The Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) and Space Weather

Following the launch and commissioning of NASA’s Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) in 2012, space weather data will be generated and broadcast from the spacecraft in near real-time. The RBSP mission targets one part of the space weather chain: the very high energy electrons and ions magnetically trapped within Earth’s radiation belts. The understanding gained by RBSP will enable us to better predict the response of the radiation belts to solar storms in the future, and thereby protect space assets in the near-Earth environment. This chapter details the presently planned RBSP capabilities for generating and broadcasting near real-time space weather data, discusses the data products, the ground stations collecting the data, and the users/models that will incorporate the data into test-beds for radiation belt nowcasting and forecasting.     

失速／尾旋模型自由飞试验的空间设计问题

本文论述了在制定飞机的失速/尾旋模型自由飞试验总体方案时必须充分考虑的空间利用问题之重要性;分析了制约试验空间的诸因素;提出了设计飞行剖面的工程估算方法——其中一些半经验方法之使用效果已为我们的自由飞试验所证实;以我们已成功地进行过的带动力遥控试验机、摇控热气飞艇带飞/投放、飞机带飞/投放的失速/尾旋模型自由飞试验为例,剖析了组成整个飞行剖面的各个飞行阶段之特点和影响因素,并以此为据提出了充分利用自由飞试验空间的一些见解。     

Impact Cratering Theory and Modeling for the Deep Impact Mission: From Mission Planning to Data Analysis

The cratering event produced by the Deep Impact mission is a unique experimental opportunity, beyond the capability of Earth-based laboratories with regard to the impacting energy, target material, space environment, and extremely low-gravity field. Consequently, impact cratering theory and modeling play an important role in this mission, from initial inception to final data analysis. Experimentally derived impact cratering scaling laws provide us with our best estimates for the crater diameter, depth, and formation time: critical in the mission planning stage for producing the flight plan and instrument specifications. Cratering theory has strongly influenced the impactor design, producing a probe that should produce the largest possible crater on the surface of Tempel 1 under a wide range of scenarios. Numerical hydrocode modeling allows us to estimate the volume and thermodynamic characteristics of the material vaporized in the early stages of the impact. Hydrocode modeling will also aid us in understanding the observed crater excavation process, especially in the area of impacts into porous materials. Finally, experimentally derived ejecta scaling laws and modeling provide us with a means to predict and analyze the observed behavior of the material launched from the comet during crater excavation, and may provide us with a unique means of estimating the magnitude of the comet’s gravity field and by extension the mass and density of comet Tempel 1.     

中国应对经济全球化的关键在于培育优势产业

世界经济全球化所催生的产业全球化，加速了各国产业结构的调整、优化、升级。对中国而言，在全球化新的国际分工格局下，立足于比较优势的劳动密集型产业，曼然有较大的发展空间，但其技术含量低，附加值低，处于全球化的劣势地位，继续发展必然使产业固化，难以升级，也无法在激烈的全球竞争中获胜，最终将拉大我们与发达国家的差距，显然不能作为我国产业调整的方向；相反，放眼于发展战略的资本、技术密集的前景产业，虽然面临巨大的冲击，但它具有广阔的发展前景，有无限发展潜力和长久竞争优势，发展它们本身就是产业结构的提升，不仅可以缩小我们与发达国家的差距，而且有助于促进全面小康目标的实现。     

N4SID辨识方法在航空发动机中的应用

针对在现代航空发动机的自适应控制和故障监控领域建立系统动态模型的需要 ,本文研究了基于状态空间模型的数字子空间状态空间系统辨识 (N4SID)方法 ,并在某型双转子涡喷发动机非线性气动热力学模型的“小偏离”状态上进行了仿真实验 ,结论表明 :该方法可以较准确地辨识发动机“小偏离”状态时的系统模型     

Elastic Robot Control: Nonlinear Inversion and Linear Stabilization

An approach to the control of elastic robot systems for space applications using inversion, servocompensation, and feedback stabilization is presented. For simplicity, a robot arm (PUMA type) with three rotational joints is considered. The third link is assumed to be elastic. Using an inversion algorithm, a nonlinear decoupling control law Ud is derived such that in the closed-loop system independent control of joint angles by the three joint torquers is accomplished. For the stabilization of elastic oscillations, a linear feedback torquer control law us is obtained applying linear quadratic optimization to the linearized arm model augmented with a servocompensator about the terminal state. Simulation results show that in spite of uncertainties in the payload and vehicle angular velocity, good joint angle control and damping of elastic oscillations are obtained with the torquer control law u = ud + us.     

