再入飞行器俯仰动态失稳的分叉理论与计算分析

采用非线性自治动力系统分叉理论,耦合求解非定常Navier-Stokes方程和俯仰运动方程,研究了再入飞行器单自由度俯仰运动失稳问题。研究表明,航天飞行器再入时,如果仅有一个配平攻角,随马赫数降低,其配平攻角处的俯仰动态失稳一般对应于Hopf分叉,并存在亚临界Hopf分叉和超临界Hopf分叉两种失稳形态。作为验证实例,数值模拟了飞船返回舱外形和平头有翼双锥外形的俯仰动态失稳现象。结果表明,返回舱再入时,随马赫数降低将发生超临界Hopf分叉,俯仰运动由点吸引子演化为周期吸引子,临界Hopf分叉点发生在马赫数2.2处;而平头再入体随马赫数降低,发生亚临界Hopf分叉,俯仰运动则是由周期吸引子演化为点吸引子,马赫数6.8为临界Hopf分叉点。     

飞船返回舱再入俯仰动稳定吸引子数值仿真

数值模拟了类"联盟号"飞船返回舱在几个典型马赫数下的俯仰静、动态气动特性。结果表明:类"联盟号"飞船返回舱再入时随着马赫数的降低,其配平攻角将会由高超声速和超声速时的一个,在跨声速阶段演化至三个。这一气动特性将会对返回舱的俯仰动态特性产生很大影响,在较大扰动的激励下,返回舱的俯仰飞行姿态随马赫数的降低将发生鞍结点分叉形态的失稳行为,对返回舱的安全再入危害很大;随马赫数的进一步降低,飞船返回舱的俯仰运动还可能发生Hopf分叉和同宿分叉。最后,采用耦合求解非定常NS方程和俯仰运动方程,对马赫数0.8时,不同扰动情况下(不同初始攻角和俯仰角速度)飞船返回舱俯仰姿态的演化进行了数值仿真。仿真表明,该马赫数下,飞船返回舱存在两个稳定的点吸引子(即配平攻角约14°和36°)和一个不稳定鞍点(约31°),与定性理论分析一致。但仿真结果还表明,这两个稳定的点吸引子的吸引域都不大,14°吸引子的吸引域大于36°吸引子的吸引域,表明14°吸引子应该是主要的飞行姿态。基于局部稳定性理论的定性分析给出的吸引子性态是研究结点 鞍点 结点全局分叉结构的基础。     

关于飞船的动态稳定问题

本文研究了以平衡攻角为中心作俯仰振荡的飞船,其动态稳定形态随来流马赫数Ｍ∞Ｒ ＹＯ ＷＸ 。     

弧形翼的动态气动特性研究

 对带弧形尾翼某导弹模型的实验研究表明,具有该种配置的导弹在以平衡攻角为中心俯仰振荡时,动稳定形态随来流马赫数 Ma∞ 变化,呈现非线性特点;亚音速时,稳定在平衡攻角状态;超音速时,存在临界马赫数 Macr,出现极限环运动。对俯仰振荡过程中的实验模型进行了流态显示。     

非线性气动恢复力与飞行器动稳定性

复杂流动中,飞行器非定常气动数值计算后的参数辨识、飞行器模型的风洞定常测量、风洞动态(风洞自由飞)测量均显示了飞行器非线性气动刚度项(气动恢复力项、如俯仰力矩 攻角曲线Cm θ)将出现局部静不稳定( Cm/ θ>0)。　　飞行器气动恢复力对运动稳定性影响以往讨论较少,本文讨论了非线性气动恢复力局部出现静不稳定条件下的动稳定特性,其特点是突跃性、单边性与不确定性。飞行器飞行遥测数据分析支持了上述动稳定特性的描述。     

载人飞船返回舱的动稳定性

载人飞船返回舱动稳定性的地面模拟试验方法有强迫振动法。有限自由振动法，自由翻滚法和模型自由飞试验法。试验结果表明，在配平攻角区阿波罗返回舱除马赫数Ｍ〈０．７以外，一般都具有俯仰正阻尼特性。双子星座返回舱在配平攻角区，当Ｍ〈０．５时存在俯仰负阻尼特性。钝头气流分离效应，后体气再附效应，船尾近尾流交应和动态时滞效应等对静，动稳定性都有相反效应。这些效应会使返回舱的静稳定性增加，而使动稳定降低。角振幅增     

