共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1987,7(3):147-154
Statistics of cloud characteristics over North America during winter of 1985–86 have been calculated. The frequency of cloud cover with associated heights and infrared attenuation were charted using the CO2 channel radiometric data from the geostationary VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS). Cloud top pressures were determined from the ratio of VAS CO2 channel radiances in a radiative transfer equation formulation. Cloud emissivities were then calculated from infrared window channel observations. CO2 technique derived height and emissivity assignments have been found to be reliable in all cloud types, including thin cirrus clouds where other techniques have been inconsistent. Observations during November 1985 revealed that 25% of the United States was covered with thin clouds (radiative attenuation was less than 80%), 50% was covered with thick opaque clouds, and 25% had clear sky conditions. Geographical distribution of cloud cover over the United States for the winter of 1985–86 shows a strong latitudinal dependence. Cirrus reports in frequencies of 15% in the south increase to 30% in the northwest. 相似文献
2.
《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1986,6(7):83-86
The Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) sky survey measurements are used to constrain a model for the interplanetary dust emission. Efforts to date, although hampered somewhat by calibration uncertainties, indicate that the cloud is inclined to the ecliptic by approximately 1.7° with its line of ascending nodes at 70° ecliptic longitude. The data is well fit by a dust density distribution described in cloud symmetry plane coordinates by p = po (ro/r)1.1 exp [−4.2 (z/r)1.2], where the dust has a gray emissivity and an equilibrium temperature at 1 AU of 280 K. 相似文献
3.
H.E Revercomb L.A Sromovsky V.E Suomi R.W Boese 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1985,5(9):81-84
Corrected thermal net radiation measurements from the four Pioneer Venus entry probes at latitudes of 60°N, 31°S, 27°S, and 4°N are presented. Three main conclusions can be drawn from comparisons of the corrected fluxes with radiative transfer calculations: (1) sounder probe net fluxes are consistent with the number density of large cloud particles (mode 3) measured on the same probe, but the IR measurements as a whole are most consistent with a significantly reduced mode 3 contribution to the cloud opacity; (2) at all probe sites, the fluxes imply that the upper cloud contains a yet undetected source of IR opacity; and (3) beneath the clouds the fluxes at a given altitude increase with latitude, suggesting greater IR cooling below the clouds at high latitudes and water vapor mixing ratios of about 2–5×10?5 near 60°, 2–5×10?4 near 30°, and >5×10?4 near the equator. 相似文献
4.
R. Bewick J.P. Sanchez C.R. McInnes 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2012
In this paper a method of geoengineering is proposed involving clouds of dust placed in the vicinity of the L1 point as an alternative to the use of thin film reflectors. The aim of this scheme is to reduce the manufacturing requirement for space-based geoengineering. It has been concluded that the mass requirement for a cloud placed at the classical L1 point, to create an average solar insolation reduction of 1.7%, is 7.60 × 1010 kg yr−1 whilst a cloud placed at a displaced equilibrium point created by the inclusion of the effect of solar radiation pressure is 1.87 × 1010 kg yr−1. These mass ejection rates are considerably less than the mass required in other unprocessed dust cloud methods proposed and are comparable to thin film reflector geoengineering requirements. Importantly, unprocessed dust sourced in-situ is seen as an attractive scheme compared to highly engineered thin film reflectors. It is envisaged that the required mass of dust can be extracted from captured near Earth asteroids, whilst stabilised in the required position using the impulse provided by solar collectors or mass drivers used to eject material from the asteroid surface. 相似文献
5.
R.C.J. Somerville 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1985,5(6):209-212
A radiative-convective equilibrium model is developed and applied to study cloud optical thickness feedbacks in the CO2 climate problem. The basic hypothesis is that in the warmer and moister CO2-rich atmosphere, cloud liquid water content will generally be larger than at present, so that cloud optical thickness will be larger too. For clouds other than thin cirrus, the result is to increase the albedo more than to increase the greenhouse effect. Thus the sign of the feedback is negative: cloud optical properties alter in such a way as to reduce the surface and tropospheric warming caused by the addition of CO2. This negative feedback can be substantial. When observational estimates of the temperature dependence of cloud liquid water content are employed in the model, the surface temperature change due to doubling CO2 is reduced by about one half. 相似文献
6.
