铯原子束频率基准 Cs-Ⅲ的研制

铯原子束频率基准是一个重要的研制课题。这里对Cs-Ⅲ基准系统、电路和结构作了简明介绍,着重评定了其准确度和稳定性。目前水平是:对原子时UTC(NIM)进行校准,能在两个月以上的时间内连续提供频率不确定度优于3×10~(-13)的标准频率信号。     

振动传感器的微加速度动态校准

阐述了高灵敏度振动传感器在超低频微小加速度下进行动态校准的校准装置工作原理、校准方法 ,分析了其校准不确定度。该装置采用曲率半径为 10m的虚拟摆结构 ,从较强的环境干扰噪声中利用数字滤波技术成功地拾检微弱振动信号 ,使微小标准加速度获得复现。该装置可在 (0 .0 0 1～ 0 .1)Hz超低频率范围内和 (1× 10 -6～ 1× 10 -2 )m s2 微小加速度范围内实现高准确度激光绝对校准和比较法校准 ,其校准不确定度达 0 .5%。     

利用OH夜气辉反演原子氧数密度时输入参数的不确定度对反演结果的影响

借助OH夜气辉辐射的光化学模式,由OH夜气辉辐射反演中间层-低热层区域的原子氧数密度时,输入参数的不确定性将导致反演得到的原子氧数密度具有不确定性.以在sudden death猝灭模式下通过OH(8-3)振动带体辐射率反演原子氧数密度为例,分别研究了大气参数和OH气辉辐射率的不确定度引起的反演不确定度、化学反应速率常数的不确定度引起的反演不确定度,以及所有输入参数的不确定度共同引起的反演不确定度,找出其不确定度对反演结果影响最大的参数.结果表明,三种反演不确定度均随着高度的升高而增大,温度和体辐射率的不确定度对第一种反演不确定度的贡献最大,反应速率常数b(8)和A(8-3)、的不确定度对第二种反演不确定度的贡献最大.     

~(201)Hg~+离子贮存式频率标准

本文讨论利用在潘宁离子收集器中贮存~201Hg~+离子实现微波频率(和时间)标准以及光频标性能的潜力与存在的问题。有许多讨论一般都适用于离子贮存式频标。激光致冷、光抽运、以及微波或光时钟跃迁的光检测,可利用在194.2nm6P~2P_(1/2)←6~2S_(1/2)跃迁的窄带幅射,而有选择地将基态超精细能级与适当的微波幅射加以混频来完成。特别适用于采用潘宁(冷阴极)离子收集器的一阶独立场微波时钟跃迁是在1.534T 磁场的25.9GHz(F,M_F)=(2,1)←→(1,1)超精细跃迁。在563nm(毫微米)的双量子无多普勒5d~96S~(22)D_(5/2)←→5d~(10)6S~2S_(1/2)迁可能是光频标所要选用的。两种频标的绝对准确度具有达到好于1×10~(-15)而频率稳定度低于10~(-16)的潜力。     

用激光致冷的精确的~9Be+原子钟

在原子频标中采用激光致冷储存离子,因其大大地抑制了多普勒效应,将有可能达到非常高的准确度。利用~(201)Hg~+基态超精细跃迁的原子钟,其准确度与稳定度都可能超过1×10~(-15)量级。但用激光致冷的~9Be~+离子更易于用实验方法获得。所以,研究~9Be~+频标是为了研究离子储存频标中激光致冷的一般性问题。实验中约有300个~9Be~+离子储存在一彭宁陷阱(PenningTrap)中,用激光对其致冷。在～0.82T磁场时,观测到频率为303MHz的基态(MI,MJ)=(-3/2,1/2)→(-1/2,1/2)核自旋翻转超精细跃迁,其跃迁频率与一阶磁场无关。用时域Ramsey询问法测得线宽为25MHz。被锁定到该跃迁频率上的振荡器的稳定度达:采样时间间隔为400s<τ<3200s时(τ)≌2×10~(-11)。用测量离子速度分布的方法测定二阶多普勒频移约在5×10~(-14)量级。在本实验中,磁场不稳定性影响约在3×10~(-14)量级。所有其它系统误差估计皆小于3×10~(-14)。     

多位数频标测量系统

介绍一种非整数(多位数)频标频率测量系统的工作原理、误差分析及主要技术指标。频率测量范围从1～80MHz,系统的不确定度α<5×10~(-11)/s。该系统还可以同时进行多台频标的自动测试(配上计算机和多路射频开关)。     

实用型氢激射器频标锁相接收系统

为了使上海天文台两台氢激射器频率标准更好地适应甚长基线干涉(VLBI)实验的要求,我们充分利用国内外新器件,采用新技术方案,研制出一种实用型氢激射器锁相接收系统。该系统具有接收灵敏度高(≤-120dBm)、噪音系数烛(≤1.8dB)、体积小、自动搜索人锁以及可靠性高等特点。本文主要以系统设计为实例,讨论了氢激射器频标锁相接收系统的总体设计原则、锁相环路的设计考虑和环路对系统的噪声抑制的定量估算等问题。最后,介绍了运用该系统后氢激射器频标的短期频率稳定度达到1.88×10-~(13)/S、3.7×~(-14)/10S、9.2/10~(-15)/100S9.5×10~(-15)/1000s,完全满足了甚长基线干涉实验的需要。     

