Polarization Mismatch Errors in Radio Phase Interferometers

An analysis is presented which deals with the effects of polarization mismatch errors on the accuracy of a phase interferometer used for position location of unknown emitters relative to known calibration emitters. Closed-form expressions for the induced phase difference between interferometer antennas are derived for several combinations of receiving and transmitting antenna polarizations. Errors contributed by mechanical misalignment between antennas, as well as effects of power loss attributable to polarization mismatch, are also considered. The analysis leads to the conclusion that circularly polarized interferometer and transmitter antennas are best suited for the position location application, if it is assumed that polarization tracking of the interferometer antennas is not available. It is shown that a reasonable amount of ellipticity can be tolerated before the phase error becomes significant.     

基于双频激光干涉仪的角速率检测系统精度分析

为了能够精确检测到测试转台在低速运行下的角速率,设计了一种基于双频激光干涉仪的角速率精度检测系统.首先,对本检测系统各项误差进行机理分析.然后,综合各项误差项建立总体相对误差模型.最终,通过仿真分析得到各个误差因子对相对误差项的影响,为保证检测系统相对精度提供理论依据,能够满足对高精度惯性器件测试转台低速段0.0001(°)/s~1(°)/s速率检测要求.     

双视线测量相对导航方法误差分析与编队设计

空间非合作目标的相对导航是在轨维护和近距离监视任务中的关键技术,目前的研究表明仅有视线测量条件下中距离相对导航沿距离方向的观测度较差,而基于双视线测量的相对导航方法可以有效解决该问题。为此,研究了两个追踪航天器所组成的编队,在双视线测量条件下进行自主相对导航的方法。首先,详细地介绍了双视线测量相对导航方案的构成以及具体的导航算法;其次,根据两个追踪航天器与目标航天器的几何构型,推导双视线测量方法中的误差传递规律,并分析其中的影响因素;然后,对两个追踪航天器的编队构型进行设计,并分析编队构型对该方法导航性能的影响;最后,通过数值仿真对上述相关的结论进行验证。     

Radio Interferometry of Random Terrestrial Backgrounds

When relative motion exists between the antenna of a microwave radiometer and a random background, the variance of the radiometer output can, in many cases, be primarily determined by the spatial variance of the background. The result is a decrease in signal-to-noise ratio for small target detection. In this paper an interferometer is examined as a potential means of suppressing this background variance until the limiting variance imposed by the receiver is more nearly realized. A bivariate normal distribution in conjunction with three different correlation functions is assumed for the background apparent temperature field. The elements of the interferometer are assumed to possess a very narrow "pencil" power pattern. With relative motion between antenna and background, the audio power density spectrum at the output of the interferometer is exanmned. The background variance suppression achieved by an interferometer is shown to be a function of element spacing, wavelength, correlation distance for the background, range to the background, and form of the correlation function of the background. The result is that a radiometer may be designed which is receiver-limited rather than background-limited.     

An X-Band Focussed-Beam Interferometer for Plasma Diagnostics

A microwave interferometer which permits the measurement of phase shift in a plasma independent of propagation path attenuation over a 30-dB dynamic range is described. Results are presented from an experimental evaluation of measurement accuracy of the interferometer instrument.     

A relative navigation system for formation flight

A relative navigation system based on both the Inertial Navigation System (INS) and the Global Positioning System (GPS) is developed to support situational awareness during formation flight. The architecture of the system requires an INS/GPS integration across two aircraft via a data link. A fault-tolerant federated filter is used to estimate the relative INS errors based on relative GPS measurements and a range measurement obtained from the data link. The filter is constructed based on a reduced-order model of the relative INS error process. A method for analyzing the filter performance is presented. A case involving two helicopters in formation flight is studied under three different night trajectories to account for the effect of vehicle motion on the INS state transition matrix. The results of the covariance analysis are compared with actual night results over an instrumented test range.     

Refraction Error in Measurement of Angle of Arrival with the Radio Interferometer

The ``extra-path' error in the measurement of angle of arrival with the radio interferometer is analyzed as a function of target coordinates and baseline B for an exponential atmosphere. By treating the error rather than the measurement and by formulating the error in terms of well-known radar refraction parameters, the necessity for numerical integrations characteristic of earlier approaches is avoided. The table of computed errors shows that angle of arrival can be measured to an accuracy of 0.01 mrad for B?500 meters.     

