Robotic Systems for Aircraft Servicing/Maintenance

This paper explores concepts which apply emerging ground support technology (GST) to the rapid turnaround of tactical aircraft. This technology has the potential to reduce manpower requirements for ground servicing, increase sortie generation rates and expose fewer ground personnel to the lethal agents anticipated during biochemical warfare. The near term approach examines automated systems for refueling and rearming tactical aircraft assuming the returning aircraft suffer no disabling malfunctions or battle damage. In the far term, it is proposed that additional maintenance and servicing functions be performed by GST systems. Consideration is given to linking diagnostic computers on tactical aircraft with future robotic systems for direct repair and maintenance. It is concluded that GST systems, including robotics, provide the opportunity for revolutionary changes in aircraft servicing and maintenance and provide a viable option for generating sorties during and immediately following biochemical attack.     

Human Factors R&D Requirements for Future Aerospace Cockpit Systems

Cockpits are rapidly changing from dedicated instruments to multifunction displays, integrated controls, and computer controlled subsystems. Solid-state displays, voice recognition, and artificial intelligence are just a few of the emerging technologies that will help the pilot perform his mission in the future. Early investigations involving mission analysis, sensor data, software development, and evaluations will be required to insure total integration. These new technologies will require extensive human factors research in the areas of anthropometry, displays, controls, human/computer interface, automation, and workload assessment to support the integration process. This research will help provide weapons systems that have increased survivability and reduced pilot workload. This paper addresses some of the human factors research that will be needed to help develop future cockpit systems. It also reviews the basic evolution of the crew station and some of the emerging technologies that will drive human factors research in the 1990s. In the past, crew systems were designed to provide each aircraft function with a corresponding instrument display, such as airspeed indicator, altimeter, attitude direction indicator, vertical velocity indicator, etc. The bulk of the information had to be integrated by the pilot. Present systems are in a state of transition. We are rapidly moving from individual instruments to multifunction displays. The C-17, HH-60, F-15E, B-1B, F-111D, and F-16C/D aircraft use multifunction, cathode-ray tube displays, some of which are color. Another trend is the continued increase in the use of integrated controls.     

进化算法在航路飞机排序中的应用

讨论了空中交通流量管理中在航路交汇点上的飞机排序问题。利用进化思想建立航路交汇点的数学模型,在遵循飞机尾流间隔要求的情况下,找到更合理的飞机通过航路交汇点的次序。算法采用特殊的进化算子和目标函数,以便能够满足空中交通管制实时性的要求。仿真结果表明,该算法排序效果好、效率高,达到了预期目的。     

飞机制造大型工装布局设计方法研究与实现

 飞机制造大型工装是保证飞机产品协调互换和几何参数的重要工艺装备,其研制工作量大,周期要求越来越短。目前,中国航空制造企业大型工装设计和制造并行的需求十分迫切,且亟需计算机辅助概念设计工具的支持。为此,对飞机制造大型工装的布局问题进行研究,引入逻辑构件对飞机制造大型工装进行抽象建模,提出了一种依据布局约束要求分级演进求解的布局设计算法,即依次通过定位点级、元件级和工装级骨架轴位域的演进求解获取骨架元件的合理位置,并结合人机域的求解进行工装布局设计。开发了相关布局设计工具,在某型号飞机后机身装配型架设计中应用验证,大大减少了设计迭代和返修率。     

全球飞机拆解行业发展综述

作为飞机全寿命周期管理的最后一环,飞机拆解业务（Aircraft Dismantling / Disassembly）逐渐兴起,越来越受到关注,市场前景也颇为明朗。从飞机拆解的概念、发展出发,阐述了飞机拆解的价值、流程,介绍了全球飞机拆解行业的参与主体和相关飞机拆解项目,并对飞机拆解市场进行分析,最后对行业发展做出展望。     

民用飞机气动布局发展演变及其技术影响因素

在民用飞机气动布局发展演变的历程中,技术因素是根本推动力。为了研究未来民机的发展方向、技术需求以及应对策略,在回顾民机气动布局发展历程的基础上,梳理了在现代民机气动布局形成与演变过程中有着重要影响的4大类技术因素:航空发动机、气动设计、结构设计、飞行控制,并且揭示了这些技术因素在民机发展及其气动布局演变中所发挥的作用。结合未来航空运输市场出现的新需求,分析了未来民机的主要发展方向,重点分析了未来非常规布局民机可能采用的翼身融合、双气泡机身、支撑翼以及联结翼等气动布局形式。最后探讨了新技术条件下民用飞机发展在技术方面的需求和挑战,以及未来民用飞机总体设计的技术策略,明确了多学科设计优化是满足未来民机总体设计需求的有效技术途径。     

