Detection of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays and neutrinos by radio method using artificial lunar satellites

An estimate of the feasibility of the ultrahigh-energy cosmic ray and neutrino detection using a lunar satellite-borne radio receiver is presented. The data obtained in the proposed experiment will make resolving the current contradictions in the ultrahigh-energy cosmic ray spectra measured with the major ground-based instruments possible. Moreover, they will enable us to considerably extend the accessible energy range and to check predictions of various models of the origin of the highest-energy particles in the Universe. At the same time the lunar radio detector provides a means of searching for ultrahigh-energy neutrinos with a high sensitivity combined with a very large target effective mass.     

Carotenoid analysis of halophilic archaea by resonance Raman spectroscopy

Recently, halite and sulfate evaporate rocks have been discovered on Mars by the NASA rovers, Spirit and Opportunity. It is reasonable to propose that halophilic microorganisms could have potentially flourished in these settings. If so, biomolecules found in microorganisms adapted to high salinity and basic pH environments on Earth may be reliable biomarkers for detecting life on Mars. Therefore, we investigated the potential of Resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy to detect biomarkers derived from microorganisms adapted to hypersaline environments. RR spectra were acquired using 488.0 and 514.5 nm excitation from a variety of halophilic archaea, including Halobacterium salinarum NRC-1, Halococcus morrhuae, and Natrinema pallidum. It was clearly demonstrated that RR spectra enhance the chromophore carotenoid molecules in the cell membrane with respect to the various protein and lipid cellular components. RR spectra acquired from all halophilic archaea investigated contained major features at approximately 1000, 1152, and 1505 cm(-1). The bands at 1505 cm(-1) and 1152 cm(-1) are due to in-phase C=C (nu(1) ) and C-C stretching ( nu(2) ) vibrations of the polyene chain in carotenoids. Additionally, in-plane rocking modes of CH(3) groups attached to the polyene chain coupled with C-C bonds occur in the 1000 cm(-1) region. We also investigated the RR spectral differences between bacterioruberin and bacteriorhodopsin as another potential biomarker for hypersaline environments. By comparison, the RR spectrum acquired from bacteriorhodopsin is much more complex and contains modes that can be divided into four groups: the C=C stretches (1600-1500 cm(-1)), the CCH in-plane rocks (1400-1250 cm(-1)), the C-C stretches (1250-1100 cm(-1)), and the hydrogen out-of-plane wags (1000-700 cm(-1)). RR spectroscopy was shown to be a useful tool for the analysis and remote in situ detection of carotenoids from halophilic archaea without the need for large sample sizes and complicated extractions, which are required by analytical techniques such as high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.     

考虑探测构形的多飞行器协同探测与制导一体化设计

针对多飞行器协同拦截机动目标时几何构形会影响协同探测和制导效果的问题,基于最优控制理论提出一种考虑探测构形的协同探测与制导一体化设计方法。基于飞行器相对运动学、动力学方程和双视线协同探测原理,建立了协同拦截模型。在制导设计中引入视线分离角参量以调制协同探测几何构形、减小相对距离探测误差,从而在制导全程增强协同探测效果。将相对距离协同探测结果应用到剩余时间和制导律解算中,基于最优控制理论实现协同探测与制导环节一体化设计。仿真结果表明：在目标进行不同程度机动的情况下,与修正比例导引律相比,所提方法在协同探测和制导方面均具有明显优势。     

The possible origin and persistence of life on Enceladus and detection of biomarkers in the plume