Multipath mitigation method based on Gaussian mixture model in RF relative measurement

Radio Frequency (RF) technology represents a high-precision relative navigation solution that has significant potential for application to earth-orbiting satellites. In precision applications, multipath errors dominate the total error because observables, which are used to estimate carrier-phase integer ambiguity, are not always subject to a Gaussian distribution when dual-frequency ambiguity estimation methods are used in the presence of multipath. As it has been shown that ranging observables obey a Gaussian mixture distribution, this study proposes improvements to the accuracy of estimation based on multipath mitigation founded on the Gaussian mixture model. To this end, such a model is created for integer ambiguity resolution in the presence of multipath, using which the theoretical error in dual-frequency ambiguity estimation is derived. Expectation Maximization (EM), which aids dual-frequency ambiguity estimation, is subsequently proposed to reduce the effect of multipath errors. Finally, two experimental scenarios are implemented to test the performance of the proposed method. The results show that EM-aided dual-frequency ambiguity estimation reduces the range error to approximately 20% in comparison with simple dual-frequency ambiguity estimation. Therefore the proposed technique is effective for multipath mitigation in RF relative measurement.     

光干涉技术在纳米精度测量中的应用及发展

分析了几种应用于纳米精度测量的光干涉技术工作原理、应用限制及研究现状,包括X射线干涉仪、干涉仪及激光外差干涉技术。     

调频连续波激光雷达目标相对距离及径向速度信息提取方法

利用线性调频连续波（LFM/CW）激光雷达进行测量时,相对运动引起的多普勒效应和信息输出延迟都会造成测量结果偏差。分析了多普勒效应和信息输出延迟对测量的影响,提出了基于偏差抵消原理的相对距离及径向速度信息提取方法,根据测量任务需求对该方法和基于二维傅里叶变换的信息提取方法进行了仿真比较。结果表明：基于偏差抵消的信息提取方法不仅可以在相对径向速度未知的情况下准确提取目标相对距离信息,更可在每个调频周期结束后给出测距结果从而提高测距实时性;相比基于二维傅里叶变换的信息提取方法,当相对径向速度小于750 m/s时,基于偏差抵消的信息提取方法可使得测速偏差减小一个数量级。     

ANALYSIS OF LOCATION ACCURACY FOR AN EMITTER USING SATELLITE- MOUNTED INTERFEROMETER

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A Tracking Filter in Spherical Coordinates Enhanced by De-noising of Converted Doppler Measurements

Tracking problem in spherical coordinates with range rate (Doppler) measurements, which would have errors correlated to the range measurement errors, is investigated in this paper. The converted Doppler measurements, constructed by the product of the Doppler measurements and range measurements, are used to replace the original Doppler measurements. A de-noising method based on an unbiased Kalman filter (KF) is proposed to reduce the converted Doppler measurement errors before updating the target states for the constant velocity (CV) model. The states from the de-noising filter are then combined with the Cartesian states from the converted measurement Kalman filter (CMKF) to produce final state estimates. The nonlinearity of the de-noising filter states are handled by expanding them around the Cartesian states from the CMKF in a Taylor series up to the second order term. In the mean time, the correlation between the two filters caused by the common range measurements is handled by a minimum mean squared error (MMSE) estimation-based method. These result in a new tracking filter, CMDN-EKF2. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that the proposed tracking filter can provide efficient and robust performance with a modest computational cost.     

冷原子干涉仪发展现状与应用分析

基于冷原子干涉仪的量子传感器具有极高的理论精度,在自然科学的各个领域特别是重力测量和惯性传感领域有着广泛的应用。首先介绍了原子干涉仪的基本原理,在此基础上给出了基于双光子受激Raman跃迁的脉冲式Mach-Zehnder原子干涉仪的干涉相位,描述了原子干涉仪在重力仪和陀螺上的应用及其发展历程,着重分析了当前发展最成熟的原子重力仪的发展历程和趋势,指出了原子干涉仪应用的发展方向。     

用差分法处理相关性测量数据方法探讨

当测量参数（或称测量元素）具有强相关性时,运用测量求差法解算测量结果,能消除相关性误差因素的影响,获得高精度测量结果,如电影望远镜同帧画幅测量脱靶量.基于此,运用测量方法和数学手段构建一个虚拟的元素相关测量系统,以消除相关性误差因素的影响,同样能获得理想结果.用多台测速雷达组成的系统,可使火炮弹丸空间坐标的测量精度达到毫米量级,从而满足多种火炮立靶密集度的测量精度要求.     

