翼尖帆片的增升减阻研究

采用涡格法编写了非共面机翼气动力计算程序。以展弦比为８．６的机翼加装帆片为例,进行了气动力计算并作了帆片优化设计。与在南航ＮＨ－２低速风洞中的实验结果比较表明,计算方法和优化设计是成功的。总面积为３．１％基本翼面积的翼尖帆片对减少诱导阻力具有明显效果,诱导阻力因子减小２０％左右。     

翼尖附近流场研究及帆片减阻机理

在１米低速风洞中，对半展长直机翼翼尖周围空间流场进行了详细地研究，并分析了翼尖帆片的增升减阻机理。根据理论计算并结合试验结果设计的翼尖帆片，经大低速风洞全机模型试验证明：翼尖装三个帆片可使全机诱导阻力因子减小２１．４９％。这可供帆片设计时参考。     

基于伴随算子的翼尖小翼优化设计

采用基于伴随算子的优化设计方法,对跨音速翼尖小翼进行了优化设计。其中,采用基于多块结构网格的流场解算器计算气动力。解算器的空间离散采用Osher格式,湍流模型采用k-ω两方程模型。优化设计结果表明,采用优化设计后的翼尖小翼,能改善机翼的气动特性,在巡航状态下翼尖小翼能增加机翼的升阻比5.8%,从数值计算的角度表明了方法的有效性。     

运输类飞机翼尖装置综述

长期以来,人们一直力图通过改变机翼翼尖处的几何形状,研究减小诱导阻力的有效方法.展向延伸机翼翼尖是其方法之一,其他措施还有修改翼尖形状和改变其位置等.研究发现用非平面的翼梢升力系统比简单的翼尖延伸设计能达到更好的减小诱导阻力的效果,如"翼尖端板"、"翼尖帆片"、翼梢小翼等.     

翼梢帆片——机翼非定常气动力计算研究

本文应用偶极子网格法，在数值研究矩形机翼与它三对翼梢帆片的干扰非定常气动力。数值结果表明，由于帆片的干扰效应，使翼梢区域剖面的升压系数分布发生畸变，在1/4弦长附近出现凹坑。干扰升压随振荡频率的增大而增大。在定常和低频振荡的范围内，帆片对机翼气动力的干扰贡献比帆片本身的贡献大，随着振荡频率的增大后者的贡献逐渐变得重要起来。     

翼梢帆片－机翼非定常气动力计算研究

本文应用偶极子网格法，数值研究矩形机翼与它三对翼梢帆片的干扰非定常气动力。数值结果表明，由于帆片的干扰效应，使翼梢区域剖面的升压系数分布发生畸变，在１／４弦长附近出现凹坑。干扰升压随振荡频率的增大而增大。在定常和低频振荡的范围内，帆片对机翼气动力的干扰贡献比帆片本身的贡献大，随着振荡频率的增大后者的贡献逐渐变得重要起来。     

车载颤振试验可行性研究

用数值仿真和风洞试验的方法对车载颤振试验进行了可行性验证研究。制作了一个单梁式半机翼弹性模型作为试验模型,建立了其结构与气动力有限元模型。非定常气动力的计算基于偶极子格网法,并由PK法估算其颤振临界速度。在颤振风洞试验和车载颤振试验中,除了用目测颤振现象记录颤振临界速度外,还采集和分析翼尖加速度的亚临界响应信号以推算出颤振临界速度。对比数值仿真、风洞试验和车载试验得到的颤振临界速度可知,三者的结果一致,从而验证了车载颤振试验的可行性。     

基于CFD方法的机翼阵风响应研究

通过引入＂网格速度＂方法模拟阵风条件,求解非定常欧拉方程实现了不同展弦比0012平直机翼阵风响应的数值模拟。首先采用该方法对NACA0006翼型迎角阶跃型阵风的气动力响应进行了计算,计算结果与文献结果、理论值吻合良好。进一步对展弦比分别为5、10的0012平直机翼在迎角阶跃型、One-Minus-Cosine型阵风作用下的气动力响应过程进行了模拟分析。研究结果表明,当展弦比增大时,阵风作用下机翼的升力系数响应会增加,机翼翼根部位气动响应幅值大于翼尖部位响应特性。     

翼梢小翼,您注意到了吗?

