Chaotic zero dynamics in kinematically redundant robots

The authors attempt to integrate two areas in robotics that are maturing rapidly: the control of kinematically redundant rigid robots and feedback linearization. Kinematically redundant robots have several advantages over nonredundant robot arms. The extra degrees of freedom are used to reach around or between obstacles. Unlike nonredundant rigid link robots that do not exhibit zero dynamics, the self motions of kinematically redundant robots can be used for torque optimization or avoiding obstacles. It is shown that induced self motions can be chaotic. The main contribution is to demonstrate chaos in cases of feedback linearization when the decoupling matrix is nonsquare and there are less outputs than inputs     

飞机起落架全方位移动装配机器人设计与研究

起落架作为支撑飞机重量、吸收撞击能量的重要部件,在装配和试验过程中面临着装配空间狭小、装配精度高等特殊要求,急需研制一款具备可移动、多自由度调节功能的柔性装配平台。通过对起落架装配需求进行分析,设计出基于Mecanum轮的全方位移动和基于3–RPS的并联机构组成的6自由度装配机器人,详细介绍了装配机器人的结构组成、控制方法,对机器人运动学特性进行分析获得运动学模型,并进行运动学参数设置及精度分析。通过对起落架装配机器人精度测试以及实物装配,验证该机器人的功能和性能满足使用要求。     

空间机器人系统的最小燃料重复运动控制

提出了一种空间机器人系统的重复运动控制方案。用一组完整约束来逼近非完整约束,并将该完整约束用于空间机器人逆运动学的计算,这样即可以满足关节空间重复运动的要求,又可以大大减少控制载体运动所需的燃料和避免安装在载体上的反作用轮达到饱和。仿真结果证实了控制方案的有效性     

一种多旋翼多功能空中机器人及其腿式壁面行走运动规划

 提出了一种既可实现飞行功能又可实现壁面运动的多旋翼多功能空中机器人。设计了机器人的结构,分析了其工作原理,研究了机器人腿式壁面行走模式下腿/足与壁面接触时的机体动力学。结合多旋翼推进的机理对机器人在壁面运动模式下的步态进行了规划,基于非线性轨迹线性化控制(TLC)法设计了空中机器人在步态过程中的姿态稳定控制器。在MATLAB环境下对机器人的腿式壁面运动进行了仿真分析研究,仿真结果表明了所设计的步态及其稳定控制方法的可行性。     

Analysis of reaction torque-based control of a redundant free-floating space robot

Owing to the dynamics coupling between a free-floating base and a manipulator,the non-stationary base of a space robot will face the issue of base disturbance due to a manipulator's motion.The reaction torque acted on the satellite base's centroid is an important index to measure the satellite base's disturbance.In this paper,a comprehensive analysis of the reaction torque is made,and a novel way to derive the analytical form of the reaction torque is proposed.In addition,the reaction torque null-space is derived,in which the manipulator's joint motion is dynamically decoupled from the motion of the satellite base,and its novel expression demonstrates the equivalence between the reaction torque null-space and the reaction null-space.Furthermore,the reaction torque acted as an optimization index can be utilized to achieve satellite base disturbance minimization in the generalized Jacobian-based end-effector Cartesian path tracking task.Besides,supposing that the redundant degrees of freedom are abundant to achieve reaction torque-based active control,the reaction torque can be used to realize satellite base attitude control,that is,base attitude adjustment or maintenance.Moreover,because reaction torque-based control is a second-order control scheme,joint torque minimization can be regarded as the optimization task in reaction torque-based active or in-active control.A real-time simulation system of a 7-DOF space robot under Linux/RTAI is developed to verify and test the feasibility and reliability of the proposed ideas.Our extensive empirical results demonstrate that the corresponding analysis about the reaction torque is correct and the proposed methods are feasible.     

基于随动机器人的舱内/外航天服手臂测试方法

 提出了一种新的方法用于测量中国舱内和舱外航天服的关节力学特性。测量原理基于机器人运动学、静力学和动力学。首先,建立了随动机器人的运动学模型,然后根据航天服特殊的机械结构同时建立了舱内和舱外航天服手臂通用的运动学模型;其次,针对包含有柔性关节的舱内和舱外航天服手臂给出了求解其运动学逆运算的方法;最后,根据航天服手臂末端的力矩、位置和姿态信息计算出航天服关节的阻尼力矩。实验结果和SGI工作站上的仿真证明了该测量方法的正确性和有效性。     

Adaptive variable structure tracking control for constrained robots

The problem of controller design for constrained robots with the consideration of computational efficiency is addressed. An efficient adaptive variable structure control algorithm based on a reduced dynamics formulation, is presented for trajectory tracking of an end-effector on a constrained surface with specified constraint forces. It is shown that the objective can be achieved without exact knowledge of robot dynamics and on-line calculation of nonlinear dynamic functions. The control algorithm is constructed with at most three control parameters to be adjusted adaptively, and that number is determined independently of the number of degrees of freedom of the robotic manipulators. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the developed method     