The jets of icy particles and water vapor issuing from the south pole of Enceladus are evidence for activity driven by some geophysical energy source. The vapor has also been shown to contain simple organic compounds, and the south polar terrain is bathed in excess heat coming from below. The source of the ice and vapor, and the mechanisms that accelerate the material into space, remain obscure. However, it is possible that a liquid water environment exists beneath the south polar cap, which may be conducive to life. Several theories for the origin of life on Earth would apply to Enceladus. These are (1) origin in an organic-rich mixture, (2) origin in the redox gradient of a submarine vent, and (3) panspermia. There are three microbial ecosystems on Earth that do not rely on sunlight, oxygen, or organics produced at the surface and, thus, provide analogues for possible ecologies on Enceladus. Two of these ecosystems are found deep in volcanic rock, and the primary productivity is based on the consumption by methanogens of hydrogen produced by rock reactions with water. The third ecosystem is found deep below the surface in South Africa and is based on sulfur-reducing bacteria consuming hydrogen and sulfate, both of which are ultimately produced by radioactive decay. Methane has been detected in the plume of Enceladus and may be biological in origin. An indicator of biological origin may be the ratio of non-methane hydrocarbons to methane, which is very low (0.001) for biological sources but is higher (0.1-0.01) for nonbiological sources. Thus, Cassini's instruments may detect plausible evidence for life by analysis of hydrocarbons in the plume during close encounters.     

基于多传感器的石化装置有毒气体检测报警系统的设计

随着全球工业化步伐的不断加快,伴随着工业生产而产生的各种各样的有毒有害气体对人类的危害问题也越来越凸显出来。尤其是在石油化工生产过程中产生的CO、SO_2、H_2S和NO_2等有毒气体,对生产安全和环境保护造成巨大的威胁。因此有毒气体监测报警系统在石油化工领域有着广泛的需求。如何利用智能仪器仪表监测技术对有毒气体进行浓度监测及报警已成为国内外学者研究的重点课题。有毒气体监测仪器的研制,能有效的检测出各种有毒有害气体,有利于我们采取相对应的措施有针对性的进行清除,确保人们的身心健康、生命安全,并对提高人们的生活质量具有重大的现实意义。     

基于多波束偏振探测体制的星载云-气溶胶探测雷达设计和仿真

星载激光探测载荷具有云、气溶胶垂直廓线的探测能力。国内外已有的载荷,例如美国Calipso卫星的Caliop雷达、国内“句芒号”卫星的多波束激光雷达和大气污染监测卫星的大气探测激光雷达,为单波束云-气溶胶探测,单次探测区域较窄。提出了多波束云-气溶胶探测激光雷达系统,该系统工作于800 km卫星轨道,采用多波束探测体制,扩展雷达的探测幅宽到30 km,中心波束采用双波长偏振探测获取大气气溶胶、云的垂直廓线和粒子种类,边缘波束采用单波长探测获取云垂直廓线,可极大地提高数据获取效率。采用单光子探测和模拟探测结合的探测方式,模拟探测保证探测的动态范围,单光子探测具有极高的探测灵敏度,降低雷达所需的激光能量,降低雷达的重量和功耗。最终通过模拟仿真,验证了星载多波束云-气溶胶探测雷达对典型云、气溶胶的探测效果。     

近红外光谱测定NEPE胶组分含量

研究了近红外光谱测定NEPE胶中硝化甘油、丁三醇三硝酸酯、聚乙二醇含量的方法,采用相关系数、显变分析、间隔偏最小二乘法、遗传算法等方法选择波长,对相关实验条件和影响因素进行了研究.实验结果表明,数据平移处理可以有效改善样品吸光度与浓度之间的相关性;遗传算法选择波长优于相关系数法和间隔偏最小二乘法,显变分析不适合于本项研究;近红外光谱法快速测定NEPE胶组分含量的结果与标准分析方法的测定结果一致,两者相差小于1%;水分含量的变化、正常加热操作对NEPE胶组分含量测定的影响不明显.     

