The Multi-Needle Langmuir Probe System on Board NorSat-1

On July 14th, 2017, the first Norwegian scientific satellite NorSat-1 was launched into a high-inclination (98^°), low-Earth orbit (600 km altitude) from Baikonur, Kazakhstan. As part of the payload package, NorSat-1 carries the multi-needle Langmuir probe (m-NLP) instrument which is capable of sampling the electron density at a rate up to 1 kHz, thus offering an unprecedented opportunity to continuously resolve ionospheric plasma density structures down to a few meters. Over the coming years, NorSat-1 will cross the equatorial and polar regions twice every 90 minutes, providing a wealth of data that will help to better understand the mechanisms that dissipate energy input from larger spatial scales by creating small-scale plasma density structures within the ionosphere. In this paper we describe the m-NLP system on board NorSat-1 and present some first results from the instrument commissioning phase. We show that the m-NLP instrument performs as expected and highlight its unique capabilities at resolving small-scale ionospheric plasma density structures.     

片梭织机的提速及其改造

从片梭织机的结构、性能、织造工艺和织机调试等方面入笔,分析了影响片梭织机提速的有关因素,提出了为合理提速而对织机所采取的改造方法。     

挠性壁喷管撑杆单位影响曲线相关性研究及其在2m×2m超声速风洞中的应用

对挠性壁喷管撑杆单位影响曲线的相关性进行了研究,提出了一种通过已知单位影响曲线计算同一马赫数相邻撑杆及相邻马赫数同一撑杆单位影响曲线的方法,结合实验影响法成功用于2m×2m超声速风洞二元挠性壁喷管的型面优化,有效提升了第一菱形区核心流速度场均匀性,大大提高了调试效率,降低了调试能耗,缩短了调试周期。该方法对类似喷管型面优化具有借鉴意义。     

2m×2m超声速风洞全挠性壁喷管气动设计及动态调试结果分析

中国空气动力研究与发展中心自行设计的2m×2m超声速风洞于2010年底建成,它是一座直流、暂冲式风洞,采用了全挠性壁喷管技术。喷管总长18m,具有马赫数1.5～4.0的十多个型面,每个型面通过24对撑杆的伸缩实施成型。该喷管的气动设计采用了具有连续曲率的Sivells设计方法,并用Maxwell方法对其进行了边界层修正。该喷管采用实验影响法进行了喷管型面的动态调试,个别型面还采用了二次修正。调试结果显示,在各设计马赫数下,试验段模型区流场指标均优于GJB先进指标,表明该喷管的气动设计是成功的。     

The IBEX Flight Segment

IBEX provides the observations needed for detailed modeling and in-depth understanding of the interstellar interaction (McComas et al. in Physics of the Outer Heliosphere, Third Annual IGPP Conference, pp. 162–181, 2004; Space Sci. Rev., 2009a, this issue). From mission design to launch and acquisition, this goal drove all flight system development. This paper describes the management, design, testing and integration of IBEX’s flight system, which successfully launched from Kwajalein Atoll on October 19, 2008. The payload is supported by a simple, Sun-pointing, spin-stabilized spacecraft with no deployables. The spacecraft bus consists of the following subsystems: attitude control, command and data handling, electrical power, hydrazine propulsion, RF, thermal, and structures. A novel 3-step orbit approach was employed to put IBEX in its highly elliptical, 8-day final orbit using a Solid Rocket Motor, which provided large delta-V after IBEX separated from the Pegasus launch vehicle; an adapter cone, which interfaced between the SRM and Pegasus; Motorized Lightbands, which performed separation from the Pegasus, ejection of the adapter cone, and separation of the spent SRM from the spacecraft; a ShockRing isolation system to lower expected launch loads; and the onboard Hydrazine Propulsion System. After orbit raising, IBEX transitioned from commissioning to nominal operations and science acquisition. At every phase of development, the Systems Engineering and Mission Assurance teams supervised the design, testing and integration of all IBEX flight elements.     

商品零售企业数据仓库模型设计

传统的商品零售企业管理信息系统往往是面向联机事务处理的数据库应用系统,虽然可以很好地完成日常事务的实时处理,但却无法支持联机分析处理和决策支持应用,而数据仓库技术的出现为上述应用提供了可能.以商品零售企业为背景,详细描述了数据仓库概念模型、逻辑模型和物理模型的设计过程,具有较好的通用性和实用性.     