双喷管发动机喷流对飞行器气动特性的影响

从三维薄层近似N S方程出发 ,采用高效ENO差分格式 ,对位于弹体中部两侧的双喷管发动机喷流与马赫数Ma∞ =0 7～ 0 9、攻角α =0°～ 10°飞行条件下弹体绕流形成的干扰流场进行了数值模拟。研究发现与无喷流情况相比较 ,引入喷流使升力和俯仰力矩增加 ,压心后移 ;在飞行攻角一定时 ,马赫数对飞行器气动力特性影响较小 ;有侧风干扰时 ,喷流增强了航向稳定性。对零攻角情况喷管安装和喷管出口不对称带来侧向力和偏航力矩也进行了研究。计算结果与飞行实验观测现象定性一致     

不带稳定翼飞船返回舱俯仰动稳定性研究

联盟号飞船返回舱,如果不存在稳定翼,从高超声速到低Mach数时,力矩曲线有由一个平衡迎角(α1),经二个(a1、α'2)到三个(α1、α2、α3)平衡迎角的情况出现.当有一个平衡迎角时,可能有一临界Mach数Mcr,当M∞＞Mcr时,平衡迎角处是动稳定的;M∞＜Mcr,变为动不稳定的,同时出现极限环.也可能不存在这个Mcr,这时随Mach数降低到M∞=M'cr,即2个平衡迎角的情况,在力矩曲线与α轴相切的平衡点α'2,会出现鞍、结点分叉.M∞＜M'cr后,对于存在三个平衡点的情况,在α和α的相图上,它是结点-鞍点-结点的结构.当α1处是稳定结点形态时,只有在很小的扰动情况下,它才能返回α1的状态.如果α1为不稳定结点状态,在α1附近,微小的扰动,使迎角由α1迅速变成α3或者更大.这是混沌的先兆.     

后掠三角翼的摇滚及其动态演化问题

利用非线性动力学理论和NS方程与飞行力学方程耦合的数值模拟,研究分析了后掠三角翼摇滚运动的动稳定性,给出了动稳定性的判则以及失稳后的演化规律,指出当来流马赫数和雷诺数一定时,小攻角下是摇滚动稳定的,但大攻角出现Hopf分叉不稳定性。数值模拟和理论分析结论一致,与实验结果符合。     

平／钝头外形俯仰动态特性对落点姿态的影响分析

采用自由振荡法数值模拟了平头、钝头外形的超声速俯仰振荡时间历程,并应用奇异分解线性最小二乘法辨识稳定性导数,得到动导数随马赫数和攻角非线性变化的规律.平头外形在较高马赫数和中小攻角范围内存在动不稳定现象,随着再入时马赫数的降低,动不稳定的攻角范围不断缩小,直至演化为动稳定的;小钝头外形则没有动不稳定现象.蒙特卡洛弹道仿真表明,平头外形初始时刻俯仰角的扰动会经历一个先增长然后衰减的过程,最终落地时俯仰角小于1°,满足设计要求,但其落地速度有所降低,可能影响该外形对靶标的侵彻效果.     

有翼高超声速再入飞行器气动设计难点问题

有翼高超声速再入飞行器是近年来的研究热点,气动设计是飞行器设计的关键。为了更清楚地认识有翼高超声速再入飞行器气动设计的难点问题,对有翼高超声速再入飞行器的发展、优势及总体任务剖面进行了介绍,从5个方面详细介绍了该类飞行器气动设计的难点问题,包括多约束复杂面对称气动布局设计、高温真实气体效应对气动特性影响、天地差异与天地换算方法、反作用控制系统(RCS)喷流干扰对气动特性的影响以及气动数据不确定度等,简要阐明了这些难点问题对总体设计的重要性以及初步的解决思路,为有翼高超声速再入飞行器气动设计提供了一些参考。     

Simulation and Analysis of Crashworthiness of Fuel Tank for Helicopters

Crashworthiness requirement of fuel tanks is one of the important requirements in helicopter designs. The relations among the protection frame, textile layer and rubber layer of the fuel tank are introduced. Two appropriate FE models are established, one is for an uncovered helicopter fuel tank without protection frame, and the other is for fuel tank with protection frame. The dynamic responses of the two types of fuel tanks impinging on the ground with velocities of 17.3 m/s are numerically simulated for the purpose of analyzing energy-absorbing capabilities of the textile layer and protection frame. The feasibility of the current crashworthiness design of the fuel tank is examined though comparing the dynamic response behaviors of the two fuel tanks.     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

