非晶镍基钎料在航空发动机零件钎焊中的应用

一、概述 Ni—Cr—B—Si系钎料高温综合性能优良,广泛用于连接航空发动机的不锈钢、高温合金及Fe.Ni,Co基铸造合金零件。由于这种钎料中Si、B易与Ni,Cr,Fe金属元素形成稳定的硬脆性化合物(如:Ni_3B_4,Cr_2B,Fe_3Si等),难以成形,长期以来,一直以粉状用粘结剂调成膏状使用。为了在平面接头中使用这种钎料,传统方法是在粉未中加入适量粘结剂,轧制成一定厚度的粘带钎料,厚度一般为0.1mm,要求更薄即感困难。0.1mm厚的粘带难以满足此类钎料     

用Ti/Cu/Ni中间层二次部分瞬间液相连接Si3N4陶瓷的研究

采用Ti/Cu/Ni中间层对Si3N4陶瓷进行二次PTLP连接,研究Ti箔厚度、连接工艺参数对Si3N4/Ti/C/Ni连接强度和界面结构的影响.结果表明Ti箔厚度对连接强度的影响是通过对反应层厚度的影响体现的;在本文试验条件下,改变二次连接工艺参数对Si3N4/Ti/Cu/Ni二次PTLP连接界面反应层厚度无明显影响,其对室温强度的影响是由于连接接头残余应力的变化所导致的;Si3N4/Ti/Cu/Ni二次PTLP连接界面微观结构为Si3N4/反应层/Cu-Ni固溶体层(少量的Cu-Ni-Ti)/Ni.     

SiC陶瓷与钛合金（Ag-Cu-Ti）-SiCp复合钎焊接头组织结构研究

用合金化的Ag-Cu-Ti粉及SiC粉组成的混合粉末钎料,真空无压钎焊SiC陶瓷和Ti合金.研究结果表明,在Ag-Cu-Ti粉末钎料中加入15vol%～30vol%SiC粉末能明显降低接头热应力,获得完整的SiC颗粒增强的复合接头.加入的SiC颗粒、SiC陶瓷母材均与连接层中的Ti起反应,形成表面反应层Ti3SiC2及分布于Ag-Cu-Ti合金中的Ti-Si化合物,随SiC颗粒增加,反应层变薄.连接层中的Cu元素与连接的Ti合金相互扩散,形成Cu-Ti相界面扩散带.     

结合钎焊和氩弧焊方法对钛合金/Nb/不锈钢接头的连接

利用AgCu-1.8Ti和AgCu-4.4Ti两种钎料对Nb与0Cr17N i4Cu4Nb不锈钢进行润湿性研究,并钎焊Nb与0Cr17N i4Cu4Nb接头。AgCu-1.8Ti在Nb与0Cr17N i4Cu4Nb上的润湿角均小于AgCu-4.4Ti。分析接头组织发现,AgCu-4.4Ti钎料接头中在靠近不锈钢侧存在约50μm宽的富Ti层,而AgCu-1.8Ti钎料接头中未发现该富Ti层。利用氩弧焊将TC4与Nb预先焊好后再用两种钎料钎焊Nb和不锈钢,测定TC4/Nb/0Cr17N i4Cu4Nb接头的室温拉伸强度。数据显示,AgCu-1.8Ti钎料接头的室温拉伸强度平均值达到222.2MPa,而AgCu-4.4Ti钎料接头强度仅有133.8MPa,所有接头均断于Nb与0Cr17N i4Cu4Nb界面。     

Pd-Co-Ni-V钎料钎焊SiC陶瓷的接头组织及性能

采用座滴法研究了PdCo合金及PdCo-V合金对SiC陶瓷的润湿性.设计的PdCo-(4～20)V-(2～4)Ni-Si-B钎料可用于SiC的连接,在1463 K,1493 K两个温度,保温时间均为10 min的连接条件下得到的接头室温三点弯曲强度分别为52.0 MPa和56.8 MPa.微观分析表明,接头中在紧靠SiC的界面交叉分布着Pd2Si相与CoSi (或Co2Si) 石墨的混合相,而元素V只在接头的中央富集,形成了弥散分布的V2C相.     

金刚石与金属基体钎焊机理的研究

研究了在低熔点合金中添加Ti、Cr、V、Mo等强碳化物形成元素,在液相下通过与金刚石表面界面反应生成的碳化物膜,改善了合金钎料对金刚石表面的浸润性,从而实现钎料对金刚石的牢固粘结,进一步分析了影响钎焊质量的主要因素,为高性能金属基金刚石工具的制造提供理论和实践依据.作为一个应用实例,介绍了单层钎焊金刚石砂轮的工艺优势.     

TiAl合金与40Cr钢的真空钎焊研究

采用Ag-Cu-Ti钎料进行了TiAl合金与40Cr钢的真空钎焊连接,用拉伸试验对接头的连接强度进行检验,采用扫描电镜、电子探针和X-射线衍射分析等手段对接头断口的形貌、界面原子扩散、界面反应及界面产物进行了分析.研究结果表明,采用Ag-Cu-Ti钎料时得到的焊缝具有很高的强度(426MPa),是因为钎料和TiAl母材中的Ag,Cu,Ti原子发生了互扩散,而且在钎料与母材的界面发生了界面反应,形成了AlCu2Ti相,实现了冶金上的结合.     

