The use of closed cycle coolers on space based observatories

Many proposed space based observations will rely on the use of closed cycle and passive cooling systems to provide the thermal environment for high sensitivity. The use of closed cycle mechanical coolers on space telescopes poses particular integration problems; some of these difficulties are discussed in this paper.One of the major problems envisaged is that of exported vibration. This problem, and that of the heat sinking required, can be alleviated by siting the compressors of the Stirling cycle precooler further from the displacer unit. The effect of the separation between the compressors and the displacer on the performance of the Stirling cycle precooler has been measured. Increasing the separation from 170 mm to 565 mm decreases the cooling power at 25 K from 220 mW to 180 mW. In most applications this would be acceptable.The pre-cooler provides cooling at a single point. In situations where refrigeration of extended objects (e.g. telescope mirrors) is required, some distribution method has to be found. A scheme for achieving this is presented together with preliminary calculations on such a system.Temperatures in the region of 2.5 to 4K are required to meet the requirements for long wavelength detectors. We have demonstrated how these temperatures can be achieved in a continuously operating closed cycle cooler that has been engineered for space applications. This cooler consists of a two-stage Stirling cycle precooling a closed cycle Joule-Thomson (JT) stage. Temperatures in the region of 4K are achieved by the use of helium-4 in the JT system. The lighter isotope of helium is used to obtain temperatures down to 2.5 K. Under no-load conditions the precooler reaches a base temperature of 11.3K. The JT system achieves 4.3 K with a 10 mW heat load and 2.5 K with a heat load of over 3 mW. The input power to the cooler is approximately 126 W.The temperature stability of the cooler at low temperatures is important to keep detector drift to a minimum. The temperature of the JT stage has been measured in uncontrolled laboratory conditions and found to vary by only 30 mK over a seventy hour period. The pre-cooler temperature varied by approximately 0.6 K during these measurements.     

空间微小脉冲管制冷机研制

随着空间机械制冷技术的迅速发展,空间脉冲管制冷机在80 K温区整机效率已经优于1 W/18 W（制冷量/输入电功）。针对中国航天未来微小卫星的发展,中国科学院理化技术研究所开展了空间微小脉冲管制冷机的研究,并获得突破性的进展。理化技术研究所研制的宇航级微型脉冲管制冷机,80 K温区制冷量与重量比已经大于1.5 W/1 kg,制冷效率达到1 W/22.5 W（制冷量/输入电功）,在轨设计寿命超过30 000 h,可以与中波红外320×256以下面阵探测器直接耦合。系统介绍了中国科学院理化技术研究所微型脉冲管制冷机的研发过程,并给出了最新的研发结果。该制冷机除了可以实现给中波红外探测器制冷以外,还可以作为辅助热控手段,对220 K以下温区的载荷热控、载荷在轨气体多余污染物吸附等应用提供帮助。     

TDLAS测量甲烷／空气预混平面火焰温度和H2O浓度

基于可调谐二极管激光器吸收光谱技术（YDLAS）建立了温度和H2O浓度测量系统,利用光谱数据库Hitran2004在1393nm附近选择了在500～1300K有很高测温灵敏度的两条水吸收线：7168．437cm^-1,7185．597cm^-1。在1kHz的扫描频率下,利用直接吸收-扫描波长法对甲烷／空气预混平面火焰进行测量,并进行边界层修正,与热电偶的对比结果显示,在温度区间1100～1350K,两者最大相差80K（6．7％）;水蒸气组分浓度与计算值平均相差小于0．02（10％）．     

基于传热与压力损失的气-水换热器耦合设计

针对换热器设计中如何合理兼顾传热效率和压力损失的难题,以矩形流通截面的燃气-水列管式换热器为对象,从理论上分析了设计参数之间的内在联系,揭示了换热面积与燃气流通面积、横向管间距、换热管直径之间的匹配关系,建立了基于压力损失和传热计算的耦合设计方法。这种方法已成功应用于某大型燃气冷却器的设计,也可供其它换热器设计时参考。     