Limin Zhou Brian A. Tinsley 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2012
There is much observational data consistent with the hypothesis that the ionosphere-earth current density (Jz) in the global electric circuit, which is modulated by both solar activity and thunderstorm activity, affects atmospheric dynamics and cloud cover. One candidate mechanism involves Jz causing the accumulation of space charge on droplets and aerosol particles, that affects the rate of scavenging of the latter, notably those of Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) and Ice Forming Nuclei (IFN) ( and ). Space charge is the difference, per unit volume, between total positive and total negative electrical charge that is on droplets, aerosol particles (including the CCN and IFN) and air ions. The cumulative effects of the scavenging in stratiform clouds and aerosol layers in an air mass over the lifetime of the aerosol particles of 1–10 days affects the concentration and size distribution of the CCN, so that in subsequent episodes of cloud formation (including deep convective clouds) there can be effects on droplet size distribution, coagulation, precipitation processes, and even storm dynamics. 相似文献
7.
L.W. Esposito 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1985,5(9):85-90
Pioneer Venus data from the first 5 years of operation show a decline by more than a factor of ten in SO2 at the cloud tops. A consistent decline has also recurred in the amount of sub-micron haze above the clouds. The correlation between these two observables is 0.8 over this period. A plausible explanation is injection of SO2 from episodic volcanism. The episodic behavior implies that steady state models of the Venus cloud chemistry and dynamics may be of limited use. 相似文献
8.
G. Szejwach T.N. Sletten A.F. Hasler 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1982,2(6):161-164
The feasibility of determining cirrus “emissivity” from combined stereoscopic and infrared satellite observations in conjunction with radiosounding data is investigated for a particular case study. Simultaneous visible images obtained during SESAME-1979 from two geosynchronous GOES meteorological satellites were processed on the NASA/Goddard interactive system (AOIPS) and were used to determine the stereo cloud top height ZC as described by Hasler [1]. Iso-contours of radiances were outlined on the corresponding infrared image. Total brightness temperature TB and ground surface brightness temperature TS were inferred from the radiances. The special SESAME network of radiosoundings was used to determine the cloud top temperature TCLD at the level defined by ZC. The “effective cirrus emissivity” NE where N is the fractional cirrus cloudiness and E is the emissivity in a GOES infrared picture element of about 10 km × 10 km is then computed from TB, TS and TCLD. 相似文献
9.
O. Havnes 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1984,4(9):75-83
We discuss the potential (charge) on dust particles in various environments. We first consider the classical case of a single isolated dust particle. In conditions which apply to planetary dust rings, the exact value of the dust potential depends critically on several effects (e.g. secondary electron emission, photoelectric efficiency) which are not well known for small dust particles of relevant material and surface conditions. In dust clouds of high dust densities the classical approach fails to give the correct value of the dust potential due to the neglect of collective effects. In terms of an ordering parameter P = aμNd0/n0 (dust radius in microns × cloud dust density/exterior plasma density) the collective effects on the dust potential become apparent at P ~ 10?6. For increasing values of P the collective effects increase, whence the dust potentials decrease and eventually approach zero. 相似文献
10.
M.G. Tomasko L.R. Doose P.H. Smith 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1985,5(9):71-79
The Solar Flux Radiometer (LSFR) experiment on the large probe of the Pioneer Venus (PV) mission made detailed measurements of the vertical profile of the upward and downward broadband flux of sunlight at a solar zenith angle of 65.7°. These data have been combined with cloud particle size distribution measurements on the PV mission to produce a forward-scattering model of the Venus clouds. The distribution of clouds at high altitudes is constrained by measurements from the PV orbiter. Below the clouds the visible spectrum and flux levels are consistent with Venera measurements at other solar zenith angles. The variations in the optical parameters with height and with wavelength are summarized in several figures. The model is used to evaluate the solar heating rate at cloud levels as a function of altitude, solar longitude, and latitude for use in dynamical studies. 相似文献
11.
