Robust adaptive beamforming for HF surface wave over-the-horizon radar

Adaptive beamforming is used to enhance the detection of target echoes received by high frequency (HF) surface wave (HFSW) over-the-horizon (OTH) radars in the presence of spatially structured interference. External interference from natural and man-made sources typically masks the entire range-Doppler search space and is characterized by a spatial covariance matrix that is time-varying or nonstationary over the coherent processing interval (CPI). Adaptive beamformers that update the spatial filtering weight vector within the CPI are likely to suppress such interference most effectively, but the intra-CPI antenna pattern fluctuations result in temporal decorrelation of the clutter which severely degrades subclutter visibility after Doppler processing. A robust adaptive beamformer that effectively suppresses spatially nonstationary interference without degrading subclutter visibility is proposed here. The proposed algorithm is computationally efficient and suitable for practical implementation. Its operational performance is evaluated using experimental data recorded by the Iluka HFSW OTH radar, located near Darwin in far north Australia.     

翼/短舱/吊架气动特性及其动力影响数值研究

应用计算流体动力学(CFD)数值模拟方法对DLR-F6模型分别在通流及动力条件下翼/短舱/吊架(W-N-P)组合体部分的气动干扰特性进行研究.结果表明:组合体相互干扰引起的干扰通道附增激波及短舱后部逆压导致的涡流增加了短舱外罩阻力,降低了机翼升力;动力条件较通流条件,F6短舱外罩阻力降低,机翼升阻力特性在零度攻角时有所提高.      

高超声速多体干扰与分离试验

进行了高超声速飞行器多体系统分离过程中存在的气动力干扰试验研究.试验模型是某构型的可重复使用航天飞行器,由助推器以及再入体两部分组成.研究在FL-31风洞中进行,试验马赫数为Ma=6.97.试验结果表明:分离过程中助推器和再入体之间存在复杂的激波干扰现象,多体系统分离过程中的气动干扰本质上是激波干扰引发的.      

基于对称加载的均匀干涉配合铆接方法

铆接干涉量均匀度是影响飞行器装配接头疲劳寿命、结构铆接变形的重要因素之一。为了提高铆接干涉量均匀度,采用基于应力波加载的电磁铆接双面铆接方法,对对称加载的铆接工艺方法进行了研究。利用应力波传播和叠加原理对对称加载的钉杆应力水平进行理论分析,试验测量了电磁力应力波及其叠加效应。通过工艺试验和微观分析,研究了对称加载方法对铆接质量的影响。研究结果表明:对称加载方法下,双向应力波同步触发,脉冲宽度相等,钉杆理论应力水平高于单面加载;在对称应力波作用下,整体钉杆干涉量均匀,并形成有效干涉,钉头与夹层贴合紧密;对称加载钉孔绝对干涉量更大,平均干涉量大于单面加载14%,干涉量均匀度高出单面加载37.5%,有利于实现连接结构的疲劳寿命增益;对称加载方法引起的结构件铆接变形量小于单面加载,更容易保证装配件外形准确度。     

圆盘旋转爆震燃烧室中爆震波传播模态

本文的目的在于通过求解14组分19步CH4/O2反应的欧拉方程去研究燃料喷射温度、压力、燃烧室内外直径比值和燃烧室径向长度对圆盘结构下旋转爆震传播模态的影响。研究表明,只有预混气喷射温度范围为500-900K,喷射压力范围为0.5-3.5MPa的条件下能够在固定燃烧室内形成连续的旋转爆震波。受燃烧室结构影响,旋转爆震波的传播模态分为稳定模态和非稳定模态。整个非稳定传播模态根据爆震波对前周期的干涉又可以分为干涉阶段和不干涉阶段。在不干涉阶段,爆震波传播速度略高于Chapman-Jouguet (CJ)速度;在干涉阶段,爆震波传播速度低于CJ速度且爆震波被间断面分割成两部分。非稳定模态爆震波传播速度小于稳定模态,而爆震波夹角、燃烧室出口面积比则反之。     

“Ⅳ型”激波干扰中流-热-固耦合问题一体化计算分析

针对高超声速进气道前缘"Ⅳ型"激波干扰产生的气动加热与结构传热多物理场耦合计算问题，发展了一种基于有限体积法的流-热-固一体化计算方法。该方法采用一体化控制方程组统一离散求解外部高速流场与内部结构温度场，规避了传统分区耦合算法在时间域内交替迭代的繁琐数据交换策略。另外，提出一种新的双温阻模型计算流-固交界面的物性参数以保证计算准确性，采用LU-SGS隐式时间迭代和自适应时间步长以提高计算效率。采用经典高超声速二维圆管流-热-固耦合算例对该一体化方法进行验证，计算结果与试验值和参考文献数据吻合较好，证明了该方法的可靠性和正确性。利用一体化方法对高超声速前缘"Ⅳ型"激波干扰流-热-固耦合问题进行定常/非定常计算与分析，给出了温度与热流的时变特性，计算结果表明，激波干扰作用产生的超声速"喷流"不断冲击壁面，使得壁面最大压力系数增大约9倍，壁面最大热流增大约4.7倍，给高速飞行器的热防护设计与选材带来严峻挑战。同时，也表明了一体化计算方法可以较好地用于长航时飞行条件下与复杂飞行环境下的高超声速热防护系统的热环境特性分析与综合性能评估。     

