The automated transfer vehicle

The development of the Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) was confirmed at the October 1995 ESA Ministerial Council meeting in Toulouse by the ESA Member States as part of the programme for European participation in the International Space Station. The ATV will be a servicing and logistics vehicle for periodically resupplying the Station. It will be operational from early 2003, flying servicing missions about eight times until 2013 or more, depending on the Station's lifetime extension. ATV will be the tool to pay in kind for Europe's share of the Station common operations costs.     

EGNOS: project status overview

The European Geostationary Navigation Overlay System (EGNOS) is being developed in Europe to provide GPS and GLONASS satellite-based augmentation services to aviation, maritime and land users. EGNOS is a major element of the European Satellite Navigation Programme which is jointly being implemented by the European Union, the European Space Agency (ESA) and EUROCONTROL.     

三频GPS改正电离层折射误差高阶项的方法

在研究电离层折射对GPS测量的影响及电离层折射误差模型的基础上,采用电离层折射误差双频改正方法,针对GPS现代化和Galileo计划中增加的第三个民用导航频率,提出了运用三频观测值将电离层折射误差改正至二阶项的方法;并系统地推导了三频载波相位观测值无电离层折射组合方程,从而进一步提高了GPS的定位精度。     

卫星导航系统发展动态

卫星导航系统是20世纪60年代中期发展起来的一种新型导航系统，90年代，卫星导航时入全运行和盛行时期，除了用于陆上，海上和空中的航行引导外，几乎扩展到军事和经济的各个方面，目前，除了已经运行的美国的GPS（全球定位系统）和俄罗斯的GLONASS（全球导航卫星系统）外，欧盟也正在积极开发伽利略系统。本文分别介绍GPS、GLONASS和伽利略系统的发展状况。     

THE CLUSTER MISSION: ESA'S SPACEFLEET TO THE MAGNETOSPHERE

During the first half of 1996, the European Space Agency (ESA) will launch a unique flotilla of spacecraft to study the interaction between the solar wind and the Earth's magnetosphere in unprecedented detail. The Cluster mission was first proposed to the Agency in late 1982 and was selected, together with SOHO, as the Solar Terrestrial Science Programme (STSP), the first cornerstone of ESA's Horizon 2000 Programme. It is a complex four-spacecraft mission designed to carry out three-dimensional measurements of the magnetosphere, covering both large- and small-scale phenomena in the sunward and tail regions. The mission is a first for ESA in a number of ways: – the first time that four identical spacecraft have been launched on a single launch vehicle, – the first time that ESA has built spacecraft in true series production and operated them as a single group, – the first time that European scientific institutes have produced a series of up to five instruments with full intercalibration, and – the first launch of the Agency's new heavy launch vehicle Ariane-5. The article gives an overview of this unique mission and the requirements that governed the spacecraft design. It then describes in detail the resulting design and how the particular engineering challenges posed by the series production of four identical spacecraft and sets of scientific instruments were met by the combined efforts of the ESA Project Team, Industry and the experiment teams.     

Galileo卫星星钟故障前后信号质量分析

星载原子钟是卫星导航系统的核心器件,是影响导航信号质量的重要因素。2016年11月,Galileo系统利用一箭四星发射升空4颗新一代Galileo卫星。根据观测显示,截至2017年7月,仅能接收到其中1颗卫星发射的导航信号。在2017年1月,欧洲航天局通告称多颗卫星原子钟大规模故障。针对此,40m 大口径高增益天线系统设备对不同批次和星钟故障情况的3颗Galileo卫星E5频点信号进行了数据采集处理,对各信号分量的功率谱、星座图、码片波形、相关损失、相关峰、S曲线偏差等信号质量指标进行了分析评估。结果表明,此次星载原子钟的大面积故障并未影响Galileo卫星信号的可用性,足够的星载备份钟避免了信号质量的严重恶化。     

James Webb Space Telescope: Project Overview

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) project at the NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) is responsible for the development, launch, flight, and science operations for the telescope. The project is in phase B with its launch scheduled for no earlier than June 2013. The project is a partnership among NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). The JWST mission team is fully in place, including major ESA and CSA subcontractors. This provides an overview of the planned JWST science, current architecture focusing on the instrumentation, and mission status, including technology developments, and risks.     

EUMETSAT

EUMETSAT is an intergovernmental organisation of 17 European States. Its primary objective is to establish, maintain and exploit European systems of operational meteorological satellites. EUMETSAT's initial system is based on the Meteosat satellite developed by the European Space Agency (ESA).     

ASPeCT: Unambiguous sine-BOC(n,n) acquisition/tracking technique for navigation applications

This article presents a new tracking technique for sine-BOC(n,n) (or Manchester encoded) ranging signals, which is most likely to be a part of the new European Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Galileo, signal plan. When traditional sine-BOC(n,n) tracking is considered, although offering excellent performance compared with current signals, it has the main drawback of potentially giving biased measurements. The new method presented herein allows the removal of this threat while maintaining the same level of performance. An adapted version of this technique can also be used for acquisition purposes     

Understanding Galaxy Formation with ISO Deep Surveys

We present the results obtained through the various ISO extragalactic deep surveys. Although IRAS revealed the existence of galaxies forming stars at a rate of a few tens (LIRGs) or even hundreds (ULIRGs) solar masses in the local universe, ISO not only discovered that these galaxies were already in place at redshift one, but also that they are not the extreme objects that we once believed them to be. Instead they appear to play a dominant role in shaping present-day galaxies as reflected by their role in the cosmic history of star formation and in producing the cosmic infrared background detected by the COBE satellite in the far infrared to sub-millimeter range. Based on observations with ISO, an ESA project with instruments funded by ESA Member States (especially the PI countries: France, Germany, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom), and with the participation of ISAS and NASA.     

