基于HTA方法的飞行机组任务分析

人误预测首先需要对任务进行分析,将任务进行层次化分解,使分析者理解任务并识别可能导致人误的重要操作。根据飞行机组任务特点,确立了飞行任务中止原则,建立了基于HTA的飞行机组任务分析流程．提出关键步骤的选取准则。通过对A320飞机起飞任务进行案例分析,识别出对安全性有重大影响的操作任务,为改进驾驶舱设计及飞行机组培训提供支持。     

单一飞行员驾驶模式技术

飞机驾驶机组由20世纪50年代的5乘员驾驶模式减少到了目前的双乘员，然而为了降低航空公司运营成本以及减少双乘员认知不同、操作不一致所带来的安全性隐患，开展了单一飞行员驾驶（SPO）模式研究，SPO是新一代商用飞机发展方向核心技术之一。单一飞行员驾驶模式是描述面向商用飞机单一驾驶员、驾驶舱智能自动系统以及地面航空公司操作员协同实现的飞行驾驶模式。本文首先对单一飞行员驾驶模式系统组成及其系统架构进行了描述，并对比分析了单一飞行员驾驶模式下飞行员、空管系统、航空公司三方协同过程与现有模式的差异点；然后，针对商用飞机主要飞行过程，建立了单一飞行员驾驶模式下各飞行过程组织架构；最后，搭建了面向SPO的远程操控演示验证系统，经过飞行员操作评价，基本可以获取到机上操作所具备的驾驶感受，同时对于飞行计划更改、紧急情况处理等方面更为便利。通过上述内容研究，为中国商用飞机开展单一飞行员驾驶发展奠定了一定的技术基础。     

系统安全性评估中飞行机组人为因素的分析方法

随着飞机系统日益高度综合复杂和自动化水平逐渐提高,飞行员在应对失效或应急情况时往往准备不足,纠正动作可能是不正确、不及时或不完整的,因此系统安全性评估中迫切需要考虑飞行机组人为因素问题。通过分析CCAR25.1309（b）和（c）条款的要求和飞行机组对失效的处理过程,基于功能危险性评估中的失效状态,提出人为因素需求的捕获方法和人为因素分析方法;通过在型号中应用这些方法,从失效状态向告警和程序的角度实现安全性正向设计,建立安全性评估中飞行机组人为因素的完整适航符合性证据链。结果表明：本文提出的方法可有效表明对CCAR25.1309（b）和（c）条款中人为因素相关的适航符合性。     

Civil aircraft warning systems: who's calling the shots?

In spite of the common requirement for civil flight deck crew to rapidly and effectively manage failures, there are significant differences in the design of electronic warning systems (EWS) and the failure management tools available to the crew of the flagship aircraft of the three major civil manufacturers. This paper reports early findings of an ongoing research programme addressing some of the human factors issues of these designs. The paper overviews certain characteristics of these designs, in particular the distribution of control between crew and automation over system functions. The paper concludes that these differences reflect implicit assumptions about the role of the pilot which should be made explicit, and suggests that direct control over failure resolution may be less important than awareness of system state. It is suggested that new perspectives on design may be required to support the further development of EWS.     

Assistant systems for aircraft guidance: cognitive man-machine cooperation

This paper presents the concept of cognitive assistant systems which represents an approach to ensure the highest degree possible of situation awareness of the flight crew as well as a satisfactory workload level. This concept offers the solution to counteract susceptibility to pilot errors typical of lack of attention or other cognitive limitations. It is founded on cognitive system engineering. This technology enables a cockpit design in order to systematically comply with the requirements of ‘Human-Centred Automation (HCA)’. The underlying approach behind the concept has become real with the development of the cockpit assistant system prototype family CASSY/CAMA as described in this paper. CASSY/CAMA has been extensively tested in a flight simulator and successfully field tested with the ATTAS (Advanced Technologies Testing Aircraft System) of the DLR. Some of the test results with CAMA will be presented in this paper.     

驾驶舱机组人员自动化系统项目综述

随着自动化技术的广泛发展和应用,驾驶舱实现无人化将成为未来发展的趋势。但现阶段自主技术 的发展和安全性水平使得军用直升机的驾驶飞行仍需飞行员的参与控制。而且,受飞行员生理极限等因素的限 制,有人直升机在作战时间、出动架次等方面存在很多局限。为此,美国国防部及工业界积极开发自主技术。 “驾驶舱机组人员自动化系统（ALIAS）”项目就是其中之一。该项目将自主技术用于现役的有人驾驶飞机, 降低机组人员的工作负荷和提高安全性,同时减少执行任务的机组人员的数量。该项目经飞行演示验证在一定 程度上缓解了飞行员的工作强度。     

Flying the Desk

The terminology ``flying the desk' has had a bad connotation for aviators over the years, inferring that a pilot has been relegated from the aircraft cockpit to an earthbound office. A unique advanced transport flight station design, described in this paper, could change that implication. The Lockheed-Georgia Company, in a joint project with NASA, has designed, developed, and fabricated a high fidelity flight station simulator for researching issues pertaining to transport aircraft of the mid-1990s and beyond. Early in the program the need and operational requirements for an advanced transport were identified, operating environments were forecast, and technologies available for application to future aircraft were projected. The flight station and all crew systems were designed and initially tested in a full scale mockup by operational line pilots. The refined design was then incorporated into three identical full-mission flight station simulators located at NASA's Ames and Langley Research Centers and at Lockheed's plant in Marietta, Georgia. These simulators contain the unique Pilot's Desk Flight Station design, a radical departure from traditional transport cockpits. The desk design resembles an office or laboratory workstation.     