Cf／SiC复合材料与Nb合金的连接

利用熔盐反应法在Cf/SiC复合材料表面锆金属化的基础上,用TiCuZrNi非晶钎焊箔实现Cf/SiC复合材料与Nb合金钎焊连接.研究发现Cf/SiC复合材料表面Zr金属化层主要的物相为Zr、Zr3O、ZrC和Zr2Si;钎料对Zr金属化层的润湿性良好,钎料中活性元素Ti向Cf/SiC复合材料一侧明显扩散并发生化学反应,实现了钎料与Cf/SiC复合材料的良好键合,并且可以深入Cf/SiC复合材料孔隙形成"钉扎"效应;接头剪切强度达124 MPa,750℃热冲击5次后剪切强度达70 MPa;断裂部分发生在Cf/SiC复合材料与钎料界面处,部分位于Cf/SiC复合材料近缝区.     

SiC陶瓷与钛合金(Ag-Cu-Ti)-SiCp复合钎焊接头组织结构研究

用合金化的Ag-Cu-Ti粉及S iC粉组成的混合粉末钎料,真空无压钎焊S iC陶瓷和Ti合金。研究结果表明,在Ag-Cu-Ti粉末钎料中加入15vol%~30vol%S iC粉末能明显降低接头热应力,获得完整的S iC颗粒增强的复合接头。加入的S iC颗粒、S iC陶瓷母材均与连接层中的Ti起反应,形成表面反应层Ti3S iC2及分布于Ag-Cu-Ti合金中的Ti-S i化合物,随S iC颗粒增加,反应层变薄。连接层中的Cu元素与连接的Ti合金相互扩散,形成Cu-Ti相界面扩散带。     

BNi-2非晶钎料钎焊高铌TiAl合金与GH3536合金接头组织与性能

采用非晶态BNi-2钎料成功实现了高铌TiAl合金与GH3536合金的连接,获得良好的钎焊接头。钎焊接头的典型界面组织为TAN/B2+τ3/τ4+（Ni-Ti）-B/γ+（Ni-Ti）-B+CrB+G相/GH3536。通过分析钎焊温度对接头界面微观组织的影响,表明BNi-2钎料中B元素的扩散以及GH3536合金向液态钎料中的溶解对界面组织结构演变起着至关重要的作用。而随着钎焊温度的升高,扩散IV区逐渐消失,接头由4个区域变为3个区域,τ3/τ4化合物层及钎缝区域均逐渐增厚,黑色CrB相发生粗化,细小点状（Ni,Ti）-B含量减少。1 160℃保温10 min时,所获得的钎焊接头最大室温及高温（700℃）抗剪强度分别为~106.8 MPa和~76.2 MPa,其剪切强度降低约28.6%,接头均呈现脆性断裂模式。接头形成过程可以划分为固相扩散、液相生成、等温扩散凝固和残余液相析出4个阶段。     

有翼高超声速再入飞行器气动设计难点问题

有翼高超声速再入飞行器是近年来的研究热点,气动设计是飞行器设计的关键。为了更清楚地认识有翼高超声速再入飞行器气动设计的难点问题,对有翼高超声速再入飞行器的发展、优势及总体任务剖面进行了介绍,从5个方面详细介绍了该类飞行器气动设计的难点问题,包括多约束复杂面对称气动布局设计、高温真实气体效应对气动特性影响、天地差异与天地换算方法、反作用控制系统(RCS)喷流干扰对气动特性的影响以及气动数据不确定度等,简要阐明了这些难点问题对总体设计的重要性以及初步的解决思路,为有翼高超声速再入飞行器气动设计提供了一些参考。     

Simulation and Analysis of Crashworthiness of Fuel Tank for Helicopters

Crashworthiness requirement of fuel tanks is one of the important requirements in helicopter designs. The relations among the protection frame, textile layer and rubber layer of the fuel tank are introduced. Two appropriate FE models are established, one is for an uncovered helicopter fuel tank without protection frame, and the other is for fuel tank with protection frame. The dynamic responses of the two types of fuel tanks impinging on the ground with velocities of 17.3 m/s are numerically simulated for the purpose of analyzing energy-absorbing capabilities of the textile layer and protection frame. The feasibility of the current crashworthiness design of the fuel tank is examined though comparing the dynamic response behaviors of the two fuel tanks.     