<正>搭乘飞机的时候大家会注意到很多飞机在位于飞机机翼的翼梢,会有上翘的小翼或者是由上翼下小翼组成的装置,这便是飞机的翼梢小翼。尖小翼(winglet或wingtip),又称作翼梢小翼、翼尖帆或翼端帆。翼尖小翼可有效地改善飞机燃油效率和增加巡航航程。上世纪70年代美国国家航空航天局的空气动力学家R·T·惠特科姆从鸟翅膀尖部的小翅得到启发,提出了翼尖小翼的概念。在小展弦比机翼的翼梢处装一个小翼片,从而既提高了展弦比,又不会使结构质量和摩擦阻力增加很多。     

基于非定常面元/黏性涡粒子法的低雷诺数滑流气动干扰

针对太阳能无人机螺旋桨滑流与机翼的气动干扰,考虑了低雷诺数流动下气体黏性和压缩性影响,并根据黎曼边界条件和涡量等效原则建立了能够快速计算分析螺旋桨-机翼气动干扰的非定常面元/黏性涡粒子的混合方法。首先使用有试验数据的风洞模型以及数值模拟技术对混合方法进行验证,在此基础上研究了不同安装位置与工况下螺旋桨与机翼的气动干扰。结果表明:螺旋桨对轴向气流的加速以及滑流诱导的上洗和下洗效应使机翼气动力呈现出增升增阻的现象,机翼升阻比有所下降。较大的弦向间距以及较高的垂直安装位置在减缓机翼升阻比下降的同时也使得螺旋桨拉力有所减小。对于多个螺旋桨的气动干扰,不同的桨叶旋转方向导致机翼气动力不同的变化规律,当旋转方向与机翼翼尖涡反向时,螺旋桨滑流能够抑制翼尖涡的强度,提高机翼气动效率。     

轻型飞机翼梢减阻外形的风洞实验研究

介绍了三种翼梢减阻装置：后掠翼梢、分段后掠机翼和下弯翼梢。重点给出改变后掠翼梢的几何参数对减阻效果的影响。风洞实验表明,经优化设计的后掠翼梢可使诱导效率ｅ提高４％～７％。后掠翼梢使飞机纵向静稳定性增大。水洞实验表明,后掠翼梢减阻的原因主要是在有迎角时,翼梢前缘涡和后缘涡共问作用削弱了翼梢涡,从而减小了飞机的诱导阻力。     

一种新型商用飞机翼梢小翼设计及优化

翼梢小翼可以有效的减小耗散飞机的翼尖涡,减小诱导阻力,从而达到商用飞机减阻增升、节省燃油的目的。本文研究分析了blended winglet和raked wingtip两类小翼的特点,设计了综合这两类小翼特性的翼梢小翼,具有结构简单,增加的有效翼展小、适合于中小型机场特点。同时研究了bladed wingtip形式翼梢小翼的设计原理、设计方法及流场特性。采用的外形参数化设计及自动生成程序方法通过小翼的前后缘来确定小翼的几何形状,具有快速生成外形、易实现优化设计、工程设计效率高等特点。本文设计的bladed wingtip形式的翼梢小翼具有设计点压力峰值低、没有激波、翼尖不易先分离、在增加的有效展长很小的情况下仍有较好的减阻效果等特点。     

A new efficient technology of aerodynamic design based on CFD driven optimization

This paper describes a new technology of aerodynamic design based on CFD driven constrained optimization to minimum drag. Within an aircraft development project we focus on the aerodynamic design of wings and show how the design process has been advanced with the new capabilities achieved through the use of the recently developed in-house optimization tool OPTIMAS. The optimization method of the present work is based on the use of Genetic Algorithms and accurate full Navier–Stokes drag prediction. The results include a variety of optimization cases for aerodynamic design of transport-type aircrafts.     

亚声速翼身融合无人机概念外形参数优化

为了兼顾翼身融合（BWB）布局无人机（UAV）的气动、隐身和结构重量要求,应用优化方法研究了某亚声速翼身融合无人机概念方案的外形设计问题。外形优化设计流程包括全机参数化几何外形模型、气动分析、机翼根部弯矩计算、雷达散射截面（RCS）分析、代理模型的建立和外形参数优化计算。选择了三种不同优化目标研究翼身融合无人机外形优化问题：①未配平状态升阻比最大;②配平状态升阻比最大;③配平状态升阻比尽量大和机翼弯矩尽量小。通过优化结果的对比分析,揭示了配平约束和机翼弯矩目标对优化设计结果的影响。研究结果表明：计入配平约束能够有效提高配平升阻比;将配平状态升阻比尽量大和机翼根部弯矩尽量小作为优化目标能够获得合理的优化外形。     

基于共轭方程法的跨声速机翼阻力优化设计

机翼的气动特性从根本上决定了飞机巡航状态下的气动特性,经过良好设计的机翼会明显地提升全机的气动特性。连续共轭方程方法由于其求解梯度的计算量与设计变量数目无关,可以对复杂构型进行有效的优化设计。本文采用连续共轭方程方法对粘性条件下的机翼气动外形进行了优化设计。采用有限体积法进行流动控制方程和共轭方程的数值空间离散,多步Runge-Kutta方法进行时间推进,对于某三维机翼进行了有效的气动优化设计。     