Sequential nonlinear tracking using UKF and raw range-rate measurements

The three-dimensional (3D) converted measurements filtering (CMF) with both converted position and raw range-rate measurement is proposed to solve the Doppler radar target tracking, where the error between radar-target range and range rate are correlated. Firstly, not using pseudomeasurement constructed by product of range and range rate to reduce the high nonlinearity, the raw range-rate measurements are utilized by unscented Kalman filter (UKF), where the converted errors of the position and the range rate are decorrelated, then linear part (position measurements) and nonlinear part (range-rate measurement) are sequentially processed by Kalman filter (KF) and UKF. Secondly, based on the assumption of small measurement error, the mean and covariance of converted measurement errors are derived by second-order Taylor series expansion. Finally, the influence of the correlated coefficient rho between the range and range rate, and the range-rate noise deviation sigma_r are taken into account and extreme values of rho and sigma_r are used in Monte Carlo simulations. The results show that the proposed method is, in a sense, effective and practical     

Ambiguity Resolution in Interferometry

A comprehensive theory of interferometry from a system viewpoint with particular emphasis on the ambiguity resolution problem is developed. The derived error equations include contributions from all system uncertainties, i.e., phase measurement, frequency, and element phase center position errors in three dimensions. The direction-of-arrival errors are inversely proportional to the interferometer baseline and it is customary to make the baseline large enough to meet the accuracy requirements. A system with a baseline greater than a half-wavelength results in the well known direction-of-arrival ambiguity problem with the addition of a third element to each baseline being a common method for resolving the ambiguity. It is shown that contrary to previous thinking there are many equally optimal positions for adding the third element to resolve the ambiguity. In addition, it is shown how the measurement made to resolve the ambiguity can also be applied to increase the accuracy of the angle-of-arrival measurement. A central result is the derivation of expressions specifying the probability of correct resolution of ambiguities as a function of system parameters and system errors. Moreover the concept of an acceptance criterion designed to reduce processing of erroneous measurements is developed. Narrowing the criterion reduces the percentage of data accepted for processing, but increases the probability of correct ambiguity resolution. This is analogous to the relationship between the probability of detection and the probability of false alarm in radar theory.     

Radio interferometer for geosynchronous-satellite direction finding

A radio interferometer capable of azimuth-elevation direction finding for geosynchronous satellites has been developed. The interferometer has two small-diameter antennas and four movable planar mirrors. The movable mirrors reflect the microwaves from the satellite and guide them to the fixed receiving antennas. Two of the movable mirrors are mounted on a rotary arm, so that the baseline of the interferometer can rotate in the horizontal plane. This configuration enables the interferometer to eliminate phase-ambiguity problems and cable-phase errors, resulting in a direction finding accuracy of better than 0.01 deg in the Ku band.     

应用信标模式测速的实现方法及论证

根据未来固体火箭型号试验越来越多,首区无线电设备受火箭尾焰干扰的情况以及测控体制的发展要求,探讨了利用信标模式[1]进行高精度测量时所面临的工程问题,包括信标模式下测量值的误差项分析,减小测量误差的方法等内容。     

相位偏移干涉测量中移相误差补偿技术研究

 在相位偏移干涉测量技术中,一阶线性和二阶非线性移相误差是产生相位检测误差的主要因素。在研究移相误差对相位偏移干涉法测量精度影响的基础上,提出五步移相算法一阶线性和二阶非线性移相误差补偿技术。该方法从相位偏移干涉图中拟和出移相过程中存在的移相误差,对五幅算法结果进行误差修正。试验证明移相器存在 10%一阶线性误差和 1 %二阶非线性误差时,五幅算法相位检测误差为 0.12弧度;采用该补偿方法可以将相位测量精度减少到 0.02弧度,相当于采用氦氖激光器的倍程干涉仪中位移测量精度从 6.0 nm提高到 1 nm。     

Maximum Theoretical Angular Accuracy of Planar and Linear Arrays of Sensors

A study has been made of the maximum theoretical accuracy in the angular location of a radiating object that is achievable by using a planar or linear array. The elements are assumed to have identical radiation patterns and the complex voltages observed at their ports are assumed to be subject to phase measurement errors, having normal probability density. An optimum scheme for the statistical extraction of the parameters defining the direction is established. It consists of combining the observed phases linearly with weights depending upon the element locations. It is shown that the presence of thermal noise, for sufficiently high signal-to-noise ratio, does not change the structure of the estimator. Comparison with conventional multiple interferometric techniques indicates the superiority of the proposed scheme. Finally, a limited numerical study on a small linear array vertically located on a reflecting terrain is performed. Although in such a situation the scheme proposed is not the theoretical optimum, it leads to errors that, for most directions of the target, are smaller than those found for the same array when using conventional multiple interferometer techniques.