效应问题,文章通过仿真得到了在不同的发动机布局下航天器表面的羽流热流密度分布情况,通过增大发动机的推力线角度和安装点高度,可以使得发动机羽流核心区远离航天器表面,从而降低喷流对航天器表面的加热效应。综合考虑控制力矩及推力损失、布局包络和发动机支架设计等因素,对某航天器发动机布局进行了优化设计及羽流热防护设计。     

航天材料基因工程及其若干关键技术

材料基因工程的理念和将空间环境与效应纳入到航天材料研制全流程的思路将对航天材料的开发带来颠覆性的革命。文章在对国内外材料基因组计划和航天材料需求分析的基础上,首先对航天材料基因工程的内涵进行阐述,进而对基于航天材料基因工程的航天材料研制流程进行分析,最后结合空间环境效应及材料基因工程,从计算工具、试验工具、数字化数据三个维度,提出空间多因素环境与航天材料的耦合作用机理、航天材料空间多因素环境效应等效评价方法、空间复杂使役环境下航天材料性能演化模型、航天材料空间环境效应数据库、基于材料基因工程的航天材料设计模型、航天材料研制的不确定性及优化方法等关键技术和发展方向。     

Estimate of accuracy of determining the orientation of the star sensor system according to the experimental data

The BOKZ-M60 star sensor (Unit for Measuring Star Coordinates) is intended for determining the parameters of the orientation of the axes of the intrinsic coordinate system relative to the axes of the inertial system by observations of the regions of the stellar sky. It is convenient to characterize an error of the single determination of the orientation of the intrinsic coordinate system of the sensor by the vector of an infinitesimal turn of this system relative to its found position. Full-scale ground-based tests have shown that, for a resting sensor the root-mean-square values of the components of this vector along the axes of the intrinsic coordinate system lying in the plane of the sensor CCD matrix are less than 2″ and the component along the axis perpendicular to the matrix plane is characterized by the root-mean-square value of 15″. The joint processing of one-stage readings of several sensors installed on the same platform allows us to improve the indicated accuracy characteristics. In this paper, estimates of the accuracy of systems from BOKZ-M60 with two and four sensors performed from measurements carried out during the normal operation of these sensors on the Resurs-P satellite are given. Processing the measurements of the sensor system allowed us to increase the accuracy of determining the each of their orientations and to study random and systematic errors in these measurements.     

镁铝贫氧推进剂的能量分析

利用冲压发动机热力计算程序，对镁铝中能贫氧推进剂的能量特性进行了系统研究，并探讨了高能级分对该类贫氧推进剂能量性能的影响，研究结果表明，在镁铝中能贫氧推进剂中增加镁粉含量（或减少铝粉含量）贫氧推进剂的比冲下降，在一定空燃比范围内，增加空燃比有助于提高冲压发动机的比冲。提高贫氧推进剂中ＣＬ－２０和硼粉含量，可以显著提高共能量，而采用叠氮类含能粘合剂取代惰性粘合剂时贫氧推进剂的比冲降低。     

舱压对载人航天器密封舱姿态光学敏感器安装精度影响分析

姿态光学敏感器是航天器在轨姿态控制的重要部件,其安装精度直接影响航天器的姿态控制精度。为了研究舱压对载人航天器密封舱姿态光学敏感器安装精度的影响,以某载人航天器密封舱外安装的姿态光学敏感器为研究对象,通过对其安装精度要求、安装状态与舱体变形情况的分析,提出了一种敏感器在设计阶段布局的分析方法。在地面进行了模拟充压试验,验证了分析方法的有效性。根据分析和试验结果在型号后续设计中进行了相应的布局改进,改进结果满足了敏感器安装精度要求并经过了飞行试验验证。     

The Use of Quaternions in the Optimal Control Problems of Motion of the Center of Mass of a Spacecraft in a Newtonian Gravitational Field: I

