火星太阳电池翼除尘方法综述

“萤火一号”火星探测器即将发射升空,标志着我国火星探测计划实施的开始。然而,火星尘埃在范德华力和静电力的作用下积聚在太阳电池翼的表面,使其转换效率下降,影响火星探测器的寿命。因此,开展火星太阳电池翼除尘技术的研究是非常有意义的。文章主要介绍了火星太阳电池翼的除尘方法,特别是目前最受关注的电帘除尘方法,并对其基本结构、除尘原理、除尘效率和透光性做了详细的描述,对开展火星太阳电池翼除尘技术的研究具有一定的参考作用。     

月尘累积对太阳电池阵电帘除尘效率影响的实验研究

月尘在月球探测器太阳电池阵表面的累积将会导致其输出功率下降甚至功能失效。近年来,电帘除尘方法被认为是月尘清除防护的有效手段。文章实验研究了月尘累积对三结砷化镓太阳电池性能影响,拟合得到了月尘累积质量与太阳电池相对输出功率的数学模型;利用电帘除尘装置,研究了不同月尘累积质量下电帘的除尘效率。研究结果表明,6 mg/cm2月尘累积质量是太阳电池阵电帘除尘装置启动的最佳工作条件。该研究成果可为开发具有自适应除尘能力的太阳电池阵提供技术支持。     

驻波电帘除尘效率的实验研究

月尘将对在月球表面进行巡视探测的设备产生严重不利影响。文章分析了利用驻波电帘对探测器的太阳电池板进行尘埃清除和防护,给出了电帘表面的电场分布,颗粒在电帘表面的受力状态和起跳、跃移过程,通过实验测量给出了电帘结构各参数对除尘效率的影响,制备了自清洁演示系统,对电帘的能耗进行了测定;表明驻波电帘是月表探测任务中尘埃防护的有效方法。     

远征火星中国火箭准备好了

时下,“探火”是一个非常热门的话题。前不久,印度PSLV-XL火箭发射的“曼加里安”火星轨道探测器顺利进入火星椭圆轨道一事,引起了世界各国的广泛关注。根据深空探测发展路线图,我国在加紧实施月球探测任务的同时,即将踏上全面探索深空奥秘的历史征程,包括火星在内的多个深空探测任务将逐步推进。随着我国探月工程的圆满实施,中国运载火箭研究院研制的运载火箭已经具备了深空探测能力,能够执行火星探测任务。     

火星样品回送任务2018年发射

由欧空局和法国国家空间研究中心主办的“国际火星样品回送会议”7月9～10日在巴黎举行。会议由美国航空航天局和国际火星探测工作组协办。与会专家宣布将在2018年发射火星样品回送探测器．称其是迄今规划出的最复杂和耗资最高的火星探测项目。这项无人探测任务旨在采集火星土样和岩样并送回地球。     

面向火星探测的新一代微波着陆雷达技术

为适应我国火星探测任务,在探月着陆雷达研制的基础上研制出新一代的火星着陆雷达.介绍了国外火星着陆雷达的现状和实现指标,分析了国内火星探测任务中微波着陆雷达的关键点,尤其针对火星风沙尘暴、大角速度和复杂着陆地形的特征采取了综合试验验证方法,取得了关键数据.针对火星着陆雷达严苛的性能指标要求,创新性地采用线性调频连续波的着...     

火星探测器着陆技术

火星着陆技术是火星探测的关键技术之一。由于火星环境与地球有很大不同,要实现火星探测的软着陆仍具有非常大的挑战性。介绍了各种火星着陆技术方案,对气动减速、控制和着陆缓冲等关键技术进行了分析。     

又有两颗探测器奔向火星

作为其长期火星探测战略的一部分，美国航宇局去年１２月１１日和今年１月３日又把两颗火星探测器送入太空。这两颗探测器将分别从火星轨道上和在火星表面上对该行星进行研究。美国两年前发射了火星探路者和火星全球勘测者两颗探测器，拉开了其新的火星探索活动的序幕。它...     

深空样品密封技术综述

文章首先介绍了美国"阿波罗"计划中月球样品密封所使用的密封结构与材料,以及火星采样返回任务中对样品密封的技术方案和研究情况。然后,针对我国探月工程三期的样品密封要求,分析了多种密封材料和结构,包括铟银合金作为软金属用于刀口挤压的密封结构、自动钎焊密封装置和爆炸焊接密封装置;同时,简单地介绍了目前国内深空样品密封技术研究与试验工作。最后,针对上述密封结构和密封材料,结合我国探月工程的要求,提出了优化研究方向。这些跟踪研究结果可为我国深空样品密封技术的发展提供参考。     

俄罗斯Fregat上面级

介绍了俄罗斯Fregat上面级的基本功能、组成和主要技术指标。给出了其几何布置、贮箱可承力、独立性与自主性、液-固耦合及大幅晃动和多次起动等特点与关键技术等。给出了2003年欧空局火星探测项目、2005年欧空局金星探测项目和中俄联合火星探测项目等典型应用。     

Simulation of rocket plume and lunar dust using DSMC method

When lunar modules land on the Moon, dust impingement on the lunar module components and deposition on the thermal and optical surfaces would cause many serious problems. The emphasis of this research is on simulating the interaction of rocket plume and lunar dust using the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. The method is extended to model the movement and collision stages of rarefied plume gas and dust particles, including three collisional mechanisms: molecule–molecule, molecule–particle and particle–particle collisions. The reflection of gas molecules on the particle surface is computed by an indirect approach based on the coordinate transformation. Neighboring-cell contact detection scheme is applied to check for contacts between all possible particle pairs. The simulation results show that the acceleration of dust particle is mostly determined by the parameters of plume field. In the computational regions with larger gas density and velocity the particles can be accelerated to larger velocity and convected to higher temperature.     

