Analysis of an algae-based CELSS. Part 1: model development

A steady state chemical model and computer program have been developed for a life support system and applied to trade-off studies. The model is based on human demand for food and oxygen determined from crew metabolic needs. The model includes modules for water recycle, waste treatment, CO2 removal and treatment, and food production. The computer program calculates rates of use and material balance for food. O2, the recycle of human waste and trash, H2O, N2, and food production supply. A simple non-iterative solution for the model has been developed using the steady state rate equations for the chemical reactions. The model and program have been used in system sizing and subsystem trade-off studies of a partially closed life support system.     

Effects of photoperiod on wheat growth,development and yield in CELSS

A Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) is a sealed system used in spaceflight in order to provide astronauts with food and O₂ by plants. It is of great significance to increase the energy-using efficiency because energy is extremely deficient in the space. Therefore, the objective of this research was to increase the energy-using efficiency of wheat by regulating the photoperiod. Sixteen treatments were set in total: four photoperiods before flowering (PBF) combined with four photoperiods after flowering (PAF) of 12 h, 16 h, 20 h and 24 h. The light source was red–blue LED (90% red+10% blue). As a result, the growth period of wheat was largely extended by shorter PBF, particularly the number of days from tillering to jointing and from jointing to heading. The period from flowering to maturity was extended by shorter PAF. Shorter PBF and longer PAF could increase not only the yield but also the energy-using efficiency of wheat. As for the nutritional quality, longer photoperiod (both PBF and PAF) increased starch concentration as well as decreased protein concentration of seeds. The effects of PBF and PAF were interactional. The lighting strategy with PBF of 12 h and PAF of 24 h was proved to be the optimum photoperiod for wheat cultivation in CELSS. The mechanisms of photoperiod effect contain two aspects. Firstly, photoperiod is a signal for many processes in plant growth, particularly the process of ear differentiation. Shorter PBF promoted the ear differentiation of wheat, increasing the spikelet number, floret number and seed number and thus enhancing the yield. Secondly, longer photoperiod leads to more light energy input and longer time of photosynthesis, so that longer PAF provided more photosynthate and increased seed yield.     

Controlled ecological life support systems (CELSS) in high pressure environments

Future space habitats may be constructed in high pressure environments. The biological components of any controlled ecological life support systems (CELSS) used in these habitats will have to be able to grow and metabolize normally for the CELSS to operate.     

Analysis of an algae-based CELSS. Part 2: options and weight analysis

Life support components are evaluated for application to an idealized closed life support system which includes an algal reactor for food production. Weight-based trade studies are reported as "break-even" time for replacing food stores with a regenerative bioreactor. It is concluded that closure of the life support gases (oxygen recovery) depends on the carbon dioxide reduction chemistry and that an algae-based food production can provide an attractive alternative to re-supply for longer duration missions.     

Role of nutrition during long-term spaceflight

The authors discuss changes in macro- and micro-nutrients which occur in weightlessness and consider factors which help maintain appropriate nutrition during extended space flight. Basic energy requirements and metabolism are reviewed. The discussion of handling of foodstuffs includes protein, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, folic acid, iron, and selenium. The discussion of fluids and minerals includes fluid intake, sodium, potassium, and calcium. Changes in gastrointestinal function are examined.     

German SIMBOX on Chinese mission Shenzhou-8: Europe's first bilateral cooperation utilizing China's Shenzhou programme

On November 1, 2011, at 05:58 local time, the Chinese spaceship Shenzhou-8 was launched for a 17-day mission with a Long March rocket from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in the Mongolia desert. On board was the German SIMBOX (Science in Microgravity Box) experimental facility containing 17 bio-medical experiments, which were conducted by German researchers together with their Chinese colleagues. It was the first time that China cooperated with a European nation in the scientific utilization of Shenzhou – the core element of China's human spaceflight programme.     

某推进系统气路启动特性研究

为研究某推进系统气路启动特性,找到造成影响减压阀建压稳定性的原因,获得稳定的减压阀出口压力建压过程,依据系统仿真方法及相关试验,对该推进系统气路启动特性进行了研究。结果表明,减压阀阀后压力稳定性与阀后的管径及阀内的N_M~L存在关系。     

整合系统资源 建设气象服务体系

民航局空管局根据空管事业发展要求,根据空管系统“一体化”运行管理新格局的需要,制定下发了《民航空管系统“三横三纵”体系建设纲要》（以下简称《纲要》）。空管“三横三纵”运行保障服务体系,旨在通过运行机制的建设,整合空管系统不同层面、不同专业体系的系统人员、设备和技术资源,增加系统合力,全面提升民航空管系统持续安全水平,提高运行效率,增强服务能力,并为民航空管系统可持续发展奠定坚实的基础。     

电子压力控制系统在挤压式试验系统中的应用

从电子压力控制系统的组成和工作原理出发,详细分析了实现压力精确控制的关键技术。在挤压式试验系统中的成功应用和试验表明,采用电子压力控制系统可以提高压力控制精度、系统的稳定性和试验系统的自动化水平。     

雷达系统及传输系统在民航的应用

引言随着民航事业的不断发展,民航空管系统的各种技术应用也日新月异,从以往单一的设备应用逐渐向多系统、多功能综合应用的方向发展。特别是现代化的雷达系统,在空管技术体系中的地位日益重要,通过整合先进的雷达系统、     

对新航行系统中空地通信系统的研究

引言随着民用航空业的快速发展,空中交通流量大幅度增长,对航空通信提出了越来越高的要求。作为适应和满足新通信应用需求的解决方案,新的通信、导航、监视和空中交通管理系统(CNS/ATM)及其基础设施航空电信网(ATN)一直以来也在不断的开发、测试和实践当中。甚高频数据链通信是ATN空     