100 A直流大电流标准及检定系统

介绍了一种新建立的直流大电流标准及检定系统。该系统由直流标准电压源、跨导放大器、零磁通电流互感器、分流器、标准电阻和数字电压表组成 ;直流电流输出范围为 0～10 0A ,不确定度为 5× 10 - 4,直流电流测量范围为 0～ 12 0A ,不确定度为 5× 10 - 5。分析了常用的直流大电流测量方法 ,介绍了系统的硬件设备组成 ,简述了关键设备的基本原理和校准测试方法 ,并给出了测试结果 ,该标准的建立将满足 10 0A以下直流大电流源、直流大电流表。     

宽带微波电场量子化计量技术研究

随着国际单位制7个基本单位已由基本物理常数定义,计量单位进入了量子化时代。基于里德堡原子干涉效应的微波电场测量技术,依托里德堡原子的稳定性、可复现性等特点,可实现对微波电场的高灵敏度、低不确定度测量,将微波场强幅值直接溯源至时间频率单位,实现场强参数溯源链路的扁平化。文章利用室温铯原子蒸汽室作为探头,采用AT分裂方案和外差法方案,实现了微波频率范围(1~40) GHz,场强幅度范围5 mV/m~10 V/m的微波电场精确测量。本工作在计量、雷达、太赫兹通信、电磁信号监测等领域有广泛的应用前景。     

高稳氢钟锁相接收机

为了提高我所现有两台国产氢钟的频率稳定性,采用国内外新技术、新器件,重新研制了高稳定锁相接收机,介绍了锁相接收机的总体设计分析、锁相环路的设计计算,以及环路相位噪声的定量估算。实测结果表明,该锁相接收机的灵敏度优于—120dBm,噪声系数小于2dB。使用这种接收机后,在常温下测试的频率稳定性σ_y(1s)优于5×10~(-13),σ_y(10s)优于6×10~(-14),σ_y(100s)优于2×10~(-14)。     

HORACE: A compact cold atom clock for Galileo

HORACE (HOrloge à Refroidissement d’Atomes en Cellule = clock based on atoms cooled from vapour cell) is a compact cold caesium atom clock developed in SYRTE at Paris Observatory. This clock can operate both on ground and in microgravity environment. Design of HORACE is based on isotropic light cooling, allowing performing the whole clock sequence (cooling, atomic preparation, Ramsey interrogation and detection) at the same place. Compared to more conventional cold atom clocks such as atomic fountains, the use of isotropic light cooling simplifies both the optical part of the setup and the detection sequence, and leads to a drastic size reduction of the physics package. Very good short-term performances have been demonstrated at SYRTE since relative frequency instability of 2.2 × 10⁻¹³ τ^−1/2 has been obtained. Optimization of the long term stability is still under progress and current results show relative frequency instability around 3 × 10⁻¹⁵ in 10⁴ s of integration. With these performances, HORACE appears as a good candidate both for Galileo’s ground segment clock and for onboard Galileo clock.     

冷原子喷泉的改进与应用

论述了冷原子喷泉的改进与应用,评述了冷原子喷泉二十年发展的进步,展望了冷原子喷泉研究和发展的前景。     

Quality variation of GPS satellite clocks on-orbit using IGS clock products

Over 60% clocks on board of the GPS satellites are working longer than their designed life. Therefore realizing their stabilities in a long time scales is essential to GPS navigation and positioning plus IGS time scale maintaining. IGS clock products from 2001 to 2010 are used to analyze the GPS satellite clock qualities such as frequency stabilities and clock noise level. We find out that for the clocks of Block IIA satellites the frequency stabilities and clock noise are 10 times worse than that of the Block IIR and IIR-M satellites. Moreover, the linear relationships between frequency stabilities and clock residuals have been deduced with an accuracy of better than 0.02 ns. Specially, it is noticed that the clock of the PRN27 is instable and the relationship between the frequency stability and residuals is at least a quadratic curve. Therefore, we suggested that GPS satellite clocks should be weighted by their quality levels in application, and the observations of the Block IIA should not be used for real-time positioning which required precision better than one meter.     

Compact frequency standard using atoms trapped on a chip

We present a compact atomic frequency standard based on the interrogation of magnetically trapped ⁸⁷Rb atoms. Two photons, in the microwave and radiofrequency domain excite the atomic transition. At a magnetic field of 3.23 G this transition from ∣F = 1, m_F = −1〉 to ∣F = 2, m_F = 1〉 is 1st order insensitive to magnetic field variations. Long Ramsey interrogation times can thus be achieved, leading to a projected stability in the low 10⁻¹³ at 1 s. This makes this device a viable alternative to LITE and HORACE as a good candidate for replacing or complementing the rubidium frequency standards and passive hydrogen masers already on board of the GPS, GLONASS, and GALILEO satellites. Here we present preliminary results. We use an atom chip to cool and trap the atoms. A coplanar waveguide is integrated to the chip to carry the Ramsey interrogation signal, making the physics package potentially as small as (5 cm)³. We describe the experimental apparatus and show preliminary Ramsey fringes of 1.25 Hz linewidth. We also show a preliminary frequency stability σ_y = 1.5 × 10⁻¹²τ^−1/2 for 10 < τ < 10³ s. This represents one order of magnitude improvement with respect to previous experiments.     