Conceptual study and key technology development for Mars Aeroflyby sample collection

Conceptual study of Mars Aeroflyby Sample Collection (MASC) is conducted as a part of the next Mars exploration mission currently entertained in Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. In the mission scenario, an atmospheric entry vehicle is flown into the Martian atmosphere, collects the Martian dust particles as well as atmospheric gases during the guided hypersonic flight, exits the Martian atmosphere, and is inserted into a parking orbit from which a return system departs for the earth to deliver the dust and gas samples. In order to accomplish a controlled flight and a successful orbit insertion, aeroassist orbit transfer technologies are introduced into the guidance and control system. System analysis is conducted to assess the feasibility and to make a conceptual design, finding that the MASC system is feasible at the minimum system mass of 600 kg approximately. The aerogel, which is one of the candidates for the dust sample collector, is assessed by arcjet heating tests to examine its behavior when exposed to high-temperature gases, as well as by particle impingement tests to evaluate its dust capturing capability.     

Additional historical solid rocket motor burns

The use of orbital solid rocket motors (SRM) is responsible for the release of a high number of slag and Al₂O₃ dust particles which contribute to the space debris environment. This contribution has been modeled for the ESA space debris model MASTER (Meteoroid and Space Debris Terrestrial Environment Reference). The current model version, MASTER-2005, is based on the simulation of 1076 orbital SRM firings which mainly contributed to the long-term debris environment. SRM firings on very low earth orbits which produce only short living particles are not considered. A comparison of the modeled flux with impact data from returned surfaces shows that the shape and quantity of the modeled SRM dust distribution matches that of recent Hubble Space Telescope (HST) solar array measurements very well. However, the absolute flux level for dust is under-predicted for some of the analyzed Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) surfaces. This indicates that some past SRM firings are not included in the current event database. Thus it is necessary to investigate, if additional historical SRM burns, like the retro-burn of low orbiting re-entry capsules, may be responsible for these dust impacts. The most suitable candidates for these firings are the large number of SRM retro-burns of return capsules. This paper focuses on the SRM retro-burns of Russian photoreconnaissance satellites, which were used in high numbers during the time of the LDEF mission. It is discussed which types of satellites and motors may have been responsible for this historical contribution. Altogether, 870 additional SRM retro-burns have been identified. An important task is the identification of such missions to complete the current event data base. Different types of motors have been used to de-orbit both large satellites and small film return capsules. The results of simulation runs are presented.     

计算模拟月壤颗粒吸收及散射特性的一种球叠加模型

针对模拟月壤复杂的外形特征以及多相非均质的微观结构,提出了一种计算模拟月壤颗粒吸收及散射特性的球叠加模型。根据模拟月壤颗粒的形状指数和分形特征识别结果,归纳了4种主要的模拟月壤颗粒类型,并采用蒙特卡罗光线跟踪法研究了这4种颗粒在单色平行光照射下的吸收及散射特性。与已有的非球形颗粒辐射特性的算法比较显示,该模型具有良好的计算准确性。在数值计算的基础上,分析了颗粒尺度参数及光学常数对其自身辐射特性的影响,并通过改变平行光照下的光线入射角度,分析了非球形颗粒的朝向对其自身辐射特性的影响。由计算结果推断,该模型不仅可以应用于计算模拟月壤颗粒的辐射特性,还可以满足其他适用于几何光学近似的非球形粒子。     

月尘对热控系统的退化影响

月尘对热控系统的退化影响直接威胁到探测器在月面的生存,是探测器热控系统设计时所必须考虑的技术重点和难点之一。随着我国探月工程的深入,急需开展月尘对热控系统影响程度的研究,文章在调研的基础上,阐述了目前国内外在月尘的特性、危害性和防护方面的研究现状,并探讨了针对月面探测器设计上的一些可行的防尘措施。     

Magnetic Cusp as a Source of Dust Swarms in the Near-Earth Space

Within the framework of the concept of steady-state flow of a flux of dust particles through the cusp channel of the Earth's magnetosphere, we develop the idea that the magnetic cusp is a generator of dust swarms in the near-Earth space. The analytical dependencies for the density (concentration) of dust particles in the cusp and near-Earth space region are obtained.     

空间微小碎片对光学玻璃的污染效应研究

航天器在轨服役期间会遭受到大量空间微小碎片撞击作用。这些微陨石和空间微小碎片可能在光学玻璃表面碰撞产生陷坑,也可能吸附在航天器光学玻璃表面造成污染。文章介绍了采用静电式粉尘加速器使微米级铝粉末低速撞击K8光学玻璃,在玻璃表面吸附大量的粉尘粒子。研究结果表明,被铝粒子污染的光学玻璃透过率明显下降。透过率下降与污染程度成比例。对光学玻璃表面单个粒子陷坑计算分析表明,粒子吸附在玻璃表面时,比粒子陷入一定深度造成的光线衰减更大。