Radiative and hybrid cooling of infrared space telescopes

The designs of cold space telescopes, cryogenic and radiatively cooled, are similar in most elements and both benefit from orbits distant from the Earth. In particular such orbits allow the anti-sunward side of radiatively-cooled spacecraft to be used to provide large cooling radiators for the individual radiation shields. Designs incorporating these features have predictedT _tel near 20 K. The attainability of such temperatures is supported by limited practical experience (IRAS, COBE). Supplementary cooling systems (cryogens, mechanical coolers) can be advantageously combined with radiative cooling in hybrid designs to provide robustness against deterioration and yet lower temperatures for detectors, instruments, and even the whole telescope. The possibility of such major additional gains is illustrated by the Very Cold Telescope option under study forEdison, which should offerT _tel5 K for a little extra mechanical cooling capacity.     

解决某型飞机座舱夏季飞行高温问题的方法及有关的计算论证

某型飞机夏季飞行座舱温度高的问题由来已久,在外界环境温度为30℃时,座舱温度高达40℃以上,对飞行人员的身心健康产生了不同程度的影响.通过本文分析得出结论:该型飞机座舱高温问题,主要是由于现有制冷设备的设计制冷能力受到某些环境因素的制约而没能完全发挥作用造成的.通过计算提出了从机外引入冲压空气,降低空气散热器冷边系统的...     

Applications of Brayton cycle technology to space power

The Closed Brayton Cycle (CBC) power conversion cycle can be used with a wide range of heat sources for space power applications. These heat sources include solar concentrator, radioisotope, and reactor. With a solar concentrator, a solar dynamic ground demonstration test using existing Brayton components is being assembled for testing at NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC). This 2-kWe system has a turbine inlet temperature of 1015 K and is a complete end-to-end simulation of the Space Station Freedom solar dynamic design. With a radioisotope heat source, a 1-kWe Dynamic Isotope Power System (DIPS) is under development using an existing turboalternator compressor (TAC) for testing at the same NASA-LeRC facility. This DIPS unit is being developed as a replacement to Radioisotopic Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs) to conserve the Pu-238 supply for interplanetary exploration. With a reactor heat source, many studies have been performed coupling the SP-100 reactor with a Brayton power conversion cycle. Applications for this reactor/CBC system include global communications satellites and electric propulsion for interplanetary exploration. applications. The CBC consists of a heater, turboalternator compressor (TAC), cooler, and recuperator. A mixture of He and Xe is used as the working fluid in the CBC system. The He provides superior heat transfer characteristics in the heater, cooler, and recuperator. The Xe adjusts the molecular weight to provide superior aerodynamic performance for maximized turbine and compressor efficiency. Cycle studies are performed to select the optimum He/Xe molecular weight or He to Xe mixture ratio. The following presents the characteristics and advantages of using the CBC for space power applications, CBC development status, characteristics and applications of the CBC with each of the heat sources, and finally performance projections     

菱形驱动斯特林制冷机

通过运动学与动力学平衡分析,提出了菱形驱动斯特林制冷机热力计算方法,该方法能够简化多级斯特林制冷机的计算。     

ARMAX模型参数估计的新两步法

 本文提出了一种ARMAX模型参数估计的新两步法。这种方法与其它递推估计方法（如增广矩阵法,极大似然法,Durbin两步法、三步法等）比较,具有较好的收敛特性,对参数的估计,特别是对C参数的估计比较精确,这是利用其它方法,一直未能很好解决的一个难题。     

K417镍基高温合金微动磨损行为的研究

研究了K417镍基高温合金的微动磨损行为。结果表明,K417镍基高温合金的微动磨损可以分为开始、过渡和稳定三个阶段,稳定阶段的微动磨损机理是疲劳脱层。高温下K417镍基合金的微动磨损表面可以形成致密的釉质氧化膜,具有良好高温强度的K417镍基合金基体的支撑保证了釉质氧化膜的连续和完整。通过降低剪切应力的大小和改变其分布形式,釉质氧化膜可以缓解K417镍基合金的微动磨损。     