Adaptive Array Behavior with Sinusoidal Envelope Modulated Interference

The behavior of a LMS (least mean square) adaptive array with modulated interference is described. An interference signal with sinusoidal, double-sideband, suppressed-carrier modulation is assumed. It is shown that such interference causes the array to modulate the desired signal envelope but not its phase. The amount of the desired signal modulation is determined as a function of signal arrival angles and powers and the modulation frequency of the interference. Such interference also causes the array output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) to vary with time. However, it is shown that when the desired signal is a digital communication signal, the averaged bit error probability is essentially the same as for continuous wave (CW) interference.     

Signal Interference and Improvement of Signal-to-Noise Ratios in a Half-Wave Linear Detector

Signal interference in the half-wave linear detector has been studied only for amplitude modulation. In this paper, we treat signal interference for both an amplitude-and an angle-modulation communication system. The input to the half-wave linear detector is assumed to be composed of an amplitude-modulated wave, an angle-modulated wave, and narrow-band Gaussian noise. In particular, when strongweak relations exist in the input processes, a detailed analysis for the output component is presented to clarify some useful output properties.     

基于DES方法的三角翼激波-涡干扰流场数值模拟

采用基于Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型的脱体涡模拟（DES）方法,数值求解Navier-Stokes方程,模拟绕尖前缘三角翼的跨音速流动,并对三角翼上翼面的复杂激波-旋涡干扰流场进行了分析。与NASA兰利研究中心的NTF风洞实验结果对比分析表明,DES方法能很好地模拟跨音速三角翼上的旋涡流动。随着攻角由中度攻角增加到大攻角,支架附近的激波越来越强,对主分离涡的干扰作用越来越大,直至出现激波干扰导致的涡破裂。激波的形状、位置及涡破裂位置均与实验结果吻合良好。     

Wave resistance defect in a planar flow over periodic reliefs

The dependence of the wave resistance coefficients for planar periodic reliefs on the similarity parameters is investigated. It is proved that the wave resistance coefficients of the infinite reliefs and their finite analogs in the case of the whole wave numbers coincide, whereas in the case of the fractional wave numbers they differ.     

Effects of CW Interference on Narrow-Band Second-Order Phase-Lock Loops

This paper describes an experimental study of the effect of continuous wave (CW) interference and white noise on a second-order phase-lock loop. The reciprocal of the loop mean-square phase error is used as an index of performance, and the effect of interference levels that do not cause cycle skipping or loss of lock is described in terms of this index. Loop thresholds are determined by measurement of cycle-skipping rates. Stationary or slowly-sweeping CW interference caused a degradation in loop threshold of roughly 3 dB for every 6 dB of interference power above the noise power level. The effective loop signal-to-noise ratio was decreased approximately 1 dB at interference-to-noise power ratios of -3 dB. Interference levels equal to the signal level consistently caused loss of lock, regardless of the loop signal-to-noise ratio.     

An Adaptive Antenna for Rejection of Wideband Interference

A modification to the adaptive array under the directional constraint [1] is proposed to improve its performance of rejecting wideband interference. By analogy to the pattern synthesis of an antenna array which produces a flat null in its radiation pattern, an additional quantity that corresponds to the derivative of the pattern is generated and combined with the standard feedback quantity to control the weights of the array. This composite system is tested by computer simulation experiments and the following points are demonstrated in contrast to the conventional, simple system: 1) faster adaptation against wideband interference, 2) remarkable improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio of the output, i. e., very small fluctuation.     

Comparison of Superresolution Algorithms for Radio Direction Finding

The problem of high-frequency radio direction finding (HFDF) has perennially been compounded by the interference effects of multicomponent wavefields. The wavefields are generally produced by ionospheric multipath or cochannel interference from other transmitted signals. Because HFDF sytems must operate on short duration signals and are usually restricted to limited antenna array apertures, modern techniques of superresolution spectral analysis are applied to resolve the constituency of multicomponent wavefields. This paper presents a performance comparison of five superresolution spectral algorithms in solving the HFDF wave interference problem.     

声发射技术在直升机桨叶大梁疲劳试验裂纹检测中的应用

本文介绍了声发射技术在直升机桨叶大梁疲劳试验裂纹监测中的应用,并分析了现场试验中遇到的几种干扰及其辨别。这些干扰源包括电磁波、试件与工作台的摩擦、撞击等等。     

弧齿锥齿轮齿面曲率干涉判断方法与实验验证

提出一种基于齿面拓扑结构的齿面曲率干涉判断方法,通过构造两齿面拓扑偏差判断齿面曲率干涉.这种方法不仅可以直观地判断是否发生齿面曲率干涉,而且可以对其实际啮合位置进行预判.对一对弧齿锥齿轮齿面曲率干涉进行了计算,分析结果显示小轮工作面大端、小端和齿顶曲率干涉,齿面印痕应位于大端和小端,小轮非工作面齿顶曲率干涉.在数控铣齿机加工该弧齿锥齿轮副并检测齿面印痕,工作面齿面印痕位于小轮大端和小端,非工作面小轮齿顶出现了齿顶接触的现象,检测结果与该方法预判结果一致.      