Experimental and computational investigation of hybrid formation flight for aerodynamic gain at transonic speed

The influence of the wing-tip vortex of leading aircraft on energy savings, quantified by formation aerodynamic force fraction of the following aircraft, is studied at transonic speed for a matrix of leading aircraft’s vortex locations. The research model adopts the hybrid formation of medium and large aircraft. The leading aircraft is scaled by 2.1%, and the following aircraft is scaled by 1.4%. An aerodynamic benefit “map” is developed to determine the optimum location of the following aircraft relative to the leading aircraft wake and to compare with experimental results, thus validating the use of CFD for the formation flight at cruising speed. The response surface model of aerodynamic gain effect relative to formation parameters is established via numerical calculation and wind tunnel test. The optimal formation parameters and the setting criteria of the study model are optimized. Results show that the wing-tip vortex of large aircraft significantly increases lift and reduces drag on the medium-sized aircraft following it. Reduced drag slightly increases with the flow direction position. With the increase of flow direction distance, the peak area moves from 15% of wing-tip overlap to 20% of overlap. In addition, the maximum drag decreases about 16%, and the maximum lift increases about 12%. The lift drag ratio of the optimal position is increased by 27%, which is twice as large as that of the same scale ratio aircraft formation. Results show that the increase of lift is mainly caused by the increase of suction peak and suction range.     

Optimization and design of an aircraft's morphing wing-tip demonstrator for drag reduction at low speed,Part Ⅰ–Aerodynamic optimization using genetic,bee colony and gradient descent algorithms

In this paper, an ‘in-house' genetic algorithm is described and applied to an optimization problem for improving the aerodynamic performances of an aircraft wing tip through upper surface morphing. The algorithm's performances were studied from the convergence point of view, in accordance with design conditions. The algorithm was compared to two other optimization methods,namely the artificial bee colony and a gradient method, for two optimization objectives, and the results of the optimizations with each of the three methods were plotted on response surfaces obtained with the Monte Carlo method, to show that they were situated in the global optimum region. The optimization results for 16 wind tunnel test cases and 2 objective functions were presented. The 16 cases used for the optimizations were included in the experimental test plan for the morphing wing-tip demonstrator, and the results obtained using the displacements given by the optimizations were evaluated.     

Research of low boom and low drag supersonic aircraft design

Sonic boom reduction will be an issue of utmost importance in future supersonic transport, due to strong regulations on acoustic nuisance. The paper describes a new multi-objective optimization method for supersonic aircraft design. The method is developed by coupling Seebass–George–Darden(SGD) inverse design method and multi-objective genetic algorithm.Based on the method, different codes are developed. Using a computational architecture, a conceptual supersonic aircraft design environment(CSADE) is constructed. The architecture of CSADE includes inner optimization level and out optimization level. The low boom configuration is generated in inner optimization level by matching the target equivalent area distribution and actual equivalent area distribution. And low boom/low drag configuration is generated in outer optimization level by using NSGA-II multi-objective genetic algorithm to optimize the control parameters of SGD method and aircraft shape. Two objective functions, low sonic boom and low wave drag, are considered in CSADE. Physically reasonable Pareto solutions are obtained from the present optimization. Some supersonic aircraft configurations are selected from Pareto front and the optimization results indicate that the swept forward wing configuration has benefits in both sonic boom reduction and wave drag reduction. The results are validated by using computational fluid dynamics(CFD) analysis.     

Pressure distribution guided supercritical wing optimization

Pressure distribution is important information for engineers during an aerodynamic design process. Pressure Distribution Oriented (PDO) optimization design has been proposed to introduce pressure distribution manipulation into traditional performance dominated optimization. In previous PDO approaches, constraints or manual manipulation have been used to obtain a desirable pressure distribution. In the present paper, a new Pressure Distribution Guided (PDG) method is developed to enable better pressure distribution manipulation while maintaining optimization efficiency. Based on the RBF-Assisted Differential Evolution (RADE) algorithm, a surrogate model is built for target pressure distribution features. By introducing individuals suggested by sub-optimization on the surrogate model into the population, the direction of optimal searching can be guided. Pressure distribution expectation and aerodynamic performance improvement can be achieved at the same time. The improvements of the PDG method are illustrated by comparing its design results and efficiency on airfoil optimization test cases with those obtained using other methods. Then the PDG method is applied on a dual-aisle airplane’s inner-board wing design. A total drag reduction of 8 drag counts is achieved.