Effects of input method and display mode of situation map on early warning aircraft reconnaissance task performance with different information complexities

Early Warning Aircraft(EWA) are the main force for air detection and its Human-Machine Interface(HMI) should be designed to support task efficiency and safety. With the application of advanced input method and interface design in EWA, little is known about their actual usability in terms of human factors and ergonomics. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the input method and display mode of the situation map on EWA reconnaissance task performance with different information c...     

A model for discrimination and prediction of mental workload of aircraft cockpit display interface

With respect to the ergonomic evaluation and optimization in the mental task design of the aircraft cockpit display interface, the experimental measurement and theoretical modeling of mental workload were carried out under flight simulation task conditions using the performance evaluation, subjective evaluation and physiological measurement methods. The experimental results show that with an increased mental workload, the detection accuracy of flight operation significantly reduced and the reaction time was significantly prolonged; the standard deviation of R-R intervals（SDNN） significantly decreased, while the mean heart rate exhibited little change; the score of NASA_TLX scale significantly increased. On this basis, the indexes sensitive to mental workload were screened, and an integrated model for the discrimination and prediction of mental workload of aircraft cockpit display interface was established based on the Bayesian Fisher discrimination and classification method. The original validation and cross-validation methods were employed to test the accuracy of the results of discrimination and prediction of the integrated model, and the average prediction accuracies determined by these two methods are both higher than 85%. Meanwhile, the integrated model shows a higher accuracy in discrimination and prediction of mental workload compared with single indexes. The model proposed in this paper exhibits a satisfactory coincidence with the measured data and could accurately reflect the variation characteristics of the mental workload of aircraft cockpit display interface, thus providing a basis for the ergonomic evaluation and optimization design of the aircraft cockpit display interface in the future.     

Tunnel/predictor display with two-axis control coordination and simplification

A longitudinal-lateral control coordination and simplification concept is considered for a tunnel/predictor display, which presents the command flight path and a specified future aircraft position in a 3-dimensional format to the pilot, for improving flight path control. A basic element of the proposed concept is the generation of common longitudinal-lateral transfer characteristics of the predictor-aircraft system for the crossover frequency region. Control coordination is supported by a dynamics similarity between the longitudinal and the lateral response characteristics of the predictor position in closed-loop pilot control actions. The control coordination and simplification concept is considered to support the pilot in manual flight path control, directed at an enhancement of his control performance and at a reduction of his workload. Results from pilot-in-the-loop simulation experiments support the theoretical findings and show the effectiveness of the proposed predictor concept with control coordination.     

Human Factors R&D Requirements for Future Aerospace Cockpit Systems

Cockpits are rapidly changing from dedicated instruments to multifunction displays, integrated controls, and computer controlled subsystems. Solid-state displays, voice recognition, and artificial intelligence are just a few of the emerging technologies that will help the pilot perform his mission in the future. Early investigations involving mission analysis, sensor data, software development, and evaluations will be required to insure total integration. These new technologies will require extensive human factors research in the areas of anthropometry, displays, controls, human/computer interface, automation, and workload assessment to support the integration process. This research will help provide weapons systems that have increased survivability and reduced pilot workload. This paper addresses some of the human factors research that will be needed to help develop future cockpit systems. It also reviews the basic evolution of the crew station and some of the emerging technologies that will drive human factors research in the 1990s. In the past, crew systems were designed to provide each aircraft function with a corresponding instrument display, such as airspeed indicator, altimeter, attitude direction indicator, vertical velocity indicator, etc. The bulk of the information had to be integrated by the pilot. Present systems are in a state of transition. We are rapidly moving from individual instruments to multifunction displays. The C-17, HH-60, F-15E, B-1B, F-111D, and F-16C/D aircraft use multifunction, cathode-ray tube displays, some of which are color. Another trend is the continued increase in the use of integrated controls.     

基于ARINC739的飞行管理系统接口设计与故障模拟测试

多功能控制显示单元(MCDU)是飞行管理系统的重要人机接口,承担了飞行管理系统的大部分的交互控制和显示功能。ARINC739"多功能控制和显示单元"对MCDU的功能和其与其它系统的接口方式进行了描述,但在遵照ARINC739的工程实现中还是遇到了不少通信方面的问题。因此本文结合实践经验,从工程应用角度对飞行管理系统与多功能控制显示单元的通信进行分析,描述了几种典型情况下的通信,并为测试飞行管理与多功能控制显示单元的通信提出了测试方法。     

辅助驾驶员操纵的预见显示及预测控制

针对人具有预见、预测能力和驾驶员操纵品质要求,提出了辅助驾驶员操纵的预风显示及预测控制方案。应用预见控制技术对驾驶员最优控制模型,显示与控制协调性合成设计的预见加速显示进行了研究,建立了驾驶员跟踪目标信号的最优预见控制模型和基于系统状态的预见加速显示的人机预测控制结构。用非零和协调性动态规划法进行驾驶员－显示器－控制器的最优协调性合成设计。可减轻驾驶员的操纵负担,提高了飞行品质和主观评价。     

飞机座舱人机工效评定实验台研制

为解决飞机人机界面设计在新形势下面临的问题,研制了一套基于飞行模拟器的驾驶员工效评定实验台,以便在更加实际的飞行情况下对飞行员的认知特性进行研究.该实验台由飞机座舱、仿真软件、计算机系统和生理参数测量系统等组成,能开展座舱优化布局、界面信息显示适人性、脑力负荷的综合评定等研究.该实验台的研制为飞机人机界面的工效设计和评定提供了一种新的方法.     

