Water Cherenkov detectors:MILAGRO

This paper discusses the properties of using the water Cherenkov technique to detect air showers in the few hundred GeV to 100 TeV energy range. The responses of a 6 m² 2 m deep water Cherenkov counter and that of a 6 m² 10cm thick scintillator-lead sandwich counter to air shower electrons and photons is described. The advantages of water Cherenkov detector is outlined. Its application to do VHE gamma ray astronomy is discussed with particular reference to the MILAGRO telescope currently under construction. Milagro, a water-Cherenkov detector to do gamma ray astronomy above 100 Gev, uses an existing pool 60m × 80m by 8m, located in the Jemez mountains near Los Alamos, NM. The threshold of the MILAGRO detector is comparable to atmospheric Cherenkov detectors, however it has several advantages over these optical detectors. MILAGRO can operate 24 hours a day in all weather conditions and it has an open aperture which allows it to view the entire northern sky every day. These capabilities allow for a systematic all-sky survey to be done for the first time at these energies. MILAGRO will measure the Crab spectrum with high significance over a wide energy range, it will detect and measure the spectra from AGN's such as MRK 421 and it will search for short duration bursts from GRBs and possibly evaporating PBHs.     

Gamma-Ray Astronomy: Extension beyond the GeV domain by ground-based observations

Gamma-Ray Astronomy, originated with the OSO-3, SAS-2 and COS-B satellites, has been renewed during the last three years by Compton-GRO's discovery of tens of Galactic and extra-galactic sources up to 10 GeV. Also in the last three years, a ground-based observing technique has emerged for TeV gamma rays: the identification of gamma-induced air showers via their Cerenkov emission. Extrapolating this technique down to the present limit of satellite observations has become a realistic goal, allowing fundamental questions to be tackled which would remain open until the individual spectra were extended.     

能量和协方差检验的联合频谱感知算法研究

快速准确的频谱感知是认知无线电系统有效通信的前提。现有的能量检测算法易受噪声波动影响,为提高频谱感知的性能,采用了联合频谱感知算法。方法利用双门限的能量检测法进行粗检,并使用协方差检测算法对中间混淆区域进行二次判决。在噪声不确定的情况下,对联合频谱感知算法性能进行了仿真分析。仿真结果表明,在噪声波动较大时,算法有效地提高频谱检测的性能,而且计算复杂度得到降低,并优于能量检测法和协方差检测法。     

空天机复合循环推进技术新概念研究——液化空气循环在其中的应用

研究了空天机复合循环推进技术中的一个新概念——以液化空气循环为基础的SERJ组合发动机性能。计算了空气液化后分离为液氧和液氮后组合发动机在不同高度、不同飞行马赫数下的性能曲线,并考虑了液化空气量对组合发动机性能的影响。对计算结果的分析表明,液化空气循环虽然使组合发动机推力下降,但能使比冲有较大幅度的上升;液化空气量过大与过小均不利于进一步提高比冲性能,而是存在一个最佳值。     

A Sequential Detector

The PRSD detector improves radar performance by controlling the distribution of energy in space, thus making a radar adaptive to its environment. An increase in performance over classical detectors may be realized in any of several ways: 1) greater maximum range; 2) smaller minimum detectable targets; 3) higher data rates; 4) lower average transmitted power, which allows smaller size and weight of equipment. The model of the PRSD detector described herein was tested with a semi-agile beam radar, and gave measured field performance improvement (for this particular radar) equivalent to an S/N increase ranging from 5 to 22 dB with a mean of 9.5 dB. This increase is greater than the 5-dB improvement predicted for the system in a white noise environment because many of the field tests were at locations subjected to heavy interference. The PRSD detector was extremely effective reducing the interference. In this paper, we will briefly review the theory of operation, describe the equipment and the method of test, and present experimental data. The data presented here are essential to a complete understanding of sequential detection since a rigorous theory encompassing multiple range bin radar has not been developed at this time. Finally, an extensive bibliography is appended.     