人工智能飞行通信员系统方案设计

安全高效的陆空通信是提高飞行安全的重要手段,利用人工智能技术代替飞行机组功能需要综合评 估新系统的功能、性能及系统安全性等因素。针对人工智能飞行员系统的操作过程和机载系统的互操作接口开展设计,给出人工智能飞行通信员系统的工作原理和系统架构,以及硬件实现方案和部分飞行员操作界面,,总结人工智能技术替代飞行通讯员功能的优点。从系统安全性和通信性能两方面分析表明：人工智能飞行通 信员系统的方案可行且性能优于原人工陆空通话系统。     

Pilots's Associate Demonstration One

A brief overview is given of the DARPA- and AFWAL-sponsored Pilot's Associate Demonstration One project. The project developed prototypes for four avionics expert systems, with an emphasis on a crew station information manager (CSIM) system. CSIM operated on information from three supporting subsystems: a situation assessor, a mission planner, and an integration controller. These expert system (ES) prototypes were demonstrated in both a stand-alone environment on an symbolic processor and integrated with an engineering flight simulator. Some of the lessons learned during the project and potential future research directions for avionics ES are examined     

Future air traffic management: technology,operations, and human factors implications

The NASA, the FAA and Eurocontrol have initiated programs of research and development to provide flight crew, air line operators and air traffic managers with automation aids to increase capacity in enroute and terminal areas, to support the goals of safe, flexible, predictable and efficient operations, and to ensure, and to enhance the safety of operations in the response to demands for capacity enhancement. Achievement of these goals is enabled by increased precision of knowledge of aircraft and asset position in space and time, by increased density and bandwidth of transmitted information among the airspace assets and users, and by increased service and information to the flight deck, ATC and airline operations centers. These aiding technologies are intended to support exploitation of timely and dynamic information on atmospheric hazards, traffic fluctuations, and airspace utilization. These systems are intended to support the human operators who maintain the authority and responsibility for safe, efficient operations through cognitive aiding technologies, to serve as cognitive orthoses (Reason, 1988) [12].     

支持单人制机组运行的机载监视应用系统

随着新一代航空运行体系要求飞机的运行更精确,驾驶舱系统和地面管制系统的工作负荷也随之增加。机载监视应用系统承担着授权的空中交通管制服务处理功能,在机内机组高负荷工作状态、失能状态下,协同飞行管理系统和（或）地面机组承担包括自主分离保证、战术航路,冲突解决和/或自动着陆、场面运行等航路运行的管理,旨在降低机组和管制员的工作负荷。为满足单人制机组运行下机组资源管理的要求,可采用智能等级的分析方法开展机载监视应用系统功能的分析和捕获工作。     

民机机组氧气面罩快速佩戴适航验证要求研究

CCAR25.1447(c)(2)(i)条款明确了机组氧气面罩快速佩戴的要求,满足该要求对于民用飞机氧气系统适航取证至关重要。对民用飞机机组氧气面罩快速佩戴的适航验证要求进行了研究,从条款解读、机组氧气面罩设计和布置要求、适航验证要求和适航验证方法等方面进行了分析,条款中的机组氧气面罩快速佩戴要求本质上是为了保证飞行机组在各种可预期的应急情况下能够及时获得必要的缺氧保护,同时不影响对飞机的操作。对于机组氧气面罩快速佩戴适航验证要求,试验方法既要能包容多变的人为因素,又能综合体现佩戴试验结果。目前FAA有一份咨询通告指导了该条款的符合性验证要求和详细方法,在研究FAA相关咨询通告的基础上,提炼总结出了开展机组氧气面罩快速佩戴的适航验证方法,为国内民用飞机机组氧气面罩快速佩戴的适航验证工作提供参考。     

民机飞行机组操作程序设计探讨

飞行机组操作程序是飞行员完成驾驶舱操作任务的基础,对于确保飞机安全飞行具有重要的意义。参考民用航空领域若干典型的驾驶舱操作研究成果,并结合实际工程经验,提出了飞行机组操作程序设计的一般流程、方法,包括制造商在操作程序设计中对适航规章、设计技术和运营经验等方面的内容。提出的设计流程和方法可用于指导民用飞机飞行机组操作程序设计。     