突破技术趋同，波音再现竞争优势

 波音公司面临着来自空客公司的巨大挑战,企业战略性创新才是公司成功的关键。为此波音公司的全部战略性研究集中在扩大产品的差异性上,体现在3个方面：电子化（e-Enabled）运营环境、整体复合材料机身部件的制造技术和支持波音787客机的全球协同环境（GCE）。     

临近空间飞行器测控与信息传输系统频段选择

 临近空间飞行器是高性能信息化武器平台,测控（TT&;C）与信息传输系统是其信息保障的核心,而选择合理、可行的频段是展开系统设计的前提和基础。频段选择影响到整个技术方案的制定,是一个需综合考虑、影响深远并具有战略意义的关键问题,从国际电联（ITU）国际标准、高速数传、接收信噪比（SNR）、“三抗”、超视距中继、黑障、雨衰以及设备研制成熟度8个方面全面、细致论证了近空间平台测控系统的频段选择问题,最终得出在视距链路中以Ka频段为宜,在超视距链路中以Ku/Ka双频段为宜的结论。     

基于弯曲激波压缩系统的高超声速进气道反设计研究进展

总结了近十年来弯曲激波压缩研究的主要成果。提出了弯曲激波压缩系统的新概念,即利用特殊设计的楔形弯曲压缩面或空间弯曲压缩面,产生一系列与前缘弱激波相互交汇或叠加的压缩波系,从而使前缘激波弯曲,形成特殊的弯曲激波,它与波后的等熵压缩波来共同完成对气流的压缩。在此基础上,实现了由给定出口气动参数的超声速内流道反设计,实现了由给定压缩面压力分布和给定压缩面马赫数分布要求的型面反设计,实现了由给定激波波面的压缩型面反设计。研究证明,弯曲压缩面-弯曲激波压缩系统具有良好的综合气动性能,为高性能高超声速进气系统的气动设计提供了一种全新的设计方法。     

Experimental Study on Effects of Fuel Injection on Scramjet Combustor Performance

In order to investigate the effects of fuel injection distribution on the scramjet combustor performance, there are conducted three sets of test on a hydrocarbon fueled direct-connect scramjet test facility. The results of Test A, whose fuel injection is carried out with injectors located on the top-wall and the bottom-wall, show that the fuel injection with an appropriate close-front and centralized distribution would be of much help to optimize combustor performances. The results of Test B, whose fuel injection is performed at the optimal injection locations found in Test A, with a given equivalence ratio and different injection proportions for each injector, show that this injection mode is of little benefit to improve combustor performances. The results of Test C with a circumferential fuel injection distribution displaies the possibility of ameliorating combustor performance. By analyzing the effects of injection location parameters on combustor performances on the base of the data of Test C, it is clear that the injector location has strong coupled influences on combus- tor performances. In addition, an inner-force synthesis specific impulse is used to reduce the errors caused by the disturbance of fuel supply and working state of air heater while assessing combustor performances.     

(高)超声速流动试验技术及研究进展

近年来,与高速飞行器相关的(高)超声速流动受到了极大的关注。这类流动所具有的非定常性、强梯度和可压缩性对试验方法和风洞设计技术提出了挑战。超声速纳米示踪平面激光散射(NPLS)技术是由作者所在团队研发的非接触光学测试技术。它能够以较高的空间分辨率来揭示超声速三维流场的一个瞬态剖面的时间解析的流动结构。介绍了NPLS技术以及基于NPLS开发的密度场测量、雷诺应力测量和气动光学波前测量等方法,并回顾了这些技术在超声速边界层、超声速混合层、超声速压缩拐角、激波/边界层相互作用和光学头罩绕流等流动中的应用,清晰地再现了边界层、混合层、激波等典型流场结构及其时空演化特性。另外,为了模拟和研究高空大气条件下边界层自然转捩和超声速混合层的转捩特性,介绍了高超声速静风洞、超-超混合层风洞的设计技术以及层流化喷管的设计方法。     

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.