空气液化发动机参数分析

为了准确分析空气液化发动机为飞行器性能的影响，有必要分析发动机在整个飞行过程中的参数变化。对基本空气液化方案和空气液化分离方案两种发动机进行了构型和系统分析。计算表明空气液化发动机的推力、比冲等重要的总体参数在飞行过程中会有较大的变化。分析数据对全面、准确分析飞行器性能提供了依据。     

Detection of a Distributed Target

The influence of increasing range resolution on the detectability of targets with dimensions greater than the resolution cell is studied. An N-cell target model is assumed, which contains k reflecting cells, each reflecting independently according to the same Rayleigh amplitude distribution. It will be referred to as the (N,k) target. Detection based on one transmitted pulse is performed against a background of white normal noise. Detection in stationary clutter is also considered. The optimum detector is obtained but, in view of its complexity, the performance of a simpler detector, the square-law envelope detector with linear integrator (SLEDLI), is analyzed, and a formula for the probability of detection is obtained. Graphs are presented which show the probability of detection as a function of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for various values of N k, and false alarm probability. For N/k not too large it is shown that the SLEDLI is near optimum.     

Performance of a Two-Sample Mann-Whitney Nonparametric Detector in a Radar Application

The detection of signals in an unknown, typically non-Gaussian noise environment, while attempting to maintain a constant false-alarm rate, is a common problem in radar and sonar. The raw receiver data is commonly processed initially by a bank of frequency filters. The further processing of the outputs from the filter bank by a two-sample Mann-Whitney detector is considered. When the noise statistics in all filters are identical, the Mann-Whitney detector is distribution free, i. e., the false-alarm probability may be prescribed in advance regardless of the precise form of the noise statistics. The primary purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the potential advantage of nonparametric detectors over conventional detectors. The signal detection performance of the Mann-Whitney detector is compared to that of an ordinary linear envelope detector plus integrator in the presence of Gaussian and several hypothetical forms of non-Gaussian noise. This comparison is made for both uniform and nonuniform distributions of noise power across the filter bank. Besides providing a much more constant false-alarm rate than the conventional detector, the Mann-Whitney detector's signal detection performance is found also to be much less sensitive to the form of the noise statistics. In one case, its detection sensitivity is found to be 11 dB better than that of the conventional detector. Even when the noise power density is made moderately nonuniform across the filter bank, the detection performance of the Mann-Whitney detector is found not to be significantly affected.     

非参量量化秩检测器的性能研究

 许多作者讨论过非参量秩检测器在雷达信号处理中的应用。秩检测器首先把接收波形样本转换为秩。如果检验单元和参考单元的噪声样本独立和分布,则无信号时检验单元的秩具有离散均匀分布,与输入噪声的分布无关。所以秩检测器可能提供分布自由的恒虚警率性能。量化秩检测器（QRD）只对二进量化秩进行积累,所以它实现起来很经济。本文分析QRD的检测性能。证明QRD有一最佳秩量化门限（ORQT）。确定高斯和韦伯噪声中的ORQT。另外,把QRD同高斯噪声中的局部最佳秩检测器和最佳参量检测器进行比较。     

多电式环控系统电动机功率选定及其经济性分析

提出多电式环控系统参数匹配计算模型,获得不同飞行工况下电动机功率的选定值,分析其影响因素以及系统的经济性.结果表明:对于一定的供气压力,飞行高度越高,电动机功率越大,而同一高度马赫数越大,电动机功率越小;对于给定的飞行工况,供气压力越高,电动机功率越大;对于相同的供气压力与飞行工况,多电式环控系统的性能代偿损失比传统环控系统要小,飞行时间越长,系统的经济性越好.      

