再入飞行器俯仰动态失稳的分叉理论与计算分析

采用非线性自治动力系统分叉理论,耦合求解非定常Navier-Stokes方程和俯仰运动方程,研究了再入飞行器单自由度俯仰运动失稳问题。研究表明,航天飞行器再入时,如果仅有一个配平攻角,随马赫数降低,其配平攻角处的俯仰动态失稳一般对应于Hopf分叉,并存在亚临界Hopf分叉和超临界Hopf分叉两种失稳形态。作为验证实例,数值模拟了飞船返回舱外形和平头有翼双锥外形的俯仰动态失稳现象。结果表明,返回舱再入时,随马赫数降低将发生超临界Hopf分叉,俯仰运动由点吸引子演化为周期吸引子,临界Hopf分叉点发生在马赫数2.2处;而平头再入体随马赫数降低,发生亚临界Hopf分叉,俯仰运动则是由周期吸引子演化为点吸引子,马赫数6.8为临界Hopf分叉点。     

飞船返回舱再入俯仰动稳定吸引子数值仿真

数值模拟了类"联盟号"飞船返回舱在几个典型马赫数下的俯仰静、动态气动特性。结果表明:类"联盟号"飞船返回舱再入时随着马赫数的降低,其配平攻角将会由高超声速和超声速时的一个,在跨声速阶段演化至三个。这一气动特性将会对返回舱的俯仰动态特性产生很大影响,在较大扰动的激励下,返回舱的俯仰飞行姿态随马赫数的降低将发生鞍结点分叉形态的失稳行为,对返回舱的安全再入危害很大;随马赫数的进一步降低,飞船返回舱的俯仰运动还可能发生Hopf分叉和同宿分叉。最后,采用耦合求解非定常NS方程和俯仰运动方程,对马赫数0.8时,不同扰动情况下(不同初始攻角和俯仰角速度)飞船返回舱俯仰姿态的演化进行了数值仿真。仿真表明,该马赫数下,飞船返回舱存在两个稳定的点吸引子(即配平攻角约14°和36°)和一个不稳定鞍点(约31°),与定性理论分析一致。但仿真结果还表明,这两个稳定的点吸引子的吸引域都不大,14°吸引子的吸引域大于36°吸引子的吸引域,表明14°吸引子应该是主要的飞行姿态。基于局部稳定性理论的定性分析给出的吸引子性态是研究结点 鞍点 结点全局分叉结构的基础。     

关于飞船的动态稳定问题

本文研究了以平衡攻角为中心作俯仰振荡的飞船,其动态稳定形态随来流马赫数Ｍ∞Ｒ ＹＯ ＷＸ 。     

弧形翼的动态气动特性研究

 对带弧形尾翼某导弹模型的实验研究表明,具有该种配置的导弹在以平衡攻角为中心俯仰振荡时,动稳定形态随来流马赫数 Ma∞ 变化,呈现非线性特点;亚音速时,稳定在平衡攻角状态;超音速时,存在临界马赫数 Macr,出现极限环运动。对俯仰振荡过程中的实验模型进行了流态显示。     

非线性气动恢复力与飞行器动稳定性

复杂流动中,飞行器非定常气动数值计算后的参数辨识、飞行器模型的风洞定常测量、风洞动态(风洞自由飞)测量均显示了飞行器非线性气动刚度项(气动恢复力项、如俯仰力矩 攻角曲线Cm θ)将出现局部静不稳定( Cm/ θ>0)。　　飞行器气动恢复力对运动稳定性影响以往讨论较少,本文讨论了非线性气动恢复力局部出现静不稳定条件下的动稳定特性,其特点是突跃性、单边性与不确定性。飞行器飞行遥测数据分析支持了上述动稳定特性的描述。     

载人飞船返回舱的动稳定性

载人飞船返回舱动稳定性的地面模拟试验方法有强迫振动法。有限自由振动法，自由翻滚法和模型自由飞试验法。试验结果表明，在配平攻角区阿波罗返回舱除马赫数Ｍ〈０．７以外，一般都具有俯仰正阻尼特性。双子星座返回舱在配平攻角区，当Ｍ〈０．５时存在俯仰负阻尼特性。钝头气流分离效应，后体气再附效应，船尾近尾流交应和动态时滞效应等对静，动稳定性都有相反效应。这些效应会使返回舱的静稳定性增加，而使动稳定降低。角振幅增     