突破技术趋同，波音再现竞争优势

 波音公司面临着来自空客公司的巨大挑战,企业战略性创新才是公司成功的关键。为此波音公司的全部战略性研究集中在扩大产品的差异性上,体现在3个方面：电子化（e-Enabled）运营环境、整体复合材料机身部件的制造技术和支持波音787客机的全球协同环境（GCE）。     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

ν-gap度量及其在飞行控制律评估中的应用

 传统控制律评估方法主要用于单输入单输出（SISO）系统，且对模型参数摄动考虑不够全面,针对这些不足，研究了ν-gap度量方法。在介绍系统广义稳定裕度相关概念的基础上，给出了ν-gap度量的定义、特点和性质以及近似摄动模型的计算，提出ν-gap度量评估控制律的步骤。实例结果表明，该方法不仅克服了上述传统评估方法的缺陷，而且还有根据所求的各摄动影响情况忽略影响小的元素，以减少计算量及可以找到最坏情况下的参数摄动组合等优点。     

临近空间飞行器测控与信息传输系统频段选择

 临近空间飞行器是高性能信息化武器平台,测控（TT&;C）与信息传输系统是其信息保障的核心,而选择合理、可行的频段是展开系统设计的前提和基础。频段选择影响到整个技术方案的制定,是一个需综合考虑、影响深远并具有战略意义的关键问题,从国际电联（ITU）国际标准、高速数传、接收信噪比（SNR）、“三抗”、超视距中继、黑障、雨衰以及设备研制成熟度8个方面全面、细致论证了近空间平台测控系统的频段选择问题,最终得出在视距链路中以Ka频段为宜,在超视距链路中以Ku/Ka双频段为宜的结论。     

基于弯曲激波压缩系统的高超声速进气道反设计研究进展

总结了近十年来弯曲激波压缩研究的主要成果。提出了弯曲激波压缩系统的新概念,即利用特殊设计的楔形弯曲压缩面或空间弯曲压缩面,产生一系列与前缘弱激波相互交汇或叠加的压缩波系,从而使前缘激波弯曲,形成特殊的弯曲激波,它与波后的等熵压缩波来共同完成对气流的压缩。在此基础上,实现了由给定出口气动参数的超声速内流道反设计,实现了由给定压缩面压力分布和给定压缩面马赫数分布要求的型面反设计,实现了由给定激波波面的压缩型面反设计。研究证明,弯曲压缩面-弯曲激波压缩系统具有良好的综合气动性能,为高性能高超声速进气系统的气动设计提供了一种全新的设计方法。     

Integrated Entry Guidance for Reusable Launch Vehicle

A method for the implementation of integrated three-degree-of-freedom constrained entry guidance for reusable launch vehicle is presented. Given any feasible entry conditions, terminal area energy management interface conditions, and the reference trajectory generated onboard then, the method can generate a longitudinal guidance profile rapidly, featuring linear quadratic regular method and a proportional-integral-derivative tracking law with time-varying gains, which satisfies all the entry corridor constraints and meets the requirements with high precision. Afterwards, by utilizing special features of crossrange parameter, establishing bank-reversal corridor, and determining bank-reversals according to dynamically adjusted method, the algorithm enables the lateral entry guidance system to fly a wide range of missions and provides reliable and good performance in the presence of significant aerodynamic modeling uncertainty. Fast trajectory guidance profiles and simulations with a reusable launch vehicle model for various missions and aerodynamic uncertain-ties are presented to demonstrate the capacity and reliability of this method.     

Experimental Study on Effects of Fuel Injection on Scramjet Combustor Performance

In order to investigate the effects of fuel injection distribution on the scramjet combustor performance, there are conducted three sets of test on a hydrocarbon fueled direct-connect scramjet test facility. The results of Test A, whose fuel injection is carried out with injectors located on the top-wall and the bottom-wall, show that the fuel injection with an appropriate close-front and centralized distribution would be of much help to optimize combustor performances. The results of Test B, whose fuel injection is performed at the optimal injection locations found in Test A, with a given equivalence ratio and different injection proportions for each injector, show that this injection mode is of little benefit to improve combustor performances. The results of Test C with a circumferential fuel injection distribution displaies the possibility of ameliorating combustor performance. By analyzing the effects of injection location parameters on combustor performances on the base of the data of Test C, it is clear that the injector location has strong coupled influences on combus- tor performances. In addition, an inner-force synthesis specific impulse is used to reduce the errors caused by the disturbance of fuel supply and working state of air heater while assessing combustor performances.     

(高)超声速流动试验技术及研究进展

近年来,与高速飞行器相关的(高)超声速流动受到了极大的关注。这类流动所具有的非定常性、强梯度和可压缩性对试验方法和风洞设计技术提出了挑战。超声速纳米示踪平面激光散射(NPLS)技术是由作者所在团队研发的非接触光学测试技术。它能够以较高的空间分辨率来揭示超声速三维流场的一个瞬态剖面的时间解析的流动结构。介绍了NPLS技术以及基于NPLS开发的密度场测量、雷诺应力测量和气动光学波前测量等方法,并回顾了这些技术在超声速边界层、超声速混合层、超声速压缩拐角、激波/边界层相互作用和光学头罩绕流等流动中的应用,清晰地再现了边界层、混合层、激波等典型流场结构及其时空演化特性。另外,为了模拟和研究高空大气条件下边界层自然转捩和超声速混合层的转捩特性,介绍了高超声速静风洞、超-超混合层风洞的设计技术以及层流化喷管的设计方法。