Cosima – High Resolution Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer for the Analysis of Cometary Dust Particles onboard Rosetta

The ESA mission Rosetta, launched on March 2nd, 2004, carries an instrument suite to the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The COmetary Secondary Ion Mass Anaylzer – COSIMA – is one of three cometary dust analyzing instruments onboard Rosetta. COSIMA is based on the analytic measurement method of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The experiment’s goal is in-situ analysis of the elemental composition (and isotopic composition of key elements) of cometary grains. The chemical characterization will include the main organic components, present homologous and functional groups, as well as the mineralogical and petrographical classification of the inorganic phases. All this analysis is closely related to the chemistry and history of the early solar system. COSIMA covers a mass range from 1 to 3500 amu with a mass resolution m/Δm @ 50% of 2000 at mass 100 amu. Cometary dust is collected on special, metal covered, targets, which are handled by a target manipulation unit. Once exposed to the cometary dust environment, the collected dust grains are located on the target by a microscopic camera. A pulsed primary indium ion beam (among other entities) releases secondary ions from the dust grains. These ions, either positive or negative, are selected and accelerated by electrical fields and travel a well-defined distance through a drift tube and an ion reflector. A microsphere plate with dedicated amplifier is used to detect the ions. The arrival times of the ions are digitized, and the mass spectra of the secondary ions are calculated from these time-of-flight spectra. Through the instrument commissioning, COSIMA took the very first SIMS spectra of the targets in space. COSIMA will be the first instrument applying the SIMS technique in-situ to cometary grain analysis as Rosetta approaches the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, after a long journey of 10 years, in 2014.     

Coronal Mass Ejections over Solar Cycles 23 and 24

This paper presents the results of in-orbit commissioning of the first Czech technological CubeSat satellite of VZLUSAT-1. The 2U nanosatellite was designed and built during the 2013 to 2016 period. It was successfully launched into Low Earth Orbit of 505 km altitude on June 23, 2017 as part of international mission QB50 onboard a PSLV C38 launch vehicle. The satellite was developed in the Czech Republic by the Czech Aerospace Research Centre, in cooperation with Czech industrial partners and universities. The nanosatellite has three main payloads. The housing is made of a composite material which serves as a structural and radiation shielding material. A novel miniaturized X-Ray telescope with lobster-eye optics and an embedded Timepix detector represents the CubeSat’s scientific payload. The telescope has a wide field of view. VZLUSAT-1 also carries the FIPEX scientific instrument as part of the QB50 mission for measuring the molecular and atomic oxygen concentration in the upper atmosphere.

     

多窗口传输协议及其在航空电子系统大数据传输中的应用

随着航空电子系统模块化技术的发展,系统内大数据传输的需求越来越明显,现有的几种大数据传输方式或需要更改现存系统架构,或需要系统具有特定功能支持,难以在不同的航空电子系统中进行广泛应用。为解决这一问题,本文提出一种可在系统应用层中实现的多窗口传输协议及其实现方法。该协议使用额外的资源同时进行多窗口信息传输,保证了在机载网络不稳定环境下传输的速率和稳定性,满足系统大数据传输的需求。而且方法在应用层实现,避免了对系统现有硬件和软件架构的更改,适用范围较广。     

基于Kolmogorov熵的转子-机匣系统故障诊断研究

提出了基于Kolmogorov熵的航空发动机转子—机匣系统状态识别和故障诊断新方法。应用关联积分算法,基于实测的航空发动机机匣振动时间序列求解了转子—机匣系统不同工作状态和故障状态的Kolmogorov熵;基于Kolmogorov熵,对航空发动机转子—机匣系统进行了状态识别和故障诊断。研究结果表明,该法具有较高的状态识别和故障诊断能力。     

A short history of the European Transonic Wind Tunnel ETW

This paper is written as a contribution to the celebration of 50 years of Progress in Aerospace Sciences and of the centenary of the birth of its founder, Dietrich Küchemann. It reviews the evolution of the European Transonic Wind Tunnel, ETW, from early conceptual studies to its entry into service and its current capabilities and achievements. It traces the development, from the earliest days, of experimental aerodynamics and of the basic aerodynamic understanding that gave rise to the main periods of wind tunnel building before and after World War II. By about 1960, this activity appeared to have come to a natural halt. The paper gives an account of the role of Küchemann in arguing the need in 1968 for a further step in wind tunnel capability, to provide transonic testing at high Reynolds numbers. It describes his leading role in gaining acceptance of the concept, formulating the specification and promoting studies of alternative, radical design options for the co-operative European project that became ETW. The progress of ETW through design, construction, commissioning and into full operation is recorded. The paper discusses the many technical innovations that have been introduced in order to meet customer requirements in the challenging field of aerodynamic testing in a cryogenic environment and, finally, looks to the future and the further technical challenges that it holds.     

