The real aerospace plane

In this article reproduced from Aerospace, Spring 1986, James Haggerty reports on the US National Aerospace Plane (NASP) research programme. NASP is a joint Department of Defense/NASA programme to develop and demonstrate the technologies for a revolutionary class of aerospace vehicles, powered by airbreathing engines, that would have the capability to take off from and land horizontally on standard runways, cruise in the atmosphere at hypersonic speeds, or fly into low-Earth orbit. The Air Force has been named executive agency for the programme. NASA is charged with overall technology direction. Other DoD participants include DARPA, the Navy and the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization.

In April 1986, the USAF awarded development contracts to seven aerospace manufacturing firms. Contracts for air-frame design went to Boeing Aerospace Company, Lockheed Advanced Aeronautics Company, General Dynamics Corporation, McDonnell Douglas Corporation and Rockwell International Corporation. General Electric Company and Pratt & Whitney Division of United Technologies were awarded propulsion contracts.     

Flight demonstration of new thruster and green propellant technology on the PRISMA satellite

The concept of a storable liquid monopropellant blend for space applications based on ammonium dinitramide (ADN) was invented in 1997, within a co-operation between the Swedish Space Corporation (SSC) and the Swedish Defense Research Agency (FOI). The objective was to develop a propellant which has higher performance and is safer than hydrazine. The work has been performed under contract from the Swedish National Space Board and ESA. The progress of the development has been presented in several papers since 2000.ECAPS, a subsidiary of the Swedish Space Corporation was established in 2000 with the aim to develop and market the novel “high performance green propellant” (HPGP) technology for space applications. The new technology is based on several innovations and patents w.r.t. propellant formulation and thruster design, including a high temperature resistant catalyst and thrust chamber.The first flight demonstration of the HPGP propulsion system will be performed on PRISMA. PRISMA is an international technology demonstration program with Swedish Space Corporation as the Prime Contractor.This paper describes the performance, characteristics, design and verification of the HPGP propulsion system for PRISMA. Compatibility issues related to using a new propellant with COTS components is also discussed. The PRISMA mission includes two satellites in LEO orbit were the focus is on rendezvous and formation flying. One of the satellites will act as a “target” and the main spacecraft performs rendezvous and formation flying maneuvers, where the ECAPS HPGP propulsion system will provide delta-V capability.The PRISMA CDR was held in January 2007. Integration of the flight propulsion system is about to be finalized.The flight opportunity on PRISMA represents a unique opportunity to demonstrate the HPGP propulsion system in space, and thus take a significant step towards its use in future space applications. The launch of PRISMA scheduled to 2009.     

2GHz～6GHz功率驱动模块研究

文章研究了工作频率为2GHz～6GHz的微波功率模块（MPM）中的功率驱动模块。分析了功率驱动模块的特性与基本分析方法,重点研究了驱动模块中均衡网络的分析与设计及功率放大器的偏置技术。针对微波功率模块中小型化行波管的离散特性,可以利用仿真软件的优化功能快速地对功率驱动模块进行辅助设计。基于此方法,设计了一个频率为2GHz～6GHz、最大输出功率达32．5dBm的功率驱动模块。     

论企业社会责任会计信息披露体系

企业不仅仅是一个获利为目的的实体，还应是一个有社会责任感的“人”。本文对企业社会责任及社会责任会计的含义、内容、披露原则和披露模式进行了探讨，以为我国的企业进行社会责任会计信息的披露提供参考。     

Potential cost reductions for three STS/Spacelab mission modes

Based on the results of studies carried out by ESA several possibilities are discussed to achieve mission cost reductions for large Spacelab instrument facilities as compared to their flight on several 7-day duration Spacelab missions. As an example three scientific telescope facilities are selected (LIRTS, EXSPOS, GRIST) which are defined to a Phase A level.Three new mission modes are considered:

• —Shuttle attached Spacelab mission mode with extended flight duration (up to 30 days) for which the application of planned capability extensions and new elements of the STS/Spacelab (e.g. Short Spacelab Pallets, Power Extension Package) are investigated.

• —Shuttle deployed mission mode, for which the telescope, accommodated on a Spacelab pallet, is docked to the Power Module, a new element of the Space Transportation System under study by NASA.

• —Free-flying mission mode, for which Shuttle launched dedicated missions of the facilities are considered, assuming varying degrees of autonomy with respect to supporting services of the Shuttle.