激波边界层的相互作用对扰动波传播的影响

利用线性稳定性理论和直接数值模拟研究了带有入射斜激波的、来流马赫数Ma=4．5条件下的平板边界层的失稳特性。重点考察了在由于激波边界层相互干扰,平板边界层上形成分离区,又进而产生激波、膨胀波和旋涡等复杂流动现象的流场上游,引入小扰动的TS波后,扰动波传播通过带有这些复杂流动现象的流场时,扰动波的发展变化特点。通过对流场中扰动波（包括基本波和衍生波）演化特征的分析,研究分离和激波等复杂流动现象对平板边界层稳定性的影响特点。数值模拟发现,激波的出现不同于一般的压缩波,在亚声速区与超声速区对扰动波演化的影响是不同的,此外,分离对扰动有稳定作用。     

基于超声速有益干扰原理的气动构型概念综述

超声速有益干扰气动设计概念于20世纪30年代提出，其基本思想是利用飞行器部件间的波系干扰获得诸如增升或减阻等性能收益。此概念在20世纪50~60年代得到了大量探索并部分实现了工程应用，在20世纪70年代至世纪末陷入沉寂。近年来，随着超声速运输机和高超声速飞行器技术的复兴，超声速有益干扰概念重新得到重视并有望得到工程应用。本文梳理了超声速有益干扰气动设计概念的发展历史，总结了应用超声速有益干扰原理的典型构型，如超声速双翼机、Flat-top构型、环翼和半环翼构型、伞翼构型、高压捕获翼构型等，并对典型构型的基本原理和气动特点进行了分析。对超声速有益干扰设计概念的未来进行了展望，概述了亟待研究的相关问题。     

The use of multiple receivers to measure the wave characteristics of very-low-frequency noise in space

Until now most very-low-frequency (VLF) radio noise experiments in the ionosphere, magnetosphere and solar wind have been able to provide only the amplitude and spectral characteristics of VLF phenomena. Experiments using multiple receivers to measure the amplitudes and relative phases of the magnetic and electric wave components, however, can give the wave characteristics in addition. Knowledge of both the spectral and the wave characteristics are desirable in making deductions about the noise source location and mechanism and about the properties of the propagation path. Expressions are derived for obtaining the electromagnetic wave characteristics — wave normal vector, Poynting vector and wave polarization — and the electrostatic wave characteristics — wave normal direction and field magnitude — from the amplitudes and relative phases of the wave components. The antenna systems capable of measuring the necessary wave components on payloads which are not spinning, spinning, or spinning and precessing are described. Consideration is given to the experimental technique of reducing payload interference, of transferring the required data to the ground and of obtaining the desired spatial, frequency, amplitude and phase resolution.The data obtained with such an experiment may represent the superposition of signals from multiple sources and multiple paths and from interference signals. Interpretation of these results is discussed and the use of the results of obtaining information on the source location and mechanism and on the propagation path properties is described. Recently several sounding rocket and satellite experiments capable of measuring some of the wave characteristics have been flown. The results concerning the wave normal directions for several different types of VLF noise phenomena are summarized.     

Spatial adaptive subspace detection in OTH radar

The work presented here addresses the problem of target detection against spatially structured interference composed of jamming plus noise, where for practical reasons, the received target wavefront may also deviate from the traditional plane wave model. This detection problem arises in over-the-horizon (OTH) radar systems where spatially distributed targets often compete for detection against directional interference that is spread over the entire range-Doppler search space. Conventional detection processing schemes are compared with a recently proposed adaptive subspace detector (ASD) that takes both the spatial structure of the interference and the possibility of target wavefront distortions into account. Experimental array data recorded by the Jindalee sky-wave and Iluka surface-wave OTH radar systems, located in central and northern Australia respectively, is used to evaluate detection performance.     

Rotating Blades Radio Interference in a Helicopter-Borne CW Doppler Radar

Radio interference generated in a helicopter-borne continuous wave (CW) Doppler radar system due to the rotating blades is analyzed. This problem has been previously treated for the case of pulse Doppler radar systems with very narrow (near zero) beamwidth. In this case the strong interference component returning directly from the blades (with no ground reflection) need not be considered as it reaches the receiver when it is still blinded. In the case of a CW Doppler radar, however, this interference component must be included. Numerical calculations show that the total blade interference power level, dominated by the direct component, is higher than that of the direct ground clutter in the radar clutter region. It decreases approximately as (f - fo)-4 in the radar clear region. It stays, however, well above the thermal noise level which might cause false alarm and degrade the radar performance.