原子时系统主备钟同步技术研究

主钟系统作为原子时系统的重要组成部分，其运行状态直接关系到整个原子时系统的性能。为了提高系统的可靠性，建立备份主钟系统尤为必要。本文围绕原子时系统中的主备钟同步技术开展相关研究，建立了主备钟同步系统。通过分析原子钟性能，建立钟差模型；并根据钟差模型对备份主钟的频率进行驾驭调整，实现主备钟之间的时间频率一致性。通过调整，原子时系统的主备钟时差可实时保持在1ns以内，频率偏差实时保持在10E-15量级，为原子时系统的主备无缝切换奠定良好基础。     

Switching and performance variations of on-orbit BDS satellite clocks

The information of the satellite clock switching and performance variations on-orbit of Chinese BeiDou-2 Navigation System (BDS) is not available for the public. In order to detect the BDS satellite clock switching and performances variation, we analyzed the precise clock offset products with a total duration of 5?years every BDS satellite equipped four atomic clocks from four different manufactures from January 2013 to October 2017. Three important contributions are concluded as follows. (1) It is found that the average time of on-orbit operation for BDS satellite clocks is about 1–2?years. There have been 22 times of clock switching for BDS satellites, of which the C05 and C08 satellites have been switched to the fourth (last) atomic clock. (2) There are frequent phase adjustments for BDS on-orbit satellite clocks, and the frequency series is relatively stable. Furthermore, there are semi-annual sinusoid cycles in the frequency drift series of C06 and C09 satellites. (3) The performances of MEO satellite clocks perform better than the IGSO and GEO satellite clocks. The average ten-thousand frequency stability of BDS satellite clocks is about 1E-13, which is worse than that of GPS and Galileo but better than that of GLONASS.     

基于FPGA与TDC的GPS-铷钟时间同步系统

描述了一种高精度的GPS-铷钟时间频率同步系统,系统输出标准10MHz频率,同时输出高精度的1PPS同步时间信号,在GPS信号驯服下系统同步精度可达到7.2ns,输出频率准确度优于1E-12。论文阐述了系统的原理,给出了测试数据,结果表明,系统指标满足工程应用要求。     

发展我国的空间用高准确度原子钟

原子钟在科学技术、军事和商业中应用甚广,在空间任务,特别是卫星导航系统中起着决定性作用。目前我国还没有自己的空间用高准确度原子频标,发展适合空间应用的星载原子钟是我们面临的迫切任务。     

卫星铷钟自动控温系统仿真平台的设计与实现

卫星上的铷钟对环境温度要求非常苛刻,需要采用自动控温系统严格控制工作环境的温度,该系统上星前必须经过大量的试验和仿真,验证卫星上铷钟热控系统的软硬件功能和性能是否达到设计要求。基于CPCI(Compact Peripheral Component Interconnect)计算机的卫星铷钟自动控温系统仿真平台,是在不具备铷钟热控试验需要的真空、绝热条件下,模拟铷钟在卫星上工作时温度变化引起的参数变化,并检测卫星铷钟自动控温系统由于参数变化所引起的相应的控制量变化,从而验证系统的性能。     

Beidou wide-area augmentation system clock error correction and performance verification

On December 27, 2018, the Beidou-3 System (BDS-3) has completed the deployment of 18 Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites combined as a space constellation. In addition to the augmentation information for the new system signals B1C and B2a, the BDS-3 is compatible with the three augmentation information broadcast by the BDS-2 system for B1I and B3I signals: equivalent clock error correction, User Differential Ranging Error (UDRE) and Grid Ionosphere Vertical Error (GIVE). In this paper, the observation data of Beidou monitoring network are used to analyze the pseudo-range observation quality of the smooth transition signals B1I and B3I of BDS-2 and BDS-3. At the same time, the relationship between the equivalent clock error correction and the prediction error of the satellite clock is analyzed by using the Two-Way Satellite Time and Frequency Transfer (TWSTFT) data. The results show that the correlation between the equivalent clock error correction and the monitored clock error by using the TWSTFT data is greater than 60%. We calculate the UDRE by using the equivalent clock error correction. The results show that the satellite equivalent clock error correction can improve the accuracy of User Equivalent Range Error (UERE) by about 50%. This paper also compares the positioning accuracy of the BDS-2 satellites with the BDS-2 satellites combined BDS-3 satellites. The results show that the three-dimensional positioning accuracy is improved by about 30% after the BDS-3 satellites are added.