Reduction of costs have been considered on the levels of single mission cost and total programme cost. Fundamentally the charges for the instrument can be reduced by constraining the mass/volume factors with respect to the Shuttle capability. However, the instrument as part of a payload is only viable if an acceptable resource sharing including observation time can be achieved. Any single instrument will require several mission opportunities or one mission which achieves a similar or longer total observation programme.Based on an identification of instrument modifications of the Phase A baseline designs to favour cost reductions and on a derivation of technical requirements, constraints and finally budgetary cost comparisons an attempt is made to assess the advantages and disadvantages of the different mission modes.The favoured option for GRIST is a 2–3 weeks sortie mission followed after refurbishment by a longer Power Module docked mission. For LIRTS and EXSPOS the free-flying pallet modes are very attractive in terms of the longer durations achieved and in terms of cost per unit operating time.     

System test results from the GNC experiments on the PRISMA in-orbit test bed

The PRISMA in-orbit test bed will demonstrate guidance, navigation, and control strategies for spacecraft formation flying and rendezvous. The project is funded by the Swedish National Space Board and the prime contractor is the Swedish Space Corporation. The project is further supported by the German Aerospace Center, the Technical University of Denmark, and the French Space Agency. PRISMA was launched on June 15, 2010 and after three weeks of operations, all on-board systems and units have passed an initial commissioning phase. Separation of the two PRISMA satellites from each other is expected by mid-August 2010.PRISMA consists of two spacecraft: MAIN and TARGET. The MAIN spacecraft has full orbit control capability while TARGET is attitude controlled only.The Swedish Space Corporation is responsible for three groups of guidance, navigation, and control experiments. These experiments include GPS- and vision-based formation flying during which the spacecraft will fly in passive as well as forced motion. The three experiments are: autonomous formation flying, proximity operations with final approach/recede maneuvers, and autonomous rendezvous. This paper presents system test results from two of these experiments as obtained with the flight-ready system. The system tests consist of a series of simulations performed on the flight model spacecraft with a large amount of hardware in the loop.     

电子控制器PCB板电磁兼容性仿真与试验研究

随着航空发动机全权限数字控制系统的发展,电子控制器中PCB板电磁兼容性设计的重要性日益凸显.本文以某控制器PCB板为对象,在10MHz至1GHz频率范围内,对其电磁干扰使用Ansys公司的SIwave进行近场远场仿真研究,并使用容向公司EMSCAN电磁干扰扫描仅进行测试.通过测试与仿真结果的对比,验证了仿真的准确性.本文提出了一种基于仿真预测PCB板电磁干扰的实现途径,对于电子控制器PCB板的电磁兼容性设计具有参考价值.     

涨落、协同、竞争及启示

运动的破缺产生差异，导致涨落，造成对系统原有方向、轨道的偏离，致使事物发展与进化，由此带来一系列富有生机和活力的启示。作为系统内在机制的协同与竞争，也深深地楔人了我们的生活。     

Inflection points in the development of energy in space

Basing his comments around a report on the Space Power Systems 1997 conference, ‘Energy and Space for Humanity’, held in Montreal, 24-28 August 1997, Richard Boudreault describes the progress made in getting the concept of power from space accepted by the terrestrial utilities. Increasing worries about the sustainability of current power sources together with deregulation of power distribution make space power more attractive. However, the high cost of access to space is a barrier, though this is starting to fall.     

Are current and future space technologies favourable to SSPS projects?

This viewpoint looks at the positive and negative prospects for the establishment of Space Solar Power Stations (SSPSs) from the standpoint of the way in which space technology has evolved since the concept was first proposed. While there are pressing arguments for alternatives to today’s energy sources, and technological advances have made construction and maintenance of SSPSs potentially easier and less expensive, it is argued that the general trend towards miniaturization in space, plus the probable difficulty of obtaining frequency allocations for SSPSs, militate against their realization. Further, the increasing militarization of space provides additional competition and could mean that SSPSs will never be launched for fear of becoming an enemy target. Nevertheless, SSPSs could have a future supplying electricity within the space environment itself.     