运载火箭控制系统漏电故障诊断研究

从系统的角度分析了运载火箭控制系统漏电故障诊断的特殊性，指出故障也是系统要素之间的一种联系方式。为了准确、有效地描述系统状态条件同其故障关系问所存在的关联，提出了条件故障图的描述模型，界定并分析了描述系统状态关系的状态树，并将它与故障图相结合形成条件故障图，用于对故障关系的自动化描述及分析。在此基础上，引入蚁群算法来确定故障树的最优检测次序，并指导系统多故障状态的决策。将它们应用于运载火箭的控制系统，给出了一个特征实例。条件故障图可以有效地描述状态条件对故障关系的影响及作用，蚁群算法能够实时地、自适应地进行动态路径选择。获得了令人满意的效果。     

The motion of a synchronous satellite in a system similar to the earth-moon system

The stationary motions of a synchronous axisymmetric satellite are studied in the field of attraction by the Earth and a third body whose parameters are close to those of the Moon. Equations of motion are written in canonical variables that take into account the resonance character of the problem. The plots characterizing the dependence of the rotation parameters of the satellite relative to the center of mass on the elements of satellite’s translational motion are presented. A picture is given that represents the initial configuration of the system for implementing stationary motions.     

关于RBCC动力系统的思考

回顾了RBCC动力系统研发的历程和趋势,分析了RBCC动力系统的速度、高度等基本特性。建议RBCC动力系统研发应致力于火箭发动机与冲压发动机功能的拓展与完善,注重综合性能的提高;加强与飞行器一体化设计,考虑进气道、燃烧室、尾喷管及燃油供应系统的共用;依据具体飞行器方案开展关键技术攻关和基础技术研究;首先开展临近空间高速、机动飞行器动力系统研发,针对两级入轨动力系统之二级开展关键技术攻关。     

Sympathetic nervous system and spaceflight

Purpose: Orthostatic stability on Earth is maintained through sympathetic nerve activation sufficient to increase peripheral vascular resistance and defend against reductions of blood pressure. Orthostatic instability in astronauts upon return from space missions has been linked to blunted vascular resistance responses to standing, introducing the possibility that spaceflight alters normal function between sympathetic efferent traffic and vascular reactivity.Methods: We evaluated published results of spaceflight and relevant ground-based microgravity simulations in an effort to determine responses of the sympathetic nervous system and consequences for orthostatic stability.Results: Direct microneurographic recordings from humans in space revealed that sympathetic nerve activity is increased and preserved in the upright posture after return to Earth (STS-90). However, none of the astronauts studied during STS-90 presented with presyncope postflight, leaving unanswered the question of whether postflight orthostatic intolerance is associated with blunted sympathetic nerve responses or inadequate translation into vascular resistance.Conclusions: There is little evidence to support the concept that spaceflight induces fundamental sympathetic neuroplasticity. The available data seem to support the hypothesis that regardless of whether or not sympathetic traffic is altered during flight, astronauts return with reduced blood volumes and consequent heightened baseline sympathetic activity. Because of this, the ability to withstand an orthostatic challenge postflight is directly proportional to an astronaut's maximal sympathetic activation capacity and remaining sympathetic reserve.     

AirNet空管自动化系统应用浅析

<正>引言黑龙江空管分局于2007年6月开始安装、使用国产空管自动化处理系统AirNet,并于2008年1月使之开始成为哈尔滨主用自动化处理系统。AirNet空管自动化系统作为国内少数主用的国产自动化处理系统使用至今,能够满足管制部门的需求,本文对其应用情况进行阐述。     

空间电子对抗系统研究

在详细分析电子战具体内涵的演变和特点基础上,进而阐述了空间信息战的作战理论发展脉络,分析空间电子对抗技术装备状况和发展趋势,以空间态势感知、防御性空间对抗、进攻性空间对抗等三个方面的任务需求作为出发点,提出空间电子对抗系统建设方案、体系架构和关键技术。     

MPD arcjet system performance test

A new MPD (magnetoplasmadynamic) arcjet system was developed and tested to demonstrate its technological readiness for flight model design. The MPD arcjet, of quasisteady type, was repetitively operated. In the endurance test, more than 10⁵ shots were cleared in continuous operation. Some components cleared more than 10⁶ shots. Cathode erosion was markedly reduced through the use of newly developed material. Thermal data were obtained which define the thermal interface between the spacecraft and the MPD arcjet system. Waste heat from the electrodes was found to be 20–30% of the input power and to vary with repetition frequency. No technological difficulties are foreseen for further continuation of repetitive operation.     

浅析MD系统的卫星攻击能力

从美军海基导弹防御系统击落报废间谍卫星这一事件出发,分析了美国正在部署的导弹防御系统（MD）的反卫能力,包括地基导弹防御系统、海基导弹防御系统、机栽激光防御系统、天基导弹防御系统所具有的对各种卫星的潜在攻击能力。     

Communicating across the solar system

The technological advances of the Space Age have enabled us to project our senses through complex instruments to the edge of the Solar System and beyond. The link back to Earth by the communication channel has provided us with a wealth of information. The vast improvement in communication capability, by a factor of 10¹⁸, from the launching of the first earth satellites to the capacity of the Voyager telecommunications link across the Solar System, is symbolic of both our technical prowess and our cultural development. The combination of data rate and extreme distance at the Voyager 2 encounters with Uranus and Neptune in 1986 and 1989 will require the ground network to perform an engineering feat of unequalled magnitude. This paper describes the engineering challenge of communicating with spacecraft at the limits of the Solar System and the engineering responses to that challenge.