Future launcher perspectives at the European Space Agency-ESA

During recent years, a number of factors have totally changed the picture in which Europe had initiated the development of its own launch vehicle, ARIANE. This now requires us to ponder the steps which have to be taken in order to preserve the initial objectives of independent access to space and the commercial success in the new worldwide scenario, in coherence with European strategic, economic and political interests.     

航天器轨迹优化的通用数值方法

给出了航天器轨迹优化的一种通用数值仿真方法，该方法是由静态参数优化和动态参数优化构成，其中，静态参数优化采用可变误差多面体算法，动态参数优化采用基于最优控制理论的共轭梯度方法。     

空间目标光电巡天策略的优化

随着空间目标与碎片数量的激增,传统的基于目标跟踪的空间目标光电监视手段已不能满足需求,近年出现了面向空域的空间目标巡天观测。针对空间目标巡天观测的特点,同时考虑空间目标观测的目标个数和数据量,提出了一种空间目标巡天观测策略,并建立了相应的空间目标光电巡天优化数学模型。模型中通过0-1变量的使用,实现了目标函数和约束条件的线性化,十分有利于大规模问题的求解,能够更好地满足实际需求。仿真计算表明:策略简单,易于实现,并且有很好的效果;通过优化,只需要少量望远镜即能实现大批量空间目标的监视,并保持一定的观测数据量,为空间目标光电监视策略提供了新的思路。     

Future Space Missions to Search for Terrestrial Planets

Since the first exoplanet was discovered more than 10 years ago, this field has developed rapidly. Currently we know of more than 200 external systems of stars and planets, apart from our own, but what has become the ‘holy grail’ of exoplanetary research is still eluding us. Here we are, of course, referring to solar systems like our own, containing a number of terrestrial or ‘rocky’ planets orbiting within the so-called ‘habitable zone’, and with giant planets such as Jupiter and Saturn—which mostly or totally consist of elements as H or He—at distance much further out from the central star. No such system have to date been discovered around anything resembling our Sun, albeit because of observational biases. Nevertheless, in order to develop the emerging science discipline of Comparative Planetology, we will have to utilize new techniques that will enable us to search for, and then study in detail such systems in an un-biased fashion. This paper describes the emerging techniques and space missions that will allow, finally, the investigation of planets capable of hosting life as we know it.     

Crystalline Silicates

One of the big surprises of the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) has been discovery of crystalline silicates outside our own Solar system. It was generally assumed before that all cosmic silicates in space were of amorphous structure. Thanks to ISO we know now that crystalline silicates are ubiquitous in the Galaxy (except for the diffuse ISM) and sometimes even in very large quantities (> 50% of the small dust particles). The evolution of the crystalline silicates is still not completely clarified, but the combination of theoretical modeling and observations have already shed light on their life-cycle. The absence of crystalline silicates in the diffuse ISM provides us with information about the dust amorphization rate in the ISM.     

临近空间螺旋桨低雷诺数高效翼型数值分析

针对临近空间翼型边界层变厚更容易发生分离的特点,在修正了湍流模型后,通过分析比较13种低雷诺数翼型的升阻系数得到了比较适合用于临近空间螺旋桨叶素的高效翼型。结果显示,攻角在-6°～8°、8°～14°、14°～22°三种工况下,分别采用SST k-ω、RNG k-ε、Realizable k-ε湍流模型,可以得到与国外实验比较接近的合理结果;工况条件对翼型气动性能好坏的影响很大,翼型S-1223和FX63-137在所研究的工况内都具有较好的气动性能;因此可以选择这两种翼型作为临近空间螺旋桨用高效翼型。     