美国国防高级研究计划局F6项目发展研究

2009年11月25日,美国国防高级研究计划局（DARPA）将分离模块航天器（F6）研究项目的第二阶段研究合同授予轨道科学公司,合同为期一年,总价7460万美元。这一事件说明美国的分离模块航天器项目取得了阶段性成果。文章介绍了分离模块航天器的概念和项目进展,对以价值为中心的航天器设计理念进行了分析和探讨,并得出了几点启示和建议。     

卫星三端口DC-DC变换器技术综述

三端口DC-DC变换器可以同时将太阳电池阵和蓄电池组的功率统一变换到负载端。从外部端口看,电源控制器可以看作一个双输入、单输出的三端口DC-DC变换器,同时实现太阳电池阵调节、蓄电池组充放电控制,并保持负载端电压稳定。文章从三端口DC-DC变换器的拓扑结构、控制方法等方面进行调研,分析不同三端口DC-DC变换器的设计原理和特点,对其关键技术和适用性加以总结,提出电源控制器优化设计建议,可为实现卫星电源系统高功率密度、低成本设计提供参考。     

Flight demonstration of formation flying capabilities for future missions (NEAT pathfinder)

PRISMA is a demonstration mission for formation-flying and on-orbit-servicing critical technologies that involves two spacecraft launched in low Earth orbit in June 2010 and still in operation. Funded by the Swedish National Space Board, PRISMA mission has been developed by OHB-Sweden (formerly Swedish Space Corporation) with important contributions from the German Aerospace Centre (DLR/GSOC), the French Space Agency (CNES), and the Technical University of Denmark (DTU). The paper focuses on the last CNES experiment achieved in September 2012 that was devoted to the preparation of future astrometry missions illustrated by the NEAT and µ-NEAT mission concepts. The experiment consisted of performing the type of formation maneuvers required to point the two-satellite axis to a celestial target and maintain it fixed during the observation period. Achieving inertial pointing for a LEO formation represented a new challenge given the numerous constraints from propellant usage to star tracker blinding. The paper presents the experiment objectives in relation with the NEAT/µ-NEAT mission concept, describes its main design features along with the guidance and control algorithms evolutions and discusses the results in terms of performances achieved during the two rehearsals.     

整合营销传播

本文简要论述了整合营销传播的重要性及搞整合营销传播的困难和阻力，并通过惠浦公司的整合营销传播案例对如何搞整合营销传播做了一个简要的介绍。     

China Will Launch A Spanish Lunar Rover

China Great Wall Industry Corporation (CGWIC) and Barcelona Galactic Suite Moon Race S.L (GSMR) signed a launch contract in Paris to launch a Spanish lunar rover with a LM-2C launch vehicle. According to the contract, CGWIC will provide the launch service for the lunar rover developed by the Barcelona moon     

某固体火箭发动机药柱温度场有限元分析

为探索环境温度变化条件下固体火箭发动机药柱温度场的一种简单而有效的技术途径,利用有限元传热分析法,对某固体火箭发动机在温度循环条件下的燃烧室药柱温度场进行了研究。针对不同的药柱结构分别建立了二维和三维传热模型,通过对比计算值与试验测试值可知,与三维模型相比,二维传热计算方法可提高药柱温度场的计算效率,且计算结果与试验测试值吻合度较高,可满足试验预测要求。因此在工程分析中,为快速得到有效的分析结果,可采用二维传热模型分析发动机药柱温度场,其中二维无翼槽模型适于模拟药柱远离翼槽部位的温度场,二维有翼槽模型适于模拟药柱翼槽部位的温度场。     

Can power from space compete?

This report summarizes the findings of a report entitled Can Power from Space Compete? produced for NASA by Resources for the Future (RFF). In considering how well satellite solar power (SSP) is likely to compete in the market for electricity from the present to 2020, it finds that neither perceived shortages of fossil fuel nor climate change factors are likely to be major issues in this time frame. Moreover, the high costs of SSP and possible concerns over public health and national security will continue to constrain its development. This does not mean, however, that R&D into the subject should cease; it may well have a future in the short term when applied to non-terrestrial systems. The full report is available at http://www.rff.org.     

瑞典的探空火箭综述

介绍了瑞典航天公司发射的云雀，黑雁和ＭＡＸＵＳ探空火箭及其所用的固体火箭发动机的性能，简要讨论了瑞典探空火箭发展特点。     

The global positioning system: policy issues for an information technology

This article, based on the executive summary of a RAND Corporation study, analyses the policy issues facing the USA in the use of its Global Positioning System (GPS), in terms of both national security and commercial applications. Foreign policy issues, including how to react to the emergence of non-US (Russian, European and Inmarsat-sponsored) alternatives to the GPS are also examined. The article concludes with a series of recommendations for policy makers. Reprinted by permission.