Actual TDoA-based augmentation system for enhancing cybersecurity in ADS-B

Currently, cybersecurity and cyber resilience are emerging and urgent issues in next-generation air traffic surveillance systems, which depend primarily on Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) owing to its low cost and high accuracy. Unfortunately, ADS-B is prone to cyber-attacks. To verify the ADS-B positioning data of aircraft, multilateration (MLAT) techniques that use Time Differences of Arrivals (TDoAs) have been proposed. MLAT exhibits low accuracy in determining aircraft positions. Recently, a novel technique using a theoretically calculated TDoA fingerprint map has been proposed. This technique is less dependent on the geometry of sensor deployment and achieves better accuracy than MLAT. However, the accuracy of the existing technique is not sufficiently precise for determining aircraft positions and requires a long computation time. In contrast, this paper presents a reliable surveillance framework using an Actual TDoA-Based Augmentation System (ATBAS). It uses historically recorded real-data from the OpenSky network to train our TDoA fingerprint grid network. Our results show that the accuracy of the proposed ATBAS framework in determining the aircraft positions is significantly better than those of the MLAT and expected TDoA techniques by 56.93% and 48.86%, respectively. Additionally, the proposed framework reduced the computation time by 77% compared with the expected TDoA technique.     

A new vortex sheet model for simulating aircraft wake vortex evolution

A new vortex sheet model was proposed for simulating aircraft wake vortex evolution.Rather than beginning with a pair of counter-rotating cylindrical vortices as in the traditional models,a lift-drag method is used to initialize a vortex sheet so that the roll-up phase is taken into account.The results of this model report a better approximation to a real situation when compared to the measurement data.The roll-up induced structures are proved to influence the far-field decay.On one hand,they lead to an early decay in the diffusion phase.On the other hand,the growth of linear instability such as elliptical instability is suppressed,resulting in a slower decay in the rapid decay phase.This work provides a simple and practicable model for simulating wake vortex evolu tion,which combines the roll-up process and the far-field phase in simulation.It is also proved that the roll-up phase should not be ignored when simulating the far-field evolution of an aircraft wake vortex pair,which indicates the necessity of this new model.     

Achieving Nextgen's air traffic management operational improvements

A significant amount of attention has been paid to the functional and ground components in the evolution of the NAS to achieve the Next Generation System (NextGen) but there has been less attention paid to the aircraft equipage side of the equation. This is now changing with the recent establishment of an aircraft working group within the Joint Planning and Development Office (JPDO). The MITRE Corporation's Center for Advanced Aviation System Development (CAASD) has been working over the past year to provide input to the FAA and JPDO which will help inform the avionics evolution and provide more insight into the aircraft equipage considerations for evolving to NextGen.     

空-地攻击与综合飞行/火力控制(IFFC)

 <正> It is demonstrated that air-to-ground attack plays an important role in war. Taking air-to-ground attack as the application background, the papers shows the effect of Integrated Flight/Fire Control (IFFC)on enhancing the mission efficiency of military aircraft. The evolution, technical foundation and development trend of IFFC are summarized briefly. And finally, some suggestions on the development of IFFC in China are given.     

Review on signal-by-wire and power-by-wire actuation for more electric aircraft

The huge and rapid progress in electric drives offers new opportunities to improve the performances of aircraft at all levels:fuel burn,environmental footprint,safety,integration and production,serviceability,and maintainability.Actuation for safety-critical applications like flight-controls,landing gears,and even engines is one of the major consumers of non-propulsive power.Conventional actuation with centralized hydraulic power generation and distribution and control of power by throttling has been well established for decades,but offers a limited potential of evolution.In this context,electric drives become more and more attractive to remove the natural drawbacks of conventional actuation and to offer new opportunities for improving performance.This paper takes the stock,at both the signal and power levels,of the evolution of actuation for safety-critical applications in aerospace.It focuses on the recent advances and the remaining chal lenges to be taken toward full electrical actuation for commercial and military aircraft,helicopters,and launchers.It logically starts by emphasizing the specificity of safety-critical actuation for aero space.The following section addresses in details the evolution of aerospace actuation from mechanically-signaled and hydraulically-supplied to all electric,with special emphasis on research and development programs and on solutions entered into service.Finally,the last section reviews the challenges to be taken to generalize the use of all-electric actuators for future aircraft programs.     

军机维修体制发展方向及关键技术研究

在介绍维修体制的基础上,综述了国内外军机维修体制的演变过程,分析了三级维修的弊端与两级维修的优势,最终指明了军机维修体制的发展方向,并重点讨论了其关键技术.     

