众眼看宇宙

1月4日,在欧洲、北非与中亚的追星者,见证了今年首度登场的日偏食。然而,前往马斯喀特(阿曼的首都)的摄影家蒂里·乐高特,显然看到的比一般人更多。他在五千分之一秒的瞬间,捕捉到地球最大的两个卫星出现在太阳盘面上!左上方的是国际     

探索宇宙中的生命

围绕太阳以外其他恒星的70余颗行星现在是什么样子?这个问题一直引起公众和媒体的极大兴趣.在我看来,这种关注更多是因对外星智能生命的预期而促动的,而非发现太阳系之外行星本身.     

众眼看宇宙

天鹅座中距离我们6000光年的NGC6914,是宇宙中最绚烂的星云之一。因为它位于银河系的银盘上,从地球看过去,这里繁星密布,各种奇异天体竞相争辉。NGC6914中,红色的云气是由氢气组成     

众眼看宇宙

没想到恒星世界里竟然也有着你死我活的争斗!在NGC2174中,已经诞生的大质量恒星就是在竞争中破茧成功的幸运星,而它们辐射的高能光子与星风,却驱散了它们的孕育区     

Comets in other planetary systems?

Comets in our solar system appear to have provided a bridge between the cold, volatile-rich outer solar system, and the warm, but volatile-poor inner solar system. Excluding tidal and possible extinct radionuclide heating sources, only in the inner solar system are temperatures high enough for liquid water, and therefore life as we know it, to exist for times comparable to the age of the solar system. Comets may have been crucial for providing biogenic volatiles and perhaps organic molecules to this warm environment. It is therefore interesting from an exobiological point of view to ask if comets exist in other planetary systems. Most attempts to detect comets around other stars or in interstellar space have failed. However, there is growing spectroscopic evidence for comet-like bodies orbiting the star Beta Pictoris.     

众眼看宇宙

不要惊慌,太阳还没有爆炸!这张疯狂的影像是由今年3月30日刚升空的太阳动态观测站（Solar Dynamics Observatory,SDO）所拍摄的远紫外光波段下的伪彩色太阳像,主角还是那个我们熟悉不过的太阳。图中颜色最浅的地方,温度高达100万开。太阳左上方边缘的环形亮弧,就是日珥,它温度虽高,但其实比太阳圆面暗弱得多,白天淹没在被地球大气散射光中,无法看到。太阳上端那些红色的针状尖条,也是高温的小日珥,最高的有9000千米长。它们都是太阳磁场活动的产物。     

众眼看宇宙

这张有如写意山水似的宇宙画卷,其实是火星上一个并不起眼的角落--Acheron Fossae鸿沟.那些引人注目的黯沙,仿佛巨兽的抓痕般令人心惊,但是它们的形成原因至今仍无人知晓,有人猜测是细微沙粒从山谷或环形山上滑落时所致.照片中的黯沙蔓延数百米,随着时光流逝,其特征也基于某些原因而改变.这种沙瀑只是快速改变火星地表的因素之一,其他还包含沙尘暴、沙暴以及冰区的冻结与融化过程等.这张照片的作者是火星探勘者号的HiRise相机.     

众眼看宇宙

当我第一眼看到这张哈勃空间望远镜的最新照片时,脑海中立刻涌现出了一行肃杀的文字:"地狱变相图"!尽管我从没见过盛唐画圣吴道子的这幅作品。这张照片森冷的墨色背景中,如恶魔般贲起的云气正翘首以盼的那抹灵光,是不是有点像普照大地的佛光呢?     