基于状态机的信息管理系统开发框架

为了使信息管理系统具有良好的最终可修改性、定制性和扩展性,提出一种利用XML描述用户界布局,运行时动态生成用户界面的信息管理系统开发框架.该框架引入了有限状态机进行流程控制,并以XML文件进行持久存储.即使在软件发布后,用户和开发人员仍能以较小代价对用户界面和流程控制进行修改,无需重新编译和链接,实现了表示层、业务逻辑层和控制层的分离.     

2010: The Symbionic Cockpit

The cockpit of the year 2010 is described in terms of both the capabilities and systems it contains and how the pilot interacts with it. A brief mission narrative is provided describing seveal hours in the life of the Manta air superiority fighter. This is followed by a discussion of the pilot interface components employed in the cockpit including hueristic voice, instrument panel display, canopy display, and holographic display systems. The concept of a ``symbionic' system is then introduced, describing in some detail the capabilities and features of a cockpit system that senses the physiological and mental state of the pilot and responds accrodingly. Finally, conclusions and predictions are made that summarize and emphasize the points made in the paper.     

基于脑电功率谱密度的作业人员脑力负荷评估方法

脑力负荷状态的准确识别对减少因作业人员无效脑力负荷导致的人因事故具有重要意义。针对人-机系统中作业人员脑力负荷客观评估问题开展了基于MATB-Ⅱ平台的3种不同脑力负荷水平下的航空情境实验，记录16名被试的NASA任务负荷指数（NASA-TLX）量表数据和脑电（EEG）信号，提出了一种基于脑电功率谱密度（PSD）和支持向量机（SVM）的个体脑力负荷评估方法。结果表明：随着实验设计脑力负荷水平增加，被试的主观脑力负荷得分显著提高（p<0.001），这表明该实验任务设计较好地诱发了低负荷、中负荷和高负荷情境。在此基础上，通过网格搜索法确定个体脑力负荷评估模型的统一优化参数，惩罚系数取3 000，核函数参数取0.000 1，模型测试正确率达到0.966 5±0.029 8，宏平均的受试者工作特征曲线下的面积（Macro-AUC）达到0.991 0±0.011 4。本文为作业人员脑力负荷状态的客观和准确评估提供了一种新的办法，为后期作业人员脑力负荷状态的实时判别提供模型基础。     

民机新一代驾驶舱显示技术

在研究最新大型民用客机驾驶舱显示技术及平视显示器、电子飞行包、视景增强、合成视景等一系列新兴在研技术基础上,提出新一代驾驶舱显示技术的构想。新一代驾驶舱显示技术将以形象化的信息表达能力为基础,显示更丰富的周围环境,以达到降低飞行员工作量及提高飞行员情景意识和态势感知能力的目的。     

合成视景系统的机遇与挑战

基于三维地形显示的合成视景系统结合空中隧道等新技术,为飞行员提高情形认知、降低工作量,同时也给传统驾驶舱显示、飞行安全、航线运营等带来不同程度的影响,特别是对驾驶舱显示将是划时代变革。综述机遇与挑战并结合航空发展,预测合成视景系统在10～15年内必将广泛应用。     

Sensor fusion for intelligent alarm analysis

The purpose of an intelligent alarm analysis system is to provide complete and manageable information to a central alarm station operator by applying alarm processing and fusion techniques to sensor information. This paper discusses the sensor fusion approach taken to perform intelligent alarm analysis for the Advanced Exterior Sensor (AES). The AES is an intrusion detection and assessment system designed for wide-area coverage, quick deployment, low false/nuisance alarm operation, and immediate visual assessment. It combines three sensor technologies (visible, infrared, and millimeter wave radar) collocated on a compact and portable remote sensor module. The remote sensor module rotates at a rate of 1 revolution per second to detect and track motion and provide assessment in a continuous 360° field-of-regard. Sensor fusion techniques are used to correlate and integrate the track data from these three sensors into a single track for operator observation. Additional inputs to the fusion process include environmental data, knowledge of sensor performance under certain weather conditions, sensor priority, and recent operator feedback. A confidence value is assigned to the track as a result of the fusion process. This helps to reduce nuisance alarms and to increase operator confidence in the system while reducing the workload of the operator     

载人航天器显示仪表展望

根据９０年代的先进技术展望载人航天器显示仪表的未来发展。在简单回顾现有航天器仪表之后,介绍９０年代有代表性的先进的波音７７７飞机座舱仪表。接着讨论彩色液晶平板显示仪、大屏幕显示仪与玻璃座舱等９０年代的先进技术,并提出由计算机统一管理的带自然语言输出的仪表,以发挥航天员听觉的作用和减轻航天员的视觉负担。     