先验失配条件下的知识辅助检测器稳健性分析

充分利用探测环境的先验信息是提高雷达探测能力的有效途径之一。先验信息必须在雷达检测算法设计阶段确定下来,因此先验信息与当前探测环境之间可能存在不一致性。以复合高斯杂波中的、利用纹理分量先验信息的知识辅助(KA)检测器作为研究对象,首先建立了该检测器检测性能与先验分布参数失配之间的量化关系,然后根据给定的杂波探测环境模型参数,分析了先验模型失配对检测性能的影响。分析结果表明:知识辅助检测器的稳健性与当前探测环境模型参数有关。进一步给出了先验模型失配的容许区间,当先验模型参数在这个区间内,知识辅助检测器性能优于不使用先验信息的检测器性能。     

Data link communication equipment approved by USAF for civil air traffic control

Operations within civil airspace will transition from traditional ground-based air traffic control (ATC) to air traffic management (ATM), a concept that requires aircrews and ground managers to share responsibility of aircraft separation assurance. Increased levels of information exchange will be necessary for this concept to work safely; therefore, air-ground communications will transition from voice to data link communications. The nature of data link communications procurement requires that avionics suppliers not only verify their products meet contractual performance requirements, but also demonstrate that their products are compatible with civil communication networks and ATC. In addition, the USAF needs to demonstrate that their crew-training program is adequate to maintain the required level of aircrew proficiency and equipment can be maintained for the required level of system performance, integrity, and interoperability with the civil environment. This paper outlines some of the certification issues facing the USAF with respect to the "Approval for Use" of data link equipment to be used for communication with ATC. It will also suggest a methodology for the avionics supplier and USAF to obtain the approvals required to ensure the installation of data link communications equipment on military aircraft will remain interoperable with civil ATC.     

Optimum detection and location estimation of target lines in the range-time space of a search radar

The average likelihood ratio detector is derived as the optimum detector for detecting a target line with unknown normal parameters in the range-time data space of a search radar, which is corrupted by Gaussian noise. The receiver operation characteristics of this optimum detector is derived to evaluate its performance improvement in comparison with the Hough detector, which uses the return signal of several successive scans to achieve a non-coherent integration improvement and get a better performance than the conventional detector. This comparison, which is done through analytic derivations and also through simulation results, shows that the average likelihood ratio detector has a better performance for different SNR values. This result is justified by showing the disadvantages of the Hough method, which are eliminated by the optimum detector. To have an estimate for the location of the detected target line in the optimum detection method as the Hough method, which detects and localizes the target lines simultaneously, we present the maximum a posteriori probability estimator. The estimation performance of the two methods is then compared and it is shown that the maximum a posteriori probability estimator localizes the detected target lines with a better performance in comparison with the Hough method.     

相控阵雷达导引头波束稳定技术研究

 相控阵雷达导引头已成为新型空空导弹制导系统的首选,相控阵雷达导引头应用在空空导弹上需要首先解决导引头波束稳定的技术难题。本文基于波束指向在惯性空间不变性原理提出一种相控阵雷达导引头波束稳定算法,对影响相控阵雷达导引头隔离度性能的主要因素进行了仿真分析。仿真结果表明:该算法可以实现相控阵雷达导引头波束惯性空间指向稳定并且满足工程应用要求;通过减小速率陀螺数据周期和波束控制周期,及引入速率陀螺传输延时补偿算法可以提高导引头的隔离度性能。     

机载电子设备冷却散热技术的发展

机载电子设备高性能、高可靠、低成本的发展趋势对冷却散热技术不断提出更高的要求。详细介绍了用于机载电子设备的风冷、液冷以及其他新型冷却散热技术,阐述了各种散热技术的原理和特点,探讨了未来机载电子设备冷却散热技术的发展方向。研究结果表明:液冷必将取代风冷成为机载电子设备的主要冷却散热方式。未来机载电子设备还将采用混合冷却的设计方案,最大限度地发挥电子设备的热性能,提高机载电子设备综合化设计能力。     