The problem of optimal control is considered for the motion of the center of mass of a spacecraft in a central Newtonian gravitational field. For solving the problem, two variants of the equations of motion for the spacecraft center of mass are used, written in rotating coordinate systems. Both the variants have a quaternion variable among the phase variables. In the first variant this variable characterizes the orientation of an instantaneous orbit of the spacecraft and (simultaneously) the spacecraft location in this orbit, while in the second variant only the instantaneous orbit orientation is specified by it. The suggested equations are convenient in the respect that they allow the general three-dimensional problem of optimal control by the motion of the spacecraft center of mass to be considered as a composition of two interrelated problems. In the first variant these problems are (1) the problem of control of the shape and size of the spacecraft orbit and (2) the problem of control of the orientation of a spacecraft orbit and the spacecraft location in this orbit. The second variant treats (1) the problem of control of the shape and size of the spacecraft orbit and the orbit location of the spacecraft and (2) the problem of control of the orientation of the spacecraft orbit. The use of quaternion variables makes this consideration most efficient. The problem of optimal control is solved on the basis of the maximum principle. Several first integrals of the systems of equations of the boundary value problems of the maximum principle are found. Transformations are suggested that reduce the dimensions of the systems of differential equations of boundary value problems (without complicating them). Geometrical interpretations are given to the transformations and first integrals. The relation of the vectorial first integral of one of the derived systems of equations (which is an analog of the well-known vectorial first integral of the studied problem of optimal control) with the found quaternion first integral is considered. In this paper, which is the first part of the work, we consider the models of motion of the spacecraft center of mass that employ quaternion variables. The problem of optimal control by the motion of the spacecraft center of mass is investigated on the basis of the first variant of equations of motion. An example of a numerical solution of the problem is given.     

航天器新型高密度排插型DC10电缆安装技术

以互联网卫星上首次使用的新型高密度排插型电缆组件为研究对象,介绍了集成式排插型电连接器的制造技术要求和工作原理,从电连接器结构分析出发,研究影响该类型电缆的安装因素。首次提出了新型高密度排插型电缆的安装方法,阐述了该类型电缆的弯曲半径要求、绑扎要求、紧固力矩值要求和使用专用工装的拆卸方法。经过分系统的实际在轨性能测试验证,该安装技术可以显著降低新型高密度排插型电缆组件在大通量、高饱和度信号传输状态下性能下降的现象,成功解决了该类型电缆在卫星狭小空间下的安装与拆卸难题,提高了该类型电缆在卫星狭小空间内的安装精度和分系统的在轨可靠性,为该新型高密度排插型电缆组件的安装在后续卫星批量应用提供了技术指导和工艺基础。     

寻求一片纯洁的天空——《受活》的一种解读

《受活》这部作品以写实和荒诞的笔调,在历史和现实中回环往复,书写了历史与现实中存在的乌托邦幻想与冲动,以及这些乌托邦行为给底层人们带来的苦难,并通过对人物心灵的剖析透视了乌托邦梦想的困境。在对残疾人与圆全人两个世界的对比中,作者肯定了受活人的生存状态,表达了对那种自由自在以及纯洁的心灵世界的向往与追求。     

Multipole Models of the Earth's Magnetic Field

To develop a mathematical model of rotational motion of an artificial satellite about its center of mass under the action of various forces (magnetic, Lorentz, etc.) caused by the geomagnetic field, it is necessary to know the induction of the Earth's magnetic field (EMF) as a function of the radius vector of a given point in the near-Earth space. Because the EMF possesses a complex structure and the above-mentioned functional dependence is unavailable in explicit analytic form, a set of approximate models of the EMF should be used. The simplest such model—a right dipole (aligned with the axis of rotation)—does not enable one to reveal in detail the influence of diurnal EMF rotation on the rotational motion of a satellite. The next EMF approximation—an inclined magnetic dipole—does not suffer from the above-mentioned drawback. However, it is shown that not all corrections to the magnetic induction of the EMF of the same order of magnitude are taken into account in the course of transformation from the model of aligned dipole to the model of inclined dipole. So, to develop the EMF model accurately accounting for the absence of axial symmetry of the EMF with respect to the axis of diurnal rotation of the Earth, in general, the effect of the quadrupole component of the geomagnetic potential on the EMF induction (and, probably, even the components of higher orders) must be taken into consideration. By using the International Geomagnetic Reference Field IGRF-2000, the multipole models of the EMF, corresponding to quadrupole, octupole, and higher-order approximations, were constructed and studied in this work. The EMF potential is expressed in terms of its multipole tensors. As a result, projections of the induction and induction gradient of EMF in the center of mass of the satellite onto the axes of the orbital coordinate system can be written in convenient and concise form. The expressions for the first four multipole tensors through the known geomagnetic constants are found. A method for estimating the reliability of these models is put forward, and the regions of applicability of the quadrupole and octupole models are drawn on the plane of orbital parameters.