Analysis of carbonaceous biomarkers with the Mars Organic Analyzer microchip capillary electrophoresis system: carboxylic acids

The oxidizing surface chemistry on Mars argues that any comprehensive search for organic compounds indicative of life requires methods to analyze higher oxidation states of carbon with very low limits of detection. To address this goal, microchip capillary electrophoresis (μCE) methods were developed for analysis of carboxylic acids with the Mars Organic Analyzer (MOA). Fluorescent derivatization was achieved by activation with the water soluble 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) followed by reaction with Cascade Blue hydrazide in 30 mM borate, pH 3. A standard containing 12 carboxylic acids found in terrestrial life was successfully labeled and separated in 30 mM borate at pH 9.5, 20 °C by using the MOA CE system. Limits of detection were 5-10 nM for aliphatic monoacids, 20 nM for malic acid (diacid), and 230 nM for citric acid (triacid). Polyacid benzene derivatives containing 2, 3, 4, and 6 carboxyl groups were also analyzed. In particular, mellitic acid was successfully labeled and analyzed with a limit of detection of 300 nM (5 ppb). Analyses of carboxylic acids sampled from a lava tube cave and a hydrothermal area demonstrated the versatility and robustness of our method. This work establishes that the MOA can be used for sensitive analyses of a wide range of carboxylic acids in the search for extraterrestrial organic molecules.     

固体核磁共振法测定聚磷酸铵的平均聚合度

采用固体核磁共振法测定了不同批次聚磷酸铵(简称APP)的平均聚合度,并与端基滴定法和液体核磁共振法进行了比较。结果表明,端基滴定法不适宜测定平均聚合度n>50的APP产品,液体核磁共振法的测定结果偏低,固体核磁共振法可以避免上述2种方法的局限,测定结果可信度较高,且实验精密度较好。     

巡航导弹的预警和探测

在海湾战争、波黑战争、科索沃战争、阿富汗战争和伊拉克战争中，美军均使用了大量的巡航导弹，并取得了很好的作战效果。巡航导弹已迅速成为当今各国的战略威慑武器发展重点。     

火星大气O3光谱探测技术

O3是火星大气中最重要、最活跃的分子之一,它不仅能够控制到达火星地面的紫外光通量,而且能够追踪大气中水蒸气光化解产生的HOX基,同时也是建立火星大气光化学模型的基础。文章主要描述通过天基遥感和地基遥感两种方法探测得到火星大气O3含量,包括空间和时间的分布、垂直剖面及其变化;具体分析了两种方法的探测机理,详细描述了国际相应光谱仪的整机结构和探测的重要成果,为中国进行深空探测提供了参考。     

DDOS攻击的检测和防御

DDOS攻击的破坏性大,危害面广泛,稽查工作同样是困难重重。为了保障互联网的安全,对DDOS攻击进行深入分析犹显必要和紧迫。本文研究了DDOS攻击的原理、攻击的预防,提出了一些切实可行的方案。     

多功能大气探测激光雷达应用

激光雷达具有高的时间和空间分辨率、优越的方向性和相干性、高的探测精度和实时快速的数据获取能力,已经被广泛应用于大气探测、环境监测等领域。随着技术的发展,大气探测激光雷达由最初的单波长、单功能朝着多波长、多功能方向发展,技术更加成熟,操作更加方便。本文将介绍大气探测激光雷达的基本原理,及其在探测大气气溶胶和云、水汽、温度、污染物和大气边界层高度等方面的数据应用。最后,对多波长多功能大气探测激光雷达的数据应用发展进行了总结和展望。     

光纤捷联惯导系统检漏工艺技术

针对光纤惯导系统检漏方法中存在的问题,优化了检漏工艺流程,改进了检漏设备,设计了检漏工装,并对改进后的检漏工艺方法进行了试验验证。试验证明,该检漏工艺技术可满足光纤捷联惯导系统的检漏需求。     