Kozo Aoki 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2014
The geometries, dipole moments, and rotational constants for the linear and/or bent cations, Cn+1H+ and CnN+(n = 1–6), were studied by the B3LYP method with the modest basis sets. For CnH+(n = odd; 3, 5, 7) and CnN+(n = even; 2, 4, 6), the theoretical rotational constants (Bes) of closed-shell singlet C3H+, C5H+, C7H+, CCN+, C4N+, and C6N+ were calculated to be about 11,244, 2420, 885.2, 11,970, 2439, and 880.8 MHz, respectively. By contrast, the triplets are stable than the corresponding singlets for CnH+(n = odd; 2, 4, 6) and CnN+(n = even; 3, 5) except CN+. 相似文献
12.
Z. Ahmad R.S. Fraser 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1982,2(6):29-34
We have computed the cloud reflectance and the optical thickness with the aid of atmospheric models from the first eleven months (April 1970 – February 1971) of Backscattered Ultraviolet (BUV) data over the pacific ocean. Both the cloud and the optical thickness are derived from the 380 nm channel by assuming that the entire IFOV (200 Km.) is filled by stratiform clouds. Our analysis show a large variability in the cloud reflectance in both the intertropic conversion zone (ITCZ) and the high latitudes. We also find that for 90% of the time in tropics, the clouds have optical thickness < 10. Our analysis of clouds with optical thickness between 10 and 20 show that in tropics the minimum frequency coincides with the dry zone at 2.5°s and the maximum frequency for clouds of optical thickness 10–20 is greater in summer than in winter and irrespective of the season, 50% of the time the clouds have optical thickness less than 13. 相似文献
13.
H. Okuda 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1993,13(12):443-451
An extensive survey of [CII] line emission has been made by using balloon borne telescopes incorporated with a liquid helium cooled Fabry-Perot spectrometer. The observations cover major part of the galactic plane in the first and fourth quadrants as well as some typical HII regions/molecular clouds complexes and a dark cloud. The observed [CII] emission is very strong and ubiquitously distributed throughout the galactic plane. The emission should be generated mostly in photo-dissociation region(PDR), but the ionizing and heating UV sources should be well mixed with the molecular clouds, presumably due to clumpy or filamentally structure of the molecular clouds. Some part of the emission may be originated from ELD HII regions which are illuminated by isolated O- and B-stars rather uniformly distributed in interstellar space. 相似文献
14.
A. Dominic Fortes Ian G. Wood David P. Dobson Paul F. Fewster 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2009
We describe the scientific case for and preliminary design of an instrument whose primary goal is to determine the chemistry (element abundance) and mineralogy (compound identity and abundance) of Titan’s surface using a combination of energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDXRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). XRD is capable of identifying any crystalline substance present on Titan’s surface at relative abundances greater than ∼1 wt%, allowing unambiguous identification of, for example, structure I and II clathrates (even in the presence of ice), and various organic solids, which may include C2H2, C2H4, C4H2, HCN, CH3CN, HC3N, and C4N2). The XRF component of the instrument will obtain elemental abundances for 16 < Z < 60 with minimum detection limits better than 10 ppm (including detection of atmospheric noble gas isotopes), and may achieve detection limits of 0.01–1% for lighter elements down to Z = 6 (carbon). The instrument is well suited to integration with other analytical tools as part of a light-weight surface chemistry and mineralogy package. Although considerably less sensitive to elemental abundance than GC–MS (10−2 vs. 10−8) it is likely to be significantly lighter (<0.5 kg vs. 10 kg). 相似文献
15.