双喷管发动机喷流对飞行器气动特性的影响

从三维薄层近似N S方程出发 ,采用高效ENO差分格式 ,对位于弹体中部两侧的双喷管发动机喷流与马赫数Ma∞ =0 7～ 0 9、攻角α =0°～ 10°飞行条件下弹体绕流形成的干扰流场进行了数值模拟。研究发现与无喷流情况相比较 ,引入喷流使升力和俯仰力矩增加 ,压心后移 ;在飞行攻角一定时 ,马赫数对飞行器气动力特性影响较小 ;有侧风干扰时 ,喷流增强了航向稳定性。对零攻角情况喷管安装和喷管出口不对称带来侧向力和偏航力矩也进行了研究。计算结果与飞行实验观测现象定性一致     

不带稳定翼飞船返回舱俯仰动稳定性研究

联盟号飞船返回舱,如果不存在稳定翼,从高超声速到低Mach数时,力矩曲线有由一个平衡迎角(α1),经二个(a1、α'2)到三个(α1、α2、α3)平衡迎角的情况出现.当有一个平衡迎角时,可能有一临界Mach数Mcr,当M∞＞Mcr时,平衡迎角处是动稳定的;M∞＜Mcr,变为动不稳定的,同时出现极限环.也可能不存在这个Mcr,这时随Mach数降低到M∞=M'cr,即2个平衡迎角的情况,在力矩曲线与α轴相切的平衡点α'2,会出现鞍、结点分叉.M∞＜M'cr后,对于存在三个平衡点的情况,在α和α的相图上,它是结点-鞍点-结点的结构.当α1处是稳定结点形态时,只有在很小的扰动情况下,它才能返回α1的状态.如果α1为不稳定结点状态,在α1附近,微小的扰动,使迎角由α1迅速变成α3或者更大.这是混沌的先兆.     

后掠三角翼的摇滚及其动态演化问题

利用非线性动力学理论和NS方程与飞行力学方程耦合的数值模拟,研究分析了后掠三角翼摇滚运动的动稳定性,给出了动稳定性的判则以及失稳后的演化规律,指出当来流马赫数和雷诺数一定时,小攻角下是摇滚动稳定的,但大攻角出现Hopf分叉不稳定性。数值模拟和理论分析结论一致,与实验结果符合。     

平／钝头外形俯仰动态特性对落点姿态的影响分析

采用自由振荡法数值模拟了平头、钝头外形的超声速俯仰振荡时间历程,并应用奇异分解线性最小二乘法辨识稳定性导数,得到动导数随马赫数和攻角非线性变化的规律.平头外形在较高马赫数和中小攻角范围内存在动不稳定现象,随着再入时马赫数的降低,动不稳定的攻角范围不断缩小,直至演化为动稳定的;小钝头外形则没有动不稳定现象.蒙特卡洛弹道仿真表明,平头外形初始时刻俯仰角的扰动会经历一个先增长然后衰减的过程,最终落地时俯仰角小于1°,满足设计要求,但其落地速度有所降低,可能影响该外形对靶标的侵彻效果.     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.     

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nano-powder via Ion-exchange Hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 and Azeotropic Drying

Antimony-doped tin hydroxide colloid precipitates have been synthesized by hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 using: (1) an ion-exchange hydrolysis to remove chlorine ions, and (2) isoamyl acetate as an azeotropic solvent to obviate water. The obtained dried powder is of high dispersivity without any need for further grinding. The size and dispersivity of the final particles are investigated with the aid of TG-DTA, BET, XRD and TEM. After having calcined, the antimony-doped tin oxide nanopowder possesses a tetragonal rutile structure with high dispersivity, uniform particles and low hard agglomeration.     

Effects of Mo on the Microstructure and Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Ti-Mo Getters

The effects of Mo on the microstructure evolution, porosity and hydrogen sorption properties of Ti-Mo getters are investigated in this work. The results show that the addition of Mo prolongs the densification process of Ti-Mo getters and results in a significant amount of sintered pores. With the Mo content increasing, the porosity of getters firstly increases reaching the maximum value as it at- tains about 7.5wt.%, and then drops. At the room temperature, the hydrogen sorption property of getters increases progressively with the Mo content increasing, but the tendency is not very clear before its content lies below 2.5wt.%. When the Mo content achieves about 7.5wt.%, the hydrogen sorption property proves to be the best. The discussion is made about the above mentioned phenomena inclusive of hydrogen sorption properties of getters under different activation conditions (from 500-750 ℃).     