Issues in human/computer control of dexterous remote hands

Much research on dexterous robot hands has been aimed at the design and control problem associated with their autonomous operation, while relatively little research has addressed the problem of direct human control. While many of the issues in mixed computer/human control of dexterous hands parallel those found in supervisory control of traditional remote manipulators, the unique geometry and capabilities of dexterous hands pose many new problems. Among these are the control of redundant degrees of freedom, grasp stabilization and specification of nonanthromorphic behavior. An overview is presented of progress made at the MTI AI Laboratory in control of the Salisbury three-finger hand, including experiments in grasp planning and manipulation by controlled slip. The author also suggests how it might be possible to introduce human control into the process at a variety of functional levels     

飞机拦阻钩振动运动学和拦索动力学研究

 本文对拦阻着陆中出现的拦阻钩振动和拦阻动载两大重要问题作了阐明和分析。重点研究和推演了飞机地面滑行中拦阻钩的二类振动运动学及其微分方程特性;钩的阻尼振动轨迹特性;阻尼器参数选择。 在拦索应变动载的研究中阐明了飞机对中拦阻、偏心拦阻、使用不同拦索材料的应变动载特性,并进行了实例计算分析,证实了飞机拦阻的拦索应变动载大小与地面拦阻装置的配置、拦索材料、飞机着陆的偏心程度等有密切关系。     

基于动力学RRT*的自由漂浮空间机器人轨迹规划

针对自由漂浮空间机器人（FFSR）轨迹规划问题,提出了一种基于动力学RRT^*算法的FFSR轨迹规划方法。首先,建立了FFSR的运动学与动力学模型,将系统模型伪线性重构为状态空间模型,并设计了考虑位姿调整时长和能量消耗的加权目标函数;然后,针对机械手初末位置间的障碍,简化避障方法,提出了机械臂避障与机械手避障两层次避障策略,提高碰撞检测效率;接着,给出了多体系统的动力学RRT^*逼近最优轨迹的方法;最后,为验证算法有效性并不失一般性,选取平面2连杆FFSR模型进行数值仿真并用经典RRT^*算法和高斯伪谱法与之对比。仿真结果表明,该方法能够以较快的速度生成可行的机器人移动轨迹。     

漂浮基空间机器人捕获卫星过程动力学模拟及捕获后混合体运动的RBF神经网络控制

 讨论了漂浮基空间机器人在轨捕获目标卫星过程的碰撞动力学建模,以及捕获操作结束后空间机器人与卫星混合体的稳定控制问题。首先采用多刚体动力学建模方法并结合空间机器人捕获目标卫星过程中的碰撞动力学特性,建立了漂浮基空间机器人在轨捕获漂浮卫星过程的动力学模型,并在此基础上计算出完成捕获操作后空间机器人与目标卫星混合体关节的运动速度。然后针对卫星及空间机器人系统惯性参数均是未知的复杂情况,应用上述模型、神经网络控制理论和Lyapunov稳定性理论,设计了空间机器人与卫星混合体在捕获过程碰撞冲击影响下稳定运动的高斯径向基函数神经网络控制方案,以达到对捕获卫星的有效控制。此外,高斯径向基函数神经网络控制方案具有不需要测量和反馈载体位置、移动速度与加速度的显著优点。系统数值仿真证实了上述控制方案的有效性。     

基于Matlab/FlightGear的导弹飞行姿态与 轨迹可视化系统

在导弹6自由度运动学方程组的基础上构建了6自由度矩阵式运动学方程组,使用Matlab/Simulink编程工具构建了导弹的非线性6自由度矩阵式Simulink模型.利用AC3D软件建立导弹的三维物理模型,在对指定部位设置了对象名称后,将其导入至FlightGear中.最后,通过数据接口将Simulink中的仿真数据传输至FlightGear,从而控制导弹的飞行姿态与轨迹,并在FlightGear中实时显示.该可视化仿真可以多视角全方位直观地显示导弹的飞行姿态与轨迹,为导弹的可视化研究提供了便利的方法.     

飞机表面爬行机器人轨迹跟踪控制方法研究

针对飞机蒙皮铆钉缺陷无损检测移动机器人进行了运动学和动力学建模,并且基于该移动机器人的模型,设计了双闭环轨迹线性化控制器(trajectory linearization control,TLC)。同时设计了逻辑控制算法保证机器人运动轴在达到完整约束临界点时进行状态切换。该方法解决了在飞机特殊表面环境下,对基于X-Y平台的新型爬行机器人如何完成轨迹跟踪控制的问题。实验结果表明,该控制器具有较好的动态性能,能够在满足系统实时性要求的前提下实现爬行机器人距离精确性和速度稳定性控制。     