基于多波长激光吸收光谱技术的气体温度二维重建

激光吸收光谱技术在航空航天领域具有广泛的应用前景。文章利用多波长激光吸收光谱技术设计了气体温度二维重建系统,实现了燃烧场气体温度的二维重建,通过增加吸收谱线信息减少了投影个数。重建算法采用了遗传模拟退火结合序列二次规划(SQP)的混合算法,在实现全局寻优的同时提高了运算效率。建立了产物包含水的燃烧模型,利用8条水的近红外吸收谱线,对燃烧场温度进行了二维重建。通过在测量信息中添加不同比例的随机噪声,验证了算法的稳定性,并与双波长吸收法进行了对比。数值仿真实验结果表明,在低噪声环境下,两种方法的重建结果相当;但对于噪声较大的环境而言,多波长吸收法的重建效果更为稳定。     

基于SVM的SAR图像中水上桥梁目标的检测

针对SAR图像中桥梁目标的特性,提出了一种基于统计特性和先验知识相结合的桥梁目标检测方法。通过对SAR图像中桥梁和背景的分析,首先对河流区域进行特征提取,再利用支持向量机方法对数据进行训练建模,通过训练后的模型对SAR图像中的河流进行分割,最后在分类后的二值图中按方向累加能量最小准则进行桥梁目标检测。基于真实SAR图像的实验结果显示,此方法不需要对SAR图像进行复杂的预处理,有强的抗斑点噪声性,能快速检测SAR图像中的桥梁目标。     

航天器舱内中子辐射探测技术

航天器舱内中子对于舱内电子设备和人员安全都存在潜在的巨大威胁,中子探测对于改进航天器防护层的设计,保护设备与人员安全都具有重要的意义。然而舱内中子辐射环境复杂,中子探测会受到带电粒子的干扰。文章主要调研了国外中子辐射环境及其效应探测载荷技术的发展现状,并对国外典型的中子辐射环境探测器的技术特点进行了总结。结合国外中子探测技术发展动态和我国的技术状况,对我国进一步发展载人航天器舱内中子辐射环境探测技术提出了建议。     

一种检测ＳＡＲ图像边缘的方法

传统算法不能很好地解决合成孔径雷达（ＳＡＲ）图像边缘检测问题，为此提出了一种改进方法：将Ｈaralick曲面拟合法和改进的广义模糊算子（ＧＦＯ）两种算法相结合，分别独立求出ＳＡＲ图像边缘，然后将分别求出的图像边缘合并，得出最终边缘，用实际ＳＡＲ图像对该算法进行检验，验证了该算法的有效性。     

Using electrical impedance spectroscopy to detect water in planetary regoliths

We present data in examination of the utility of electrical impedance spectroscopy measurements for in situ surveys to determine the water content, distribution, and phase in unconsolidated planetary regolith. We conducted calibration experiments under conditions relevant to Mars: the concentration of electrolytes in solution was varied up to 1 M to simulate the effects of unsaturated dissolved minerals and brines. We also varied the water content of heterogeneous water/sand mixtures, made with these electrolytic solutions from 0.01 wt% to 10 wt%. Tests were performed at temperatures from +25 degrees C to -65 degrees C. Conductivity and dielectric permittivity calculated from the impedance measurements indicate an expected dependence on electrolyte concentration and relative independence from electrolyte type for both liquid water and water ice. Conductivity and calculated dielectric relaxation times for these aqueous solutions agree with existing data in the literature. The relative permittivity for heterogeneous water/sand mixtures is dominated by polarization effects for the electrode configuration used. However, the characteristic orientational relaxation of ice is still visible. The conductivity retains the strong dependence on electrolyte concentration, and the permittivity is still not affected by electrolyte type. A "universal" curve between conductivity and water content establishes detectability limits of <0.01 wt% and approximately 0.3 wt% for water/sand mixtures containing liquid water and ice, respectively.     

串联密封系统泄漏率的测定

从理论上讨论了用常规氦质谱仪检漏方法测定两密封件串联密封的气路系统各密封件“单密封”泄漏率的问题。给出了解析结果， 所得出的结论应用在工程实践中有利于提高产品质量， 具有经济价值。