《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1999,23(5-6):1015-1018
We investigated the physical properties of molecular gas in the nuclear region of M51 (Seyfert 2). We obtained an aperture synthesis 13CO(J = 1 − 0) image using the Nobeyama Millimeter Array (NMA), and compared it with NMA 12CO(J = 1 − 0) and HCN(J = 1 − 0) maps at similar spatial resolutions. Within a radius of 180 pc from the center, the 13CO(1 − 0) integrated intensity was found to be 3 times weaker than that of HCN(1 − 0). Large-Velocity-Gradient (LVG) calculations suggest that the observed high HCN(1 − 0)/13CO(1 − 0) intensity ratio would arise from dense (nH2 ∼ 105 cm−3) and hot (Tkin ≳ 300 K) molecular clouds in the nuclear molecular disk. We also observed in the 12CO(1 − 0), (3 − 2), 13CO(1 − 0), and (3 − 2) lines using the Nobeyama 45m and JCMT 15m telescopes. We detected weak 13CO lines as well as strong 12CO lines. The LVG calculations assuming a two-component model suggest that there is a large amount of low-density (nH2 ∼ 3 − 6 × 102 cm−3), low-temperature (Tkin ∼ 20 – 50 K) gas, and a small amount of high-density (nH2 ≳ 104 cm−3), high-temperature (Tkin ≳ 500 K) gas. The existence of the high-density and high-temperature component, although having a quite small beam filling factor, supports the aperture synthesis observation results mentioned above. Since this dense, hot gas is located in the nuclear molecular disk around the Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN), it may be heated by the strong X-ray radiation and/or by the shock induced by the radio jet. 相似文献
16.
Yu. E. Belikov A. V. Gurvich 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1995,15(12):103-106
The images were constructed for three aerosol cloud distribution types: uniform, one with a cavity in the center (shell) and one with a dense core (core with “wings”). Differences between images of optically thick and optically thin clouds for these three distribution types of particles and warious view angles are discussed. Calculated results are compared with experimental data from aerosol clouds observations. 相似文献
17.
R.S. Narcisi 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1982,2(10):283-286
Outgassing from materials as well as deliberate gaseous and liquid releases create contaminant clouds around spacecraft that can degrade both instrumentation and measurements. This paper describes a new method for estimating outgassing water vapor concentrations around space vehicles. Water vapor ions measured in the course of a rocket experiment performed at Eglin AFB, Florida, on December 12, 1980 at 2311 UT are utilized to demonstrate the technique. The H2O concentration near the payload's surface is calculated using the rate coefficient for the fast charge transfer process, O+ + H2O + H2O+ + O, the source of the observed water vapor ions. It is found that the measured H2O+ ions were produced within 3–4 cm of the sampling plate's surface and that the average H2O pressure over this distance was relatively constant on ascent at 8 × 10?6 torr, within a factor two, implying a steady outgassing rate. 相似文献
18.
Brian A. Tinsley 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2012
This paper outlines, and explores the uncertainties in, hypothesized connections between a series of processes that could explain two long-standing puzzles; those of (1) the observed winter storm vorticity responses to atmospheric energy inputs that change the ionosphere–earth current density, Jz, that appear to involve storm invigoration, and (2) changes in anti-cyclonic blocking and circulation that include the observed colder winters in Great Britain and western Europe at solar minima, and especially at extended solar minima. A working hypothesis for the mechanism responsible for (1) is that the flow of Jz through conductivity gradients, as in stratified cloud layers and fog, especially with sea-salt aerosol haze over the high latitude winter oceans, deposits electric changes on droplets and aerosol particles; most importantly on cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). These electric charges modulate scavenging of the particles in clouds and haze layers, increasing the concentration of small CCN and decreasing the concentration of large CCN. When further cloud formation occurs there is increased concentration of small droplets and decreased concentration of large ones, reducing coalescence and the production of rain. Thus updrafts carry more liquid water above the freezing level, and there the increased production of ice releases more latent heat and invigorates the updraft (the Rosenfeld mechanism), leading to increased vorticity. Here we explore the major uncertainties for the reality of the above chain of physical processes. A consequence of cumulative cyclonic vorticity increases is increases in downstream anti-cyclonic blocking. A further working hypothesis for (2) is that the invigoration may be large enough to contribute to the observed increases in blocking in winters at solar minima (high Jz) in the North Atlantic, that result in colder winters in the UK and northern Europe. 相似文献
19.