A Numerical Model of the SEIS Leveling System Transfer Matrix and Resonances: Application to SEIS Rotational Seismology and Dynamic Ground Interaction

Both sensors of the SEIS instrument (VBBs and SPs) are mounted on the mechanical leveling system (LVL), which has to ensure a level placement on the Martian ground under currently unknown local conditions, and provide the mechanical coupling of the seismometers to the ground. We developed a simplified analytical model of the LVL structure in order to reproduce its mechanical behavior by predicting its resonances and transfer function. This model is implemented numerically and allows to estimate the effects of the LVL on the data recorded by the VBBs and SPs on Mars. The model is validated through comparison with the horizontal resonances (between 35 and 50 Hz) observed in laboratory measurements. These modes prove to be highly dependent of the ground horizontal stiffness and torque. For this reason, an inversion study is performed and the results are compared with some experimental measurements of the LVL feet’s penetration in a martian regolith analog. This comparison shows that the analytical model can be used to estimate the elastic ground properties of the InSight landing site. Another application consists in modeling the 6 sensors on the LVL at their real positions, also considering their sensitivity axes, to study the performances of the global SEIS instrument in translation and rotation. It is found that the high frequency ground rotation can be measured by SEIS and, when compared to the ground acceleration, can provide ways to estimate the phase velocity of the seismic surface waves at shallow depths. Finally, synthetic data from the active seismic experiment made during the HP³ penetration and SEIS rotation noise are compared and used for an inversion of the Rayleigh phase velocity. This confirms the perspectives for rotational seismology with SEIS which will be developed with the SEIS data acquired during the commissioning phase after landing.     

复杂动态系统的故障检测与诊断

提出元件模态转变的单向性假设以替代通常的诊断过程中元件模态不变的假设,指出模型基础诊断方法是适合此类系统的基本诊断方法。由此提出一套用于复杂动态系统故障检诊的综合检诊策略IFDDS（Integrated Failure Detection and Diagnosis Strategy）,针对飞控系统开发了其具体的检诊算法。     

基于智能传感器的浮空器数据采集系统研究及应用

实验浮空器囊体内部超热情况,研制了一套基于智能传感器的数据采集系统,介绍了系统组成和温度、压力传感器等硬件,详细描述了系统软件设计情况。相比于传统人工观察记录的方法,该数据采集系统可实现无人值守传感器数据采集与记录,大大提高了实验自动化水平,降低了实验人员劳动强度。     

结构试验加载系统配重的优化设计方法

针对结构试验设计中配重问题,利用计算机软件技术,研究了如何描述试验加载系统以及系统配重方案设计的实现方法.采用二叉树森林数据结构来描述结构试验的杠杆加载系统,使得杠杆加载系统的配重方案自动化设计成为可能,在此基础之上对加载系统配重方案的优化设计方法进行了研究.通过本文的工作,设计人员可准确而有效地完成整套杠杆系统配重方案的设计,杠杆加载系统配重方案设计变得非常快速、方便,设计效率与精度较传统设计有了极大的提高.     

FADS系统在飞翼布局飞行器上的应用研究

针对飞翼布局飞行平台对高精度迎角、侧滑角的依赖性,设计了一种采用安装于机头表面的测压孔和机翼前缘的测压孔相结合的FADS系统应用方案,给出了其空气动力学模型,并将该FADS系统与惯性系统相结合来提高机动情况下大气数据的测量精度。由于该系统以FADS测量结果为基础,所以可以保证最后输出结果的精度要求,而且还克服了FADS系统延时的影响,其计算复杂性基本没有增加,满足实时性要求,易于工程实现。     

电流滞环控制的三相馈能式电子负载仿真研究

论述了一种用于航空发电机测试用的三相馈能式电子负载功率拓扑方案及其电流控制策略。首次将三相馈能式拓扑方案应用于航空发电机测试负载，这种馈能式电子负载采用电流滞环PWM技术，可实现功率因数无级调节，既可模拟阻性、容性、感性等各种航空发电机负载形式，又能通过三相逆变器将发电机发出的电能以功率因数1回馈给电网，这样降低了设备的功耗，缩小了设备的体积。建立了系统d-q模型。对系统方案进行了理论论证。并给出了Matlab仿真结果。     

基于试车试验的涡轴发动机整机喘振裕度研究

某涡轴发动机在外场使用过程中,由于进气环境的影响和多发不同的装机位置等因素,致使发动机出现偶发喘振或前喘征兆等现象。为此,对原型机转子进行改进设计。同时,采用试车试验的方法,测算并验证改型机的整机喘振裕度。结果表明:在整个工作范围内,改型机的整机喘振裕度得到了全面提升,设计点喘振裕度由10.65%提高至16.21%。试验可为该系列发动机设计制造和改进使用提供数据参考。     

Supermassive Black Holes in Galactic Nuclei: Past, Present and Future Research

This review discusses the current status of supermassive black hole research, as seen from a purely observational standpoint. Since the early ‘90s, rapid technological advances, most notably the launch of the Hubble Space Telescope, the commissioning of the VLBA and improvements in near-infrared speckle imaging techniques, have not only given us incontrovertible proof of the existence of supermassive black holes, but have unveiled fundamental connections between the mass of the central singularity and the global properties of the host galaxy. It is thanks to these observations that we are now, for the first time, in a position to understand the origin, evolution and cosmic relevance of these fascinating objects.This revised version was published online in July 2005 with a corrected cover date.