Satellite navigation services. Galileo: introduction

In its conclusions of 17 March 1998 on the European Commission's communication ‘Towards a Trans-European Positioning and Navigation Network — including a European strategy for Global Satellite Navigation Systems (GNSS)’, the European Union (EU) Council of Ministers requested the Commission to present recommendations on the future European approach to global satellite navigation.     

European experimental test vehicle options: Proposed within FESTIP

During 1994–1998 ESA has conducted the Future European Space Transportation Investigation Programme (FESTIP). The present article gives a final overview at the end of the FESTIP study on the various designs of flight test vehicles investigated by the FESTIP team to validate design tools in the real environment and to demonstrate the maturity of those advanced technologies which are needed for future fully/partially reusable STSs.     

火星中继应答机技术现状及发展

火星中继已作为火星探测重要组成部分,被美国NASA(National Aeronautics and Space Administration,国家航空航天局)和ESA(European Space Agency,欧空局)广泛应用于火星EDL(Entry,Descent and Landing,进入、下降和着陆)以及火星表面探测中。针对该情况,介绍了火星中继系统的组成和工作情况。结合NASA和ESA火星探测的成功经验和成果,重点对火星轨道器和着陆器的中继应答机的性能进行了梳理和分析,并对该技术的后续发展进行了展望。基于此,可为我国自主火星探测提供借鉴和参考。     

Radiation Tolerant SpaceWire Router for Satellite On-Board Networking

The European Space Agency (ESA) recently proposed the space wire standard for reliable satellite on-board networking at high speeds. This paper presents the design of configurable space wire router and interface hardware macrocells, the first in state-of-the-art compliant with the latest standard extensions, protocol identification and remote memory access protocol. The space wire router with 8 links achieves 100 Mbits/s data rate with 135 W power consumption and 300 Krad radiation tolerance. These performances meet the requirements of planned ESA space missions     

全球卫星导航系统的近期进展

２０世纪末,卫星导航发展势态出现了ＧＬＯＮＡＳＳ星座维持困难,ＧＰＳ推行现代化计划和欧洲Ｇａｌｉｌｅｏ计划出台三大新闻。有望于２０１０年左右Ｇａｌｉｌｅｏ星座和ＧＰＳ星形成互补和卫为余度。最近,美国国会削减ＧＰＳ预算,在ＧＰＳ民用进展上投下阴影,ＧＰＳ单一导航手段暂难实行,有利于欧洲争取时间,积极筹措Ｇａｌｉｌｅｏ系统。     

Martian jumping rover equipped with electroactive polymer actuators: A preliminary study

This paper presents results of a preliminary study of feasibility for the application of electroactive polymer (EAP) based actuators to a robotic locomotion system, intended by the European Space Agency (ESA) to operate on the surface of Mars. The system is conceived as an elastic spherical rover, exploiting wind propulsion for surface motion, while adopting an active mechanism for vertical jumping over obstacles. The use of polymeric electromechanical devices is envisaged in order to provide actuation to such a jumping mechanism. Among the available EAP technologies, new contractile linear actuators based on dielectric elastomers arc proposed in this study as suitable devices and two potential solutions concerning their use are designed, modeled, and evaluated via numerical simulations. The best solution reveals interesting simulated performances, enabling jumping of obstacle heights corresponding to more than 7% of the diameter of the rover     

BOC信号的相关跟踪研究及GALILEO接收机设计初探

Galileo卫星导航系统是欧盟组织研发的新一代完全面向民用的卫星导航系统,使用了BOC(二进制副载波)这一独特的调制方式,研究BOC信号的相关峰特性,对设计接收机捕获跟踪通道是至关重要的。本文简要介绍了Galileo系统导航信号的特征和频率规划,对多种BOC信号的自相关性能、码跟踪方法进行了仿真,并探讨了接收机开发中的关键问题。     

The European Large Area ISO Survey

The European Large Area ISO Survey (ELAIS) was the largest Open Time survey on the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO). It was designed to explore obscured galaxies and hence quantify the recent star-formation history of the Universe. The final reanalysis of the data has been completed and a band-merged catalogue with associations across many wavelengths compiled and released the data to the global astronomical community (http://astro.imperial.ac.uk/Elais/). This paper summarises some of the key results. Based on observations with ISO, an ESA project with instruments funded by ESA Member States (especially the PI countries: France, Germany, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom), and with the participation of ISAS and NASA.     

Galileo系统对卫星导航系统的增强作用

介绍了正在建设的Galileo系统，从卫星导航系统的星座、完备性、通讯能力、求解载波相位整周模糊数能力以及对系统轨道漂移影响抑制能力五个方面入手，研究了Galileo系统对空间飞行器导航的增强作用。最后通过仿真研究．进一步分析了Galileo系统在空间飞行器导航应用中的增强作用。