超声速燃烧数值模拟中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型

高精度数值模拟有助于理解超声速湍流燃烧中湍流与化学反应的相互作用,可为发动机燃烧室等工程应用设计提供可靠的预测模型。除直接数值模拟外,目前在湍流燃烧应用中使用的大涡模拟和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes模拟均需要借助模型模化发生在湍流小尺度上的流动与化学反应过程对湍流大尺度运动的影响。现有的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型大致可分为:火焰面类模型和概率密度函数类模型,2类模型在不同的应用中各自具有优势和局限性。此外,现有模型大都基于低马赫数燃烧,而超声速燃烧中通常会伴随快速混合、局部熄火和再着火以及激波等复杂过程,这为发展其中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型提出了更多的挑战。     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的单核共享树组播算法(英文)

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,本文提出了一套单核共享树组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)和加权核心群合并共享树(w-CCST)算法。CCST 算法包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法专为周期、规律运动的低轨卫星网络提出,不需要复杂的星上计算。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的带宽利用率和组播传输效率。w-CCST 算法中所提出的加权因子可以调整树代价和端到端传播时延之间的折衷程度,因此,可以通过调整加权因子来适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延以支持某些端到端时延要求苛刻的实时组播业务。最后,与低轨卫星 IP 网络中典型算法进行了性能比较,仿真结果说明,CCST 算法的平均树代价比其它算法显著降低,w-CCST 算法的平均端到端传播时延小于 CCST 算法。     

Jet Vectoring Control Using a Novel Synthetic Jet Actuator

A primary air jet vectoring control system with a novel synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is presented and simulated numerically. The results show that, in comparison with an existing traditional synthetic jet actuator, which is able to perform the duty of either “push” or “pull”, one novel synthetic jet actuator can fulfill both “push” and “pull” functions to vector the primary jet by shifting a slide block inside it. Therefore, because the new actuator possesses greater efficiency, it has potentiality to replace the existing one in various appli- cations, such as thrust vectoring and the reduction of thermal signature. Moreover, as the novel actuator can fulfill those functions that the existing one can not, it may well be expected to popularize it into more flow control systems.     

Nonlinear Adaptive Slewing Motion Control of Spacecraft Truss Driven by Synchronous V-gimbaled CMG Precession

The slewing motion control of a truss arm driven by a V-gimbaled control-moment-gyro (CMG) is a nonlinear control problem. The V-gimbaled CMG consists of a pair of gyros that must precess synchronously. The moment of inertia of the system, the angular momentum of the gyros and the external disturbances are not exactly known. With the help of feedback linearization and recursive Lyapunov design method, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed to deal with the unknown items. Performance of the proposed controller is verified by simulation.     

An SOR Implicit Time-accurate Scheme in Calculating Unsteady Flows

A new time-accurate marching scheme for unsteady flow calculations is proposed in the present work. This method is the combination of classical Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) iteration method and Jacobian matrix diagonally dominant splitting method of LUSGS. One advantage of this algorithm is the second-order accuracy because of no factorization error. Another advantage is the low computational cost because the Jacobian matrices and fluxes are only calculated once in each physical time step. And, the SOR algorithm has better convergence property than Gauss-Seidel. To investigate its accuracy and convergency, several unsteady flow computa- tional tests are carried out by using the proposed SOR algorithm. Roe’s FDS scheme is used to discritize the inviscid flux terms. Un- steady computational results of SOR are compared with the experiment results and those of Gauss-Seidel. Results reveal that the numerical results agree well with the experimental data and the second-order accuracy can be obtained as the Gauss-Seidel for unsteady flow computations. The impact of SOR factor is investigated for unsteady computations by using different SOR factors in this algorithm to simulate each computational test. Different numbers of inner iterations are needed to converge to the same criterion for different SOR factors and optimal choice of SOR factor can improve the computational efficiency greatly.