The US national space transportation policy: issues for congress

Below is a summary of what was to be the first in a series of reports produced by the Office of Technology Assessment (now defunct) on policy for the USA's future space transportation technology and industrial base. It examines the Clinton Administration's 1994 National Space Transportation Policy and supporting implementation plans and raises and analyses such issues as conflicts and redundancies within NASA and DoD space transportation development programs; competition and cooperation with foreign launch vehicle and component providers; US government limits on the conversion of long-range missiles to space launchers in the face of Russian activity in this area; and the effectiveness of Administration efforts to include the private sector in space transportation decision making. Some issues not covered in the Policy are also discussed.     

Expanding global access to civilian and commercial remote sensing data: implications and policy issues

Current and planned developments in the field of civilian and commercial satellite imagery promise a major expansion in international accessibility to remote sensing data and technologies. This paper addresses the implications of the expanding global access to land remote sensing data and their derived products. While atmospheric, meteorological, and oceanographic data is also widely available at cost or free of charge, it is land remote sensing - specifically the unique systems with high-resolution and frequent revisit times - that are of primary concern for international and regional security issues. Military and intelligence satellites are not addressed in this discussion of expansion due to their inherently controlled access, unless such systems also provide commercially available imagery or products (as is the case with some Russian systems).     

Microwave policy issues for solar space power

This article reviews the three major policy issues likely to arise from an SSP system: environmental safety, frequency allocation and prevention of interference with other frequency-using activities. Supporters of SSP must make sure that their case is heard clearly at the ITU, but they must also do more to promote public awareness of the technology's potential benefits in order to counter inappropriate use of the Precautionary Principle by anti-technology groups. The strengthening of standard-setting groups world-wide will also assist this process.     

US space transportation policy : History and issues for a new administration

The new US administration faces complex questions on the future role of the USA in space, and tough decisions on how to pay for it. Decisions made now on space transportation will have a strong impact on US space leadership for the next decade. The author discusses the history and current state of space transportation planning, and considers the key issues which will confront the new administration.     

基于弹道轨迹的陆基导航定向波束定位技术

陆基导航系统应用于弹道导弹组合导航时,将定向波束技术引入到导航过程中,基于标准弹道轨迹计算得到实时变化的定向波束中心方向,并基于干扰弹道讨论了波束宽度的取值范围.该技术避免了广播式通信体制下使用全向天线发射时信号功率较低的问题和问答式通信体制下容易暴露导弹位置的问题,在确保导航精度的同时,提高了陆基导航系统和导弹武器系统的抗干扰能力和生存能力.     

基于低轨星的通导融合安全定位技术体制与性能验证

基于低轨卫星L频段通信信号的通导融合安全定位体制,能有效解决卫星导航在抗欺骗性、信号处理、抗干扰及安全性等方面的不足,是对现有北斗卫星导航系统的补充备份,能有效丰富卫星导航系统的应用场景。本文通过设计安全定位技术体制,采用L频段通导融合信号播发导航电文方式实现导航定位与授时。本文仿真研究了不同载噪比和接收机时钟漂移对安全定位精度的影响,结果表明接收机存在时钟漂移且载噪比为60dB-Hz的条件下,定位精度随可见卫星数量增多而得到改善。当可见卫星数为3时,定位精度可达5m,并通过研制硬件样机对实际性能进行了验证。本文设计的通导融合安全定位技术体制对未来我国卫星互联网建设与发展具有重要参考价值。     

航天器质量特性测试信息系统设计与实现

文章通过对现有航天器质量特性测试工作流程的研究,对测试过程数据分析归纳,给出了信息系统的数据库模型,提出了系统架构设计思路,并在此基础上开发了原型系统,对设计思路进行验证。质量特性测试信息系统的建立将整个测试周期中的所有独立、分散的信息有机地统一起来。     

ISU design projects : A new instrument for shaping global space policy?

The author argues that students attending the International Space University (ISU) are becoming a force to be reckoned with in space activities thanks to their enthusiasm, dedication and their Design Projects tackling major technological issues. This article reviews previous projects, before focusing on those of 1993 and 1994, and analyses whether they can be seen as agents for change in space policy making. Key ‘selling points’ are the ‘students’ non-rigid approach to thinking and doing, their refusal to believe in the intractability of any problem and the appeal their novel coalition may have for political leaders.     