大型民用飞机应急放油系统适航符合性要求研究

为了确保飞机在起飞后就出现飞机故障或紧急事件的情况下,能具有快速返场着陆能力,并尽可能降低应急着陆对飞机和飞机维护的影响,大型民用飞机通常需要安装应急放油系统,以实现快速空中放油。通过研究对大型民用飞机应急放油系统适航条款的要求,总结了民用飞机应急放油系统适航要求的立法背景,以及适航条款要求的演变历史和原因,并分析了具体的适航要求及相应的符合性验证方法,对民用飞机应急放油系统适航验证有一定借鉴和指导意义。     

商用涡扇发动机推力控制故障处置功能解析

针对运输类飞机对动力装置必须确认任何单一失效或故障及可能的失效组合都不会危及飞机安全飞行的适航要求,经工程研究和飞机运营经验证明,原有的通过安全性分析以及申请豁免来表明设计符合性的验证方法存在不足,为了保障飞机飞行的安全性,可增加推力控制故障处置(TCMA)系统。以B787飞机配装的GEnx发动机TCMA系统为研究对象,采用系统工程的方法研究和分析了该系统的安全性需求来源、符合性验证方法及其演进、TCM事件危害、TCMA系统架构和系统功能,其中包括事件侦测、处置逻辑、激活功能监控与内部自检BIT等功能。分析结果表明:TCMA系统是1个集成的智能控制系统,在TCM事件发生后无需飞机机组人员干预,能够自动处置并保障飞机的飞行安全。     

未来飞机的智能化技术综述与发展展望

我国商用飞机型号的系列化发展,使得我国进入全球屈指可数的多型号发展的大型飞机制造国家之列。如果无论单通道飞机,还是宽体飞机仍基本保持常规布局的假设成立的话,随着未来航空产品复杂性的增加和新技术的持续植入带来了市场、技术、经济和研制周期等多方面的挑战。在型号研制经验、特别是完整的全寿命周期的研制经验相对缺乏的不利条件下,在关注传统学科和专业技术领域发展的同时,更需要关注颠覆性新技术的预先发展和应用,力争实现跨越式创新。其中,智能化技术和方法将是未来航空全产业链发展的全局性关键技术之一,对进一步提高飞机安全性、经济性、舒适性和环保性,提高飞机设计制造和运营维护的个性化、定制化以及无缝化水平具有潜在的颠覆性影响。论述智能技术在商用航空领域全寿命周期各阶段和全供应链体系下的系统化应用价值,为宽体飞机项目的发展提出关键核心技术的战略性发展方向,服务于技术和产业布局以及核心技术预先发展的需求。     

军机型号研制工作网络图的沿革及其完善

在查阅、对比和分析国内大量飞机型号研制工作I、II级网络图的基础上,对我国航空主机厂飞机型号研制工作网络图的沿革轨迹进行了归纳和分析。根据国家有关飞机型号研制工作网络图的标准,结合现代项目管理形势发展需求,对飞机型号研制工作网络图提出了进一步完善和规范的建议。     

飞机结构振动疲劳分析研究进展

结构的振动疲劳分析研究对飞行器设计及其可靠性具有重要意义。全面阐述了国内外在结构振动疲劳研究方面的新进展,特别对随机振动载荷下结构的疲劳寿命估算作了详细的评述与讨论,综合最新的研究方法和取得的成果,对一些新出现的研究方向,比如材料的振动疲劳寿命曲线、飞机结构抗振动疲劳设计等进行了阐述,最后指出了结构振动疲劳分析尚待进一步研究的问题。     

基于蜻蜓膜翅结构的飞机加强框的仿生设计

由于机动性和能耗的要求,飞机设计过程当中轻量化设计是十分重要的。经过亿万年的进化,在承受自身重量及生长环境的载荷过程中,生物体获得了适应环境的最优结构。通过分析蜻蜓膜翅和飞机机身加强框的结构相似性,提取决定蜻蜓膜翅结构优良力学性能的结构特征,将其应用到飞机机身加强框的设计当中,并用有限元工具验证了结构的优化效果。在同样的承载条件下,仿生型结构的比刚度比原型结构提高了2%~6%,比强度提高了1%~8%。同时,仿生型结构的最大应力减小,而最小应力明显增大,因此其应力分布更加均匀,从而体现了仿生结构件材料的优化分布和最大效能。     

飞机尾流的快速建模方法

尾流的强度主要由飞机的飞机重量、飞行速度和机翼形状所决定和仿真尾流的保守被动模型可很好的描述尾流系统中水蒸汽、位温等保守被动量的运动演化规律,但这种参数仿真时间长、对计算机要求高,不能实时预测任一机型所产生的尾流的状态分布特性.为此提出了一种尾流的快速建模方法,很好的解决了以往尾流实时仿真时的缺点,为飞机飞行过程中实时预测前机尾流的影响区域提供理论依据,从而减少尾流事故的发生.      

民机燃油箱防爆闪电防护新适航要求研究

民用飞机燃油箱系统防爆设计是飞机设计的一个重要方面,其中适航对燃油箱系统闪电防护设计要求作为燃油箱防爆设计及验证的一个重要组成部分,历来受到航空工业界及美国联邦航空局(FAA)的普遍关注。通过研究FAA 关于民用飞机燃油箱系统防爆方面闪电防护的最新适航要求,总结了相关条款的变化内容及相应的符合性验证方法,并预判了未来航空工业界由此产生的影响,对民用飞机适航验证有一定借鉴意义。