分布式软件调试中调试信息界面展示技术

在分布式并行调试器的设计中,友好的人机界面起着十分重要的作用,界面设计是一个综合研究的过程。针对分布式程序的需求特点,以展示布局合理、信息可视化的人机界面为目的,进行分布式软件调试中调试信息界面展示技术的研究。介绍了界面与代理节点的交互方式,并通过相应的数据处理算法,将调试信息以及进程间通信关系在界面上进行可视化展示。     

弹用发动机整体式叶轮CAD/CAM的研究

为了解决弹用发动机整体式叶轮的数控加工编程,开发了一个专用的弹用发动机整体式叶轮CAD／CAM的应用软件，软件包含叶片CAD造型，叶片刀心轨迹生成，基面的生成，后置处理，自动干涉检查及转角自动设置和刀轨图形显示等功能，提出了一种新的整体式叶轮加工自动干涉检查计算方法，输入叶片设计数据，可生成叶片造型的曲面数据和数控加工NC代码，应用软件完成了某型号产品压气机叶轮的CAD／CAM的工作，试验结果验证了软件的功能和实用性。     

Augmented flight dynamics model for pilot workload evaluation in tilt-rotor aircraft optimal landing procedure after one engine failure

An augmented flight dynamics model is developed to extend the existing flight dynamics model of tilt-rotor aircraft for optimal landing procedure analysis in the event of one engine failure.Compared with the existing flight dynamics model, the augmented model involves with more pilot control information in cockpit and is validated against the flight test data. Based on the augmented flight dynamics model, the optimal landing procedure of XV-15 tilt-rotor aircraft after one engine failure is formulated into a Nonlinear Optimal Control Problem(NOCP), solved by collocation and numerical optimization method. The time histories of pilot controls in cockpit during the optimal landing procedure are obtained for the evaluation of pilot workload. An evaluation method which can synthetically quantify the pilot workload in time and frequency domains is proposed with metrics of aggressiveness and cutoff frequencies of pilot controls. The scale of the pilot workload is compared with those of the shipboard landing procedures, bob-up/bob-down and dash/quickstop maneuvers of UH-60 helicopter. The results show that the aggressiveness of pilot collective and longitudinal controls for the tilt-rotor aircraft optimal landing procedure after one engine failure are higher than those for UH-60 helicopter shipboard landing procedures up to the condition of sea state 4, while the pilot cutoff frequency of collective control is lower than that of the bob-up/bob-down maneuver but the pilot cutoff frequency of longitudinal control is higher than that of the dash/quick-stop maneuver. The evaluated pilot workload level is between Cooper–Harper HQR Level 2 and Level 3.     

基于任务场景分析的机载导航页面人机界面设计过程研究

顶层飞行任务场景是民机机载显示系统需求捕获的重要来源,显示系统的人机界面设计通过自顶向 下的飞行任务场景分析,识别显示信息内容,开展信息内容设计,继而开展样式设计、交互行为设计与接口设 计等工作。本文以导航页面为例,综合运用层次任务分析和场景用例分析法,阐述了机载显示系统人机界面的 设计约束和过程,可为民机机载显示系统人机界面的正向设计过程提供借鉴。 [ 关键词] 机载显示系统;导航页面;任务场景;人机界面设计     

一种基于图形化建模的遥测参数配置工具

设计了一种基于图形化建模的适用于多星遥测参数配置的软件工具,将实际存在的物理对象作为独立的模块、使用相关图元和界面建立其逻辑模型,并可将遥测参数配置信息和图形模型绑定其中。同时根据遥测参数配置模型的特点,制定适用于遥测参数配置信息的描述规范,根据此规范对逻辑模型进行描述,最终模型以XML（可扩展标记语言）文件形式存储。该工具可在不同卫星之间复用。实践应用表明,该工具可以将配置过程非专业化和可视化,减少重复工作,降低了配置过程中的出错概率,提高配置工作的效率和质量,实现多星遥测参数配置图形化显示和配置工作的批量化。     

民用飞机信息重构技术性能分析

大尺寸显示器已经广泛应用于新一代民用飞机的驾驶舱内。虽然通过提高信息集成度能够提升飞行员的用户体验，但是，正因为其要求的系统集成度高，在发生局部失效时，容易导致集成显示信息的共模失效，加之信息布局对管理操作任务的性能有着重要影响，如果诱发工作负荷的增加，在特定场景下甚至会迫使飞行机组丧失必要的任务情景意识。信息重构技术是应对此类问题的重要手段。在民用飞机机组资源管理理念的指导下，根据飞行机组的职责分配和人机工程学要求，论述了在主仪表板布置4块15 inch正屏显示器的布局是一种具有比较优势的布局方案。从关键飞行场景下飞行机组的操作任务需求入手，基于正常操作流向保持、压缩格式、重构操作、以及职责分配一致性这4个评价信息重构性能的要素，通过对比分析，证明了所提的显示管理策略相较于某现役先进机型具有更优的信息重构性能。