众眼看宇宙

<正>在距离我们20万光年的卫星星系——小麦哲伦星系之外围,有一个年龄只有500万年的年轻星团NGC602。在这张哈勃望远镜拍摄的精彩照片中,NGC602仍然包覆在孕育它们的气体和尘埃里。如梦似幻的脊状尘埃和云气说明了在NGC602里面,大质量年轻恒星所发出的高能量辐射和激波,已经侵蚀了附近的尘埃,并触发从星云中心渐次往外传播的恒星形成活动。     

众眼看宇宙

这张照片的主角是我们太阳系最奇特的卫星——木卫一的真彩色照片。原图由1995年～2003年之间环绕木星的伽利略号探测器拍摄,经过复杂技术的处理,才还原给我们一个真实的木卫一。木卫一的主色调来自硫酸和硅酸盐岩浆。它的表面有许多活火山,在木星和其他木星卫星的强大引力作用     

宇宙十大谜团

同广袤的宇宙相比,我们每天居住的星球实在是太渺小了。浩瀚的宇宙不禁让我们怀疑自己,是否有能力掌握宇宙的所有秘密。不论答案是什么,都不会阻止我们试图去了解宇宙的方方面     

宇宙中六种最极端的黑洞

美国航宇局于2010年11月16日发布了钱德拉天文望远镜发现的一个迄今最年轻的黑洞。黑洞是由超新星爆炸留下的残余物质形成的,是宇宙中最奇异的天体之一。即便是在这些奇异的黑洞当中,还有一些更极端的,以下即是宇宙中最极端的黑洞。     

Chemical evolution and the origin of life.

During the last three decades major advances have been made in our understanding of the formation of carbon compounds in the universe and of the occurence of processes of chemical evolution. 1) Carbon and other biogenic elements (C,H,N,O,S and P) are some of the most abundant in the universe. 2) The interstellar medium has been found to contain a diversity of molecules of these elements. 3) Some of these molecules have also been found in comets which are considered the most primordial bodies of the solar system. 4) The atmospheres of the outer planets and their satellites, for example, Titan, are actively involved in the formation of organic compounds which are the precursors of biochemical molecules. 5) Some of these biochemical molecules, such as amino acids, purines and pyrimidines, have been found in carbonaceous chondrites. 6) Laboratory experiments have shown that most of the monomers and oligomers necessary for life can be synthesized under hypothesized but plausible primitive Earth conditions from compounds found in the above cosmic bodies. 7) It appears that the primitive Earth had the necessary and sufficient conditions to allow the chemical synthesis of biomacromolecules and to permit the processes required for the emergence of life on our planet. 8) It is unlikely that the emergence of life occurred in any other body of the solar system, although the examination of the Jovian satellite Europa may provide important clues about the constraints of this evolutionary process. Some of the fundamental principles of chemical evolution are briefly discussed.     

Studies in the search for life on Mars.

The ability of living organisms to survive extraterrestrial conditions has implications for the origins of life in the solar system. We have therefore studied the survival of viruses, bacteria, yeast, and fungi under simulated Martian conditions. The environment on Mars was simulated by low temperature, proton irradiation, ultraviolet irradiation, and simulated Martian atmosphere (CO2 95.46%, N2 2.7%, water vapor 0.03%) in a special cryostat. After exposure to these conditions, tobacco mosaic virus and spores of Bacillus, Aspergillus, Clostridium, and some species of coccus showed significant survival.     

Bio-markers and the search for extinct life on Mars.

Geologic and climatologic studies suggest that conditions on early Mars were similar to early Earth. Because life on Earth is believed to have originated during this early period (3.5 billion years ago), the Martian environment could have also been conducive to the origin of life. To investigate this possibility we must first define the attributes of an early Martian biota. Then, specific geographic locations on Mars must be chosen where life may have occurred (i.e. areas which had long standing water), and within these distinct locations search for key signatures or bio-markers of a possible extinct Martian biota. Some of the key signatures or bio-markers indicative of past biological activity on Earth may be applicable to Mars including: reduced carbon and nitrogen compounds, CO3(2-), SO4(2-), NO3-, NO2- [correction of NO2(2)], Mg, Mn, Fe, and certain other metals, and the isotopic ratios of C, N and S. However, we must also be able to distinguish abiotic from biologic origins for these bio-markers. For example, abiotically fixed N2 would form deposits of NO3- and NO2-, whereas biological processes would have reduced these to ammonium containing compounds, N2O, or N2, which would then be released to the atmosphere. A fully equipped Mars Rover might be able to perform analyses to measure most of these biomarkers while on the Martian surface.     