Application of Ground/Air Data Link to General Aviation Operations

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is currently upgrading secondary surveillance radars with systems which will have an integral data link capability, the Mode Select (Mode S) beacon system. These new systems will allow two-way data communications between ground systems (e.g., weather databases and Air Traffic Control (ATC) systems) and aircraft that are equipped with data link compatible Mode S transponders and suitable display and input devices. Initial data link services include both weather information and ATC advisories. The MITRE Corporation* is developing an in-house capability to perform end-to-end operational evaluation of data link services. Initially, a low-cost, portable pilot position man-machine interface is being developed for use in general aviation operations. The objective is to explore operational issues in laboratory and limited flight test environments, and to demonstrate these services on a data link I/O device, a laptop portable personal computer (PC) with touch panel. A group of pilots will bench test the interface design, and the results will be incorporated into the design used in flight testing. This paper describes the project's objectives and results to date, including implementation details and pilot test results.     

All terrain ground collision avoidance and maneuvering terrainfollowing for automated low level night attack

The development of an all-terrain ground collision avoidance system (GCAS) in conjunction with a maneuvering terrain-following (TF) system is discussed. Both systems use a digital terrain database. These systems are presented concurrently because of their complementary mission role. The unprecedented pilot interaction available with the automatic systems provides a means to improve combat survivability significantly. The pilot is able to execute high rate turns, evasive maneuvers, and inverted ridge crossings while following the terrain contour. Safety is maintained in day, night and weather by the GCAS. The combination of these systems with an automated attack system, automatic target handoff system, night vision system, and a route planner to provide a lethal night attack capability is examined. Piloted simulation and preliminary flight test results are presented     

民机驾驶舱扬声器啸叫成因研究与抑制方法

民用飞机驾驶舱扬声器是一个电声换能器件,安装在飞机驾驶舱中,可将电信号转为声信号输出,并将声学功率辐射到驾驶舱。驾驶舱扬声器不仅能够为驾驶舱内的机组人员提供与客舱乘务人员以及塔台管制人员的通话语音,还能够提供飞行导航音、选呼音和告警音的发声。因此,驾驶舱扬声器是飞机上不可或缺的机载设备,为飞机的飞行安全提供了保障。驾驶舱扬声器产生的尖锐刺耳啸叫让人难以忍受,导致飞行机组无法听到其他声音,甚至无法使用语音通信系统,严重时会影响到飞行安全。指出驾驶舱扬声器"啸叫"的危害,分析啸叫的成因,并在此基础上探讨驾驶舱扬声器"啸叫"的抑制方法,为民机驾驶舱音频系统的防啸叫设计提供一定的参考依据。     

民用飞机情景识别系统试飞研究

由于平视显示器(HUD)、视景增强系统(EVS)以及合成视景系统(SVS)优秀的情景显示能力,HUD与EVS、SVS结合使用将显著提高飞行机组情景识别以及态势感知能力。同时,HUD与自动着陆系统结合使用可降低着陆和起飞时的最低天气标准。随着机组情景识别能力的提高,必须提出高效的试飞方法来验证情景识别系统的适航符合性,在分析EVS、SVS与HUD结合使用的基础上,提出综合的优化的民用飞机机组情景识别系统试飞方法以及基于任务的符合性判据。     

Improvements in Advanced Electronic Navigation Systems

Advanced electronic navigation systems will be required for future merchant ship operations involving minimum crew manning. These systems will rely on some form of electronic chart, which will require continual and timely updating with the latest correction information. This paper describes a newly developed chart correction computer system capable of automatically updating electronic charts via satellite data transfers. The system can provide a direct computer data link between a shipboard computer and the Defense Mapping Agency's Automated Notice to Mariners System.     

民用飞机防火系统研究

防火系统由探测系统和灭火系统组成。色机防火系统对指定防护区的过热、烟雾或着火状况进行探测、监控和告警,并提供有效的灭火或者火情抑制措施。一且探测到防护区发生过热、烟雾或火情等危险情况,系统向驾驶员发出告警,以便驾驶员采取相应处理程序。系统提供灭火措施,可对火情进行抑制或扑灭,保证飞机和人员的安全。系统对设备的工作进行状...     

A rendezvous navigation algorithm for orbit determination, based on visual measurements by space vehicle crew members

At present, various radio navigation systems are employed during the automated approach of a transport vehicle to a space station. Experience has shown that emergency situations can occur in which it is necessary to revert to manual override of the automatic approach.Such situations have indeed occurred during flight operations of the space station Mir. The crews of the transport vehicles and the Mir used manual steering more than 30 times for successful docking, and four times for approach to the station.Successful manual steering demands absolute understanding of the relative orbit parameters. The decisive task of the crew is to determine these relative parameters. This is possible using visual observations from either the transport vehicle or the station using simple and reliable instruments. This article explains the algorithm for determining the relative orbits from visual crew observations, based on similarities of relative orbit families.