Structures for radar detection in compound Gaussian clutter

The problem of coherent radar target detection in a background of non-Gaussian clutter modeled by a compound Gaussian distribution is studied here. We show how the likelihood ratio may be recast into an estimator-correlator form that shows that an essential feature of the optimal detector is to compute an optimum estimate of the reciprocal of the unknown random local power level. We then proceed to show that the optimal detector may be recast into yet another form, namely a matched filter compared with a data-dependent threshold. With these reformulations of the optimal detector, the problem of obtaining suboptimal detectors may be systematically studied by either approximating the likelihood ratio directly, utilizing a suboptimal estimate in the estimator-correlator structure or utilizing a suboptimal function to model the data-dependent threshold in the matched filter interpretation. Each of these approaches is studied to obtain suboptimal detectors. The results indicate that for processing small numbers of pulses, a suboptimal detector that utilizes information about the nature of the non-Gaussian clutter can be implemented to obtain quasi-optimal performance. As the number of pulses to be processed increases, a suboptimal detector that does not require information about the specific nature of the non-Gaussian clutter may be implemented to obtain quasi-optimal performance     

空气系统对核心机性能敏感性的影响

为了确定空气系统不同位置引气量对核心机性能的影响，给总体性能和空气系统设计提供依据，以某型核心机设计过 程为例，将空气系统设计迭代到总体性能设计中，研究了空气系统对核心机性能和部件特性的影响，并开展了空气系统对核心机 性能的敏感性分析。结果表明：每个引气位置引气量的增加均会导致燃烧室出口温度的升高，其中用于涡轮转子冷却的引气对燃 烧室出口温度的影响最大，其次为第5级压气机引气，再次为用于涡轮导向器冷却的引气，影响最小的为用于涡轮后机匣冷却的 引气。将空气系统设计结果迭代到核心机性能模型中，迭代后的压气机和涡轮工作特性发生了变化，压气机共同工作线受引气量 增加的影响稍微下移，涡轮落压比由于燃烧室出口温度的升高而减小。     

非相干Rice杂波中的恒虚警检测

 地杂波的统计特性常常可以用Rice模型来描述,其物理基础是认为地杂波由一些大的固定散射体引起的稳定分量和大量小的随机分布的运动散射体引起的瑞利起伏分量所合成。文献[2]研究了稳定分量不相干时Rice杂波中离散时间最佳检测的估值器——相关器结构,但无显式解,实现有困难。文献[3]导出了Rice杂波中SwerlingⅡ目标的离散时间检测的似然比检测器结构。在此基础上,本文给出了一种修正平方律结构的似然比检测器,并和通常的平方律检测器作了性能比较。     

基于导航雷达实测数据的CFAR检测算法分析

为提高导航雷达在复杂环境中的目标检测能力,研究了修正中值(MMD)检测器在导航雷达中的应用,并与经典非参量广义符号(GS)检测器和参量最小选择(SO)检测器的检测结果进行对比。仿真结果表明:GS检测器对海上单一目标有较好的检测性能,但是在多目标环境下的检测性能严重下降;SO检测器虽然对上述环境有较好的检测性能,但是由于杂波包络分布类型难以准确已知,杂波抑制能力较差;MMD检测器在多目标环境下有较好的检测性能和杂波抑制能力。     

Theory of partially adaptive radar

This work extends the recently introduced cross-spectral metric for subspace selection and dimensionality reduction to partially adaptive space-time sensor array processing. A general methodology is developed for the analysis of reduced-dimension detection tests with known and unknown covariance. It is demonstrated that the cross-spectral metric results in a low-dimensional detector which provides nearly optimal performance when the noise covariance is known. It is also shown that this metric allows the dimensionality of the detector to be reduced below the dimension of the noise subspace eigenstructure without significant loss. This attribute provides robustness in the subspace selection process to achieve reduced-dimensional target detection. Finally, it is demonstrated that the cross-spectral subspace reduced-dimension detector can outperform the full-dimension detector when the noise covariance is unknown, closely approximating the performance of the matched filter.