温度冲击下变截面圆孔装药的热力耦合分析

为研究温度冲击载荷对某改性双基推进剂装药结构完整性的影响,基于热力耦合基本理论,开展了不同温度下改性双基推进剂力学松弛试验,得到了不同温度下松弛模量的6阶Prony级数及以293.15K为参考温度的时温等效W.L.F(Williams-Landel-Ferry)方程.利用Ansys有限元软件对由333.15K降低至21...     

Characterization of Solar Coronal Holes and Plumes Using Spectroscopic Diagnostic Techniques Applied to SOHO/CDS Observations

Results from a series of SOHO/Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer (CDS) observations of coronal holes and plumes are presented, including analysis of a low-latitude plume observed in August 1996. Spectroscopic diagnostic techniques using the CHIANTI atomic database are applied to derive the plasma parameters: electron density, temperature, and element abundances. The results are compared with quiet sun values. Coronal electron densities in the holes are found to be about 2 × 10⁸ cm^-3, a factor of two to three lower than in the quiet sun. The plasma thermal distribution exhibits differences between coronal holes, the quiet sun and plumes. For example, the peak of the emission in coronal holes is at a lower temperature (T ⋍ 8 × 10⁵ K) than in the quiet sun (T ⋍ 1 × 10⁶ K), while plumes are cooler (T ⋍ 7.6 × 10⁵ K) and show a different distribution, closer to an isothermal state. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The nature of the luminous blue variable AG carinae

After many years of permanence at minimum, the luminous blue variable AG Car started in mid 1990 a new brightening phase. We review the spectroscopic variations of the star since 1949, and discuss the nature of the circumstellar nebula. We give evidence that, like in Car, also in AG Car dust is continuously condensing from the stellar wind. We suggest that the star could be partially reddened by the circumstellar dust, which could affect the estimates of the stellar distance. An extended HII halo is present outside the ring nebula, which should be associated with the wind of a previous cooler evolutionary stage of AG Car.     

超声速模型燃烧室中气化煤油喷注研究

利用直接照相和纹影显示研究了不同预热温度的煤油喷注到静态大气和马赫数2．5的横向气流时射流结构。煤油加热系统可将0．8kg煤油加热到670K和5．5MPa压力。比较4MPa压力下290K～550K不同温度的煤油射流结构可以发现，550K煤油射流一旦流出立即完全气化，并且保持贯穿深度基本不变。结果表明：喷注汽化燃料有可能改善液体碳氢燃料超声速燃烧室的性能，因为至少省却了雾化和气化过程。     

基于TEC的空间站末端回路温控系统建模及其热力学性能分析

针对空间站中间回路温度波动过大,高温时导致科学载荷工作温度超出允许范围的问题,设计了一种基于热电制冷器(TEC)的末端单向流体回路温控系统。该系统包含一个TEC温控模块,当中间回路温度过高,末端回路冷却功率不足时,该模块可提供额外的制冷量,降低流入冷板的工质温度,形成针对科学载荷的相对低温区域,恢复回路的冷却能力。分别建立了温控系统数学模型与数值仿真模型,并完成了热负载扰动、中间回路温度扰动、末端回路流量扰动和并联支路热扰动等4种扰动对系统热力学特性影响的仿真分析,验证了TEC模块的温控性能。结果表明:在科学载荷发热功率增加30%、中间回路的温度升高5K、末端回路流量减小至0.0015kg/s等多种工况下,所设计的温控系统能够将载荷温度控制在1K以内,实现科学载荷精确温控。      