Khan Alam Muhammad Jawed Iqbal Thomas Blaschke Salman Qureshi Gulzar Khan 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2010
Clouds are important elements in climatic processes and interactions between aerosols and clouds are therefore a hot topic for scientific research. Aerosols show both spatial and temporal variations, which can lead to variations in the microphysics of clouds. In this research, we have examined the spatial and temporal variations in aerosol particles over Pakistan and the impact of these variations on various optical properties of clouds, using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data from the Terra satellite. We used the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model for trajectory analysis to reveal the origins of air masses, with the aim of understanding these spatial and temporal variabilities in aerosol concentrations. We also documented seasonal variations in patterns of aerosol optical depth (AOD) over Pakistan, for which the highest values occur during the monsoon season (June–August). We then analyzed the relationships between AOD and four other cloud parameters, namely water vapour (WV), cloud fraction (CF), cloud top temperature (CTT) and cloud top pressure (CTP). Regional correlation maps and time series plots for aerosol (AOD) and cloud parameters were produced to provide a better understanding of aerosol–cloud interaction. The analyses showed strong positive correlations between AOD and WV for all of the eight cities investigated. The correlation between AOD and CF was positive for those cities where the air masses were predominantly humid, but negative for those cities where the air masses were relatively dry and carried a low aerosol abundance. These correlations were clearly dependent on the meteorological conditions for all of the eight cities investigated. Because of the observed AOD–CF relationship, the co-variation of AOD with CTP and CTT may be attributable to large-scale meteorological variations: AOD showed a positive correlation with CTP and CTT in northern regions of Pakistan and a negative correlation in southern regions. 相似文献
20.
A. Ipiña G.M. Salum E. Crinó R.D. Piacentini 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2012
Intense fires were produced on the Paraná river delta islands, Argentina, during most part of 2008, by a combination of an exceptionally dry period and the farmers’ use of a fire land-cleaning technique. In April 2008, those fires significantly affected the nearby regions and their inhabitants, from Rosario city to Buenos Aires mega-city. In this work we present satellite as well as ground Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) at 550 nm data obtained during the propagation of pollution clouds to the central zone of Argentina. The highest value (1.18) was registered at Buenos Aires by atmospheric remote sensing, using the satellite instrument MODIS/Terra on April 18th 2008 at 10:35 local time (= UT − 3 h). On the same day, ground air quality detectors also measured in this city the highest Total Suspended Particle (TSP) value of the month, 2.02 mg/m3. The AOD(550) daily variation at Rosario Astronomical Observatory, which is located near the Paraná riverside, was derived by combining solar ultraviolet erythemal irradiance data (measured with a YES biometre) with model calculations. On April 25th 2008, from 12:00 to 15:30 local time, a rather high and constant AOD(550) value was registered, with a mean value of (0.90 ± 0.21). Cities located on the side of the Rosario–Buenos Aires highway (San Nicolás, Baradero and San Pedro) were also affected, showing a mean AOD(550) between the Rosario and Buenos Aires values. The particulate matter was collected with gridded samplers placed on the Paraná river islands as well as at the Rosario Observatory. They were analysed with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and mainly showed a biological origin. Even if normally large particles travel small distances from the source, organic aerosol in the range of 40–100 μm and complex asymmetric structures were registered several kilometres away from the aerosol sources on the islands. Another event of intense UV index attenuation (98.6%) occurred on September 18th 2008, due to very dense smoke clouds that extended over the Rosario area for several hours. The clouds were driven away from the fires by East–northeast and East–southeast winds. The minimum value of this index measured around noon allows to derive a maximum AOD(550)max = (3.65 ± 0.90) at 12:45 local time. Soot clouds extended over the Paraná river, transporting Burned Biomass Debris (BBD) that deposited on Rosario. In particular, burned leaves and small branches with dimensions of 1–20 cm were collected. The mean (BBD) particles deposited on the ground from 7:00 to 19:00 local time were (0.92 ± 0.20) BBD/(m2 h). 相似文献