Galileo系统在空间飞行器定位中的应用

欧洲的Galileo系统将在2008年建成，届时它将与美国的GPS系统相互补充。在对Galileo系统导航星座轨道和信号结构分析的基础上，结合各种不同轨道高度的空间飞行器用户的动态特点，推导了用户卫星接收天线的可见可用性模型，建立了基于Galileo坐标系统(ITRF-96)的高动态定位算法模型，针对实际航天工程任务的LEO和GEO卫星进行了定位仿真，为Galileo系统在空间领域的实际应用打下了基础。     

无人集群组网系统相对定位技术研究

针对大规模无人集群在卫星导航拒止环境下的相对定位需求,研究一种基于无人集群自组网数据链测距的相对定位技术,通过集群组网测距信息构建广义距离平方阵,经过双中心处理化和特征值分解后即得到相对定位结果,最后通过仿真评估了该方法在不同测距误差和不同集群规模下的定位精度。结果表明：测距误差是影响定位性能的最主要误差来源,当节点数大于30时定位误差受节点个数影响较小。     

企业信息技术外包项目的风险管理

文章对企业信息技术外包项目的风险管理进行了研究,将矩阵分析法和波尔达序值法应用于信息技术外包项目的风险管理,对项目进行了风险识别和分析,并提出应对策略。文章为信息技术外包项目风险管理制定了项目外包风险管理流程和方法,为企业信息技术外包项目有效规避风险提供参考。     

Pricing policy and legal issues: 6th and 7th EOPOLE workshops

The following report presents the main conclusions of the sixth and seventh EOPOLE workshops, held in Hydra, Greece, 3–4 May and Leiden, the Netherlands, 3–5 July 2000, respectively. The objectives of the first workshop were to evaluate different approaches to pricing policy and to assess how new developments in Earth observation and information technology are having an impact on Earth observation data pricing policy. Those of the second were to assess the constraints that legal frameworks impose on Earth observation and to explore ways in which they can be used to its advantage.     

Driving UK space policy forward: Time for an annual conference

Despite public enthusiasm, space in the UK is perceived as lacking support from the government and policy often seems incoherent. A knock-on effect is the low number of students pursuing study or careers in science and engineering. Lately, however, space activity has been receiving greater attention from official circles and, in an effort to capitalise on this, a group of individuals has come up with a plan to hold an annual conference on UK space policy. The aims and framework of the conference are described.     

Reply policy and signal type: assumptions drawn from minimal source information

A scenario is developed under which a discovery of extraterrestrial technology is made by one of the World’s search for exterrestial intelligence (SETI) programs. The nature of the signal received gives an absolute minimum of information as to the nature of the senders. Current SETI detection and reply policy is examined under these assumptions. Current policy calls for prompt and public release of signal information and stellar coordinates upon announcement of a discovery. The SETI protocol calls for no reply until authorized by international consultations. It is argued that changes are needed in these policies to guard against the possibility of unauthorized replies that could severely complicate long-term interstellar communication.     

空间信息对抗能力与技术需求

在陆、海、空、天、电战争范畴,空间攻防对抗是战略制高点。从美军的空间对抗的发展和变化,折射出未来的空间对抗需求已由“确保摧毁”向“确保生存”的战略概念转变,由“硬杀伤”向“软能力”倾斜。从需求出发,提出未来空间信息对抗能力设想,以及实现这些能力的主要关键技术。     

量子信息技术在未来电子对抗中的前景展望

量子信息技术飞速发展,已成为研究热点,并逐步走向未来战场应用,可极大改变敌我战场态势,威胁我方电子对抗装备系统作战效能。为应对量子信息技术带来的安全威胁以及算力威胁,全面提升我国电子对抗装备具备远程精确化、智能自动化、隐身无人化等特点,是未来重点研究领域,关系着未来战场走向。文章结合量子技术特点,重点分析了量子测量、量子雷达探测以及量子保密通信等量子信息技术国内外发展现状,以及该技术对现代电子对抗应用的潜在影响,并提出量子信息技术与电子对抗技术融合发展思路,构想量子信息技术在电子对抗装备领域应用的模式,并对未来“量子-电子对抗”技术进行前景展望,努力争夺未来量子-电子领域制高点。     

Space science innovation: How mission sequencing interacts with technology policy

Innovation is fundamental to a space agency's mission. Yet, the industry's current dominant approach to new technology development – concerted investment in step-changes in capabilities to support a particular application – contradicts the conventional wisdom of innovation theory. In order to understand why, this paper uses a unique empirical case study, in which exogenous historical circumstances created unexpected additional opportunities for technology investment, to explore the merits of this approach. The value of follow-on periods of R&D is assessed in terms of simple marginal returns, implications for workforce dynamics and the interaction of mission sequencing and technology strategy. The analysis reveals an important contingency between mission paradigm and the value of follow-on investment. Specifically, while marginal performance improvements can be achieved at lower costs, their value depends on the availability of an appropriate mission opportunity. In the current paradigm, the risk of obsolescence is high compared to the potential benefit. However, if a new small mission, frequent flights, paradigm were to take hold, there may be great value in refocusing R&D strategy on later round improvements.     

Space exploration policy: Towards an operational vision

This article examines the historical and social context of space exploration policy. It seeks to reconcile a contradiction between the visionary grandeur of space and public perceptions of space exploration as the province of a narrowly-focused political interest group. The author argues that perceptions of the space age are artificially restricted by dating its origins to Sputnik and Apollo and allowing it to be dominated by science and technology objectives devoid of a more encompassing social framework. Guiding principles for developing space exploration activities in a broader conceptual and operational framework are offered.