Probing the first stars and black holes in the early Universe with the Dark Ages Radio Explorer (DARE)

A concept for a new space-based cosmology mission called the Dark Ages Radio Explorer (DARE) is presented in this paper. DARE’s science objectives include: (1) When did the first stars form? (2) When did the first accreting black holes form? (3) When did Reionization begin? (4) What surprises does the end of the Dark Ages hold (e.g., Dark Matter decay)? DARE will use the highly-redshifted hyperfine 21-cm transition from neutral hydrogen to track the formation of the first luminous objects by their impact on the intergalactic medium during the end of the Dark Ages and during Cosmic Dawn (redshifts z = 11–35). It will measure the sky-averaged spin temperature of neutral hydrogen at the unexplored epoch 80–420 million years after the Big Bang, providing the first evidence of the earliest stars and galaxies to illuminate the cosmos and testing our models of galaxy formation. DARE’s approach is to measure the expected spectral features in the sky-averaged, redshifted 21-cm signal over a radio bandpass of 40–120 MHz. DARE orbits the Moon for a mission lifetime of 3 years and takes data above the lunar farside, the only location in the inner solar system proven to be free of human-generated radio frequency interference and any significant ionosphere. The science instrument is composed of a low frequency radiometer, including electrically-short, tapered, bi-conical dipole antennas, a receiver, and a digital spectrometer. The smooth frequency response of the antennas and the differential spectral calibration approach using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo technique will be applied to detect the weak cosmic 21-cm signal in the presence of the intense solar system and Galactic foreground emissions.     

“普朗克”卫星首次绘出宇宙之光

<正>7月5日,在意大利都灵市举行的一场新闻发布会上,欧洲空间局公布了去年发射的普朗克探测卫星拍摄的首幅宇宙微波背景辐射的全景图。宇宙微波背景辐射代表了在宇宙大爆炸之后,随着宇宙的冷却,与物质密切相关的第一批逃逸的光子,也被喻为宇宙的第一束光线。宇宙微波背景辐射经过137亿年的漫长旅行才到达地球,对研究人     

The minimal cost of life in space.

The cost of keeping people alive in space is assessed from a theoretical viewpoint and using two actual designs for plant growth systems. While life support is theoretically not very demanding, our ability to implement life support is well below theoretical limits. A theoretical limit has been calculated from requirements and the state of the art for plant growth has been calculated using data from the BIO-Plex PDR and from the Cornell CEA prototype system. The very low efficiency of our current approaches results in a high mission impact, though we can still see how to get a significant reduction in cost of food when compared to supplying it from Earth. Seeing the distribution of costs should allow us to improve our current designs.     

Waste recycling issues in bioregenerative life support.

Research and technology development issues centering on the recycling of materials within a bioregenerative life support system are reviewed. The importance of recovering waste materials for subsequent use is emphasized. Such material reclamation will substantially decrease the energy penalty paid for bioregenerative life support systems, and can potentially decrease the size of the system and its power demands by a significant amount. Reclamation of fixed nitrogen and the sugars in cellulosic materials is discussed.     

Planetary protection and the search for life beneath the surface of Mars.

The search for traces of extinct and extant life on Mars will be extended to beneath the surface of the planet. Current data from Mars missions suggesting the presence of liquid water early in Mars' history and mathematical modeling of the fate of water on Mars imply that liquid water may exist deep beneath the surface of Mars. This leads to the hypothesis that life may exist deep beneath the Martian surface. One possible scenario to look for life on Mars involves a series of unmanned missions culminating with a manned mission drilling deep into the Martian subsurface (approximately 3Km), collecting samples, and conducting preliminary analyses to select samples for return to earth. This mission must address both forward and back contamination issues, and falls under planetary protection category V. Planetary protection issues to be addressed include provisions stating that the inevitable deposition of earth microbes by humans should be minimized and localized, and that earth microbes and organic material must not contaminate the Martian subsurface. This requires that the drilling equipment be sterilized prior to use. Further, the collection, containment and retrieval of the sample must be conducted such that the crew is protected and that any materials returning to earth are contained (i.e., physically and biologically isolated) and the chain of connection with Mars is broken.