具有冗余度的三分支空间机器人的运动学分析

基于例如空间站等恶劣的应用环境,研制了一种具有冗余度的三分支空间机器人。该机器人的一个分支的末端可以和基座固联,另外两个分支可以进行控制来完成各种作业。在宇航员不在的情况下,该机器人可以代替宇航员对科学实验载荷进行操作。利用旋量理论对机器人的逆运动学进行了分析,并建立了统一的数学模型给出了其运动学优化、动力学优化以及容错控制的理论基础。基于球腕的封闭解,提出了一个简单的逆运动学模型。最后,通过计算机结果演示验证了所提出逆运动学模型的有效性。     

柔性冗余度机器人振动的分析与控制

应用最优控制理论,对柔性冗余度机器人振动控制问题的原理与策略进行了研究。把主动控制思想应用于机器人振动控制中,提出了控制柔性冗余度机器人振动的一种方法。这种方法通过规划机器人的自运动加快系统振动能量的消耗以实现主动振动控制。此外,通过对满足抑振要求的自运动的选取进行分析,指出柔性冗余度机器人具有二次优化的能力,这对于提高机器人的工作性能是十分重要的。最后通过数值仿真验证了该方法的有效性。     

Position and force control of coordinated multiple arms

A technique is presented for controlling multiple manipulators which are holding a single object and therefore form a closed kinematic chain. The object, which may or may not be in contact with a rigid environment, is assumed to be held rigidly by n robot end-effectors. The derivation is based on setting up constraint equations which reduce the 6×n degrees of freedom of n manipulators each having six joints. Additional constraint equations are considered when one or more degrees of freedom of the object is reduced due to external constraints. Utilizing the operational space dynamic equations, a decoupling controller is designed to control both the position and the interaction forces of the object with the environment. Simulation results for the control of a pair of two-link manipulators are presented     

飞机油箱检查机器人的仿生结构及运动学研究

针对民航飞机油箱等内部结构复杂且充满危险气体的环境需要进行三维检查的问题,研究设计了基于仿生学的机器人结构.该机器人具有多个柔性的连续型关节,采用线驱动方式控制关节的弯曲及旋转.对具有柔性特征的连续型单关节采用投影曲率法和虚坐标变换法建立了驱动绳长变化量、关节角变量和关节末端位姿三者之间的映射关系.在分析单关节运动学基础上推导出了多关节之间解耦运动学方程.对机器人进行了三维建模,采用仿真实验验证了在油箱内的空间可达性.通过实验样机实验,进一步验证了机器人的空间运动能力和所提出的运动学方法的正确性.     

惯性参数不确定的自由漂浮空间机器人自适应控制研究

针对自由漂浮空间机器人系统惯性参数不确定问题,提出一种笛卡儿空间内的自适应轨迹跟踪控制方法。采用扩展机械臂模型建立了自由漂浮空间机器人关节空间动力学方程,进而推导笛卡儿空间中的自由漂浮空间机器人动力学方程。在基于逆动力学法的自由漂浮空间机器人自适应控制器设计中,利用标称控制器离线固定控制参数与补偿控制器在线补偿方法,既可以保证惯量矩阵可逆,又可以使控制参数实时估计。采用Lyapunov方法的稳定性分析表明系统是稳定且渐进收敛的。最后,应用该控制方法对两杆平面自由漂浮空间机器人进行了仿真研究。仿真结果显示自由漂浮空间机器人末端执行器在笛卡儿空间具有良好的轨迹跟踪能力。     

Failure treatment strategy and fault-tolerant path planning of a space manipulator with free-swinging joint failure

Aiming at a space manipulator with free-swinging joint failure, a failure treatment strategy and fault-tolerant path planning method is proposed in this paper. This method can realize failure treatment of a space manipulator with free-swinging joint failure through determination of the optimal locked joint angle and dynamics model reconfiguration. Fault-tolerant path planning is realized by the establishment of the degraded workspace with integrated kinematics performance (DWWIKP) and an improved A-Star (A1) algorithm. This paper has the following contributions. The determination of the optimal locked joint angle can ensure that the manipulator is able to continue follow-up tasks while maximizing the workspace of the manipulator after locking the fault joint. Underactuated control of a high degree-of-freedom (DOF) manipulator can be effectively solved through dynamics model reconfiguration. The analysis process of the dynamics coupling relationship can be applied to cases where the active joint and the passive joint are parallel or perpendicular to each other. The establishment of the DWWIKP can demonstrate the kinematics performance of the manipulator in both joint space and operation space comprehensively. The improved A1 algorithm based on the integrated kinematics performance index (IKPI) can search a fault-tolerant task trajectory that satisfies the requirements of reachability and the overall kinematics performance simultaneously. The method proposed in this paper is verified by a 7-DOF manipulator, and it is available to any DOF manipulator with free-swinging joint failure.     

冗余度柔性机器人动态响应主动控制

研究了具有压电作动器与应变传感器的冗余度柔性机器人的振动主动控制问题。建立了该离散时变动力学系统的状态空间表达式。根据离散量小值原理设计了LQR最优控制律，并提出了一种状态估计的近似方法。平面3R冗余度柔性机器人的仿真算例表明，采用这种主动控制方法可使冗余度柔性机器人的动力学特性得到显改善。