关于非扩张映像的修正粘滞迭代格式

设H是Hilbert空间,X是Banach空间,C是H或X中的非空闭凸子集,T是C→C的非扩张映射,且f是C→C的压缩映射。受H．K．Xu对粘滞迭代算法讨论的启发,提出一种新的粘滞迭代算法,xn＋1=T[（1-αn）xn＋αnf（xn）],n≥0,其中x0∈C,C是Banach空间中的非空闭凸子集,分别在Hilbert空间和Banach空间框架下证明了序列{xn}是强收敛的。     

Protein Microarrays-Based Strategies for Life Detection in Astrobiology

The detection of organic molecules of unambiguous biological origin is fundamental for the confirmation of present or past life. Planetary exploration requires the development of miniaturized apparatus for in situ life detection. Analytical techniques based on mass spectrometry have been traditionally used in space science. Following the Viking landers, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for organic detection has gained general acceptance and has been used successfully in the Cassini–Huygens mission to Titan. Microfluidics allows the development of miniaturized capillary electrophoresis devices for the detection of important molecules for life, like amino acids or nucleobases. Recently, a new approach is gaining acceptance in the space science community: the application of the well-known, highly specific, antibody–antigen affinity interaction for the detection and identification of organics and biochemical compounds. Antibodies can specifically bind a plethora of structurally different compounds of a broad range of molecular sizes, from amino acids level to whole cells. Antibody microarray technology allows us to look for the presence of thousands of different compounds in a single assay and in just one square centimeter. Herein, we discuss several important issues—most of which are common with other instruments dealing with life signature detection in the solar system—that must be addressed in order to use antibody microarrays for life detection and planetary exploration. These issues include (1) preservation of biomarkers, (2) the extraction techniques for biomarkers, (3) terrestrial analogues, (4) the antibody stability under space environments, (5) the selection of unequivocal biomarkers for the antibody production, or (6) the instrument design and implementation.     

一种在理论模线控制下的飞机结构立体图快速画法

绘制飞机结构立体图通常会涉及到飞机外形。由于飞机外形复杂，用传统方法绘制与外形有关的立体图不仅速度慢，而且局限性大。本文介绍一种在理论模线控制下的飞机结构立体图快速画法。     

A Program Plan for Earth Orbital Space Astronomy

Manned space flight offers the opportunity to couple the astronaut /scientist's ability to select and process data and to calibrate, modify, and repair instruments with the vantage point for astronomical observations provided by a platformlocated above the Earth's atmosphere. The role which manned space flight may play in the 1970-1990 time period in meeting astronomy research needs is examined. The instruments and facilities that appear feasible for that period are described.     

A space observatory for astrophysical explorations in the REALM of gamma-ray astronomy

Conclusion The space observatory whose major systems are outlined in the present paper is being designed to ensure astrophysical explorations in the field of -ray astronomy during the course of one year. The observatory is supposed to travel along a circular orbit up to 400 km in altitude, inclined at 51.6°. Investigations to be accomplished in the observatory will enable us to make substantial progress in gaining a deeper insight into a wide variety of astrophysical phenomena.     

旋翼反扭矩系统结构参数对其气动特性的影响分析

针对一种新型的横流风扇式旋翼反扭矩系统,对该系统的流场进行了数值模拟.通过CFD计算,分析了这种新型反扭矩系统的结构参数对其流场的影响,找出该反扭矩系统的最优几何参数,使得这种新型反扭矩系统能够获得更好的性能.     

Microflares and the Statistics of X-ray Flares

This review surveys the statistics of solar X-ray flares, emphasising the new views that RHESSI has given us of the weaker events (the microflares). The new data reveal that these microflares strongly resemble more energetic events in most respects; they occur solely within active regions and exhibit high-temperature/nonthermal emissions in approximately the same proportion as major events. We discuss the distributions of flare parameters (e.g., peak flux) and how these parameters correlate, for instance via the Neupert effect. We also highlight the systematic biases involved in intercomparing data representing many decades of event magnitude. The intermittency of the flare/microflare occurrence, both in space and in time, argues that these discrete events do not explain general coronal heating, either in active regions or in the quiet Sun.