Pulse tube refrigerators

Interest in the pulse tube comes from its potential for high reliability and low level of induced vibration.A numerical model has been developed to provide a tool for practical design. It has been successfully validated against the experimental results obtained with a single stage double inlet pulse tube which has achieved a temperature of 28 K at a frequency of a few Hz.Further developments have demonstrated the capability of operating a pulse tube at higher frequencies in association with a Stirling pressure oscillator.Current projects include coaxial geometry for miniature pulse tubes with linear resonant pressure oscillators. A 4K multistaged pulse tube is also in development.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FREE MIXING LAYER WITH CROSS SHEAR

SupportedbytheNationalScienceFoundationofChinaSincethemiddleofthe7O'S,thestudyofevolutionofcoherentstructureinthenominallyplanemixinglayershasoccupiedtheeffortsofmanyresearchesinthefield-Alotofachieve-mentsaboutcounter-rotatingstreamwisevorticeshavebeenobtainedduringthelasttenyears.Mostnaturalshearflowsandmanyindustrialflowsinvolvecomplexities,suchas,withcrossshear.However,thescenarioofthecrossshearintroducedinitiallyisinherentlydifferentfromthatofthecrossshearintroducedinthemiddlestage,ass…     

The fundamental parameters of the central stars of eight WR ring nebulae

We describe work that has recently been completed on deriving the fundamental parameters of eight WR stars through the photoionization modelling of their surrounding nebulae using non-LTE WR flux distributions. The resulting effective temperatures range from 57 000–71 000 K for the WN4-5 stars and <30 000–42 000 K for the WN6-8 stars. The derived stellar parameters are compared with those obtained from stellar emission line modelling. We find good agreement for the hot early WN stars, indicating that the non-LTE WR flux distributions have essentially the correct shape in the crucial far-UV region. We find lower temperatures for the four cooler late WN stars, particularly for the two WN6 stars. For the nebulae surrounding these stars, we find that the model flux distributions produce too much nebular ionization. We suggest that these discrepancies arise because of the lack of line-blanketing in the WR atmospheres. For the WO1 central star of G2.4+1.4, with strong nebular He II 4686 A emission, we derive a temperature of 105 000 K, somewhat less than previous estimates. The positions of our eight WR stars on the H-R diagram are compared with the evolutionary tracks of Maeder (1990) for solar metallicity. In common with previous workers, we find that our derived luminosities are too low, giving an initial mass range of 25–40 M, below that expected for the majority of WR stars.     

基于细观位错机理的单晶合金高温力学性能模拟

利用基于细观位错运动的蠕变筏化模型对镍基单晶合金CMSX-4在1223K下的拉伸、蠕变、循环、蠕变疲劳交互及各向异性进行模拟,结果表明:拉伸过程中应变率较高时应力略微下降的现象;蠕变条件下应力越大则蠕变第1阶段越明显,而蠕变稳定阶段越短的趋势;蠕变疲劳交互作用下的应力松弛和应变增大;以及单晶3个典型晶体取向的循环应变硬化特征。通过与试验结果对比,验证了此模型在较高温度下对单晶合金性能的综合模拟能力。     

分级/预混合预蒸发贫油燃烧低污染方案NOX排放初步研究

对分级/贫油预混合预蒸发低污染燃烧方案的氮氧化物排放进行了初步试验研究,主要目的是考察贫油预混合预蒸发级降低污染排放的能力。预燃级是常规双涡流器空气雾化喷嘴,主燃级是空气雾化喷嘴雾化燃油,配装蒸发管,头部涡流器组织燃烧。燃油为RP-3航空煤油。采用单头部燃烧室,工况模拟了燃烧室进口温度(800K)、进口速度和总油气比,压力为常压。研究结果表明,旋流式贫油预混合预蒸发燃烧的主燃级有降低氮氧化物的潜力,相对于常规燃烧组织方式,能够降低NO_X排放量为60%,同时发现,燃油分级比例对NO_X降低也有很大影响。