Investigation of gas dynamics numerical schemes based on the solution of one-dimensional test problems

The application of the optimized dispersion relation preserving scheme (DRP-scheme) in combination with the explicit optimized two-layer Runge-Kutta scheme is presented to solve a system of one-dimensional and quasi-one-dimensional Euler equations using as an example the solution of four test problems, namely, discontinuity disintegration in a tube (Sod’s problem); transfer of the lowamplitude Gaussian pulse; acoustic wave propagation through the transonic nozzle; acoustic wave-shock interaction. Also given are the comparison of the calculation results using different schemes: DRP, CABARET, CE-SE and the standard Lax-Wendroff schemes as well as the solutions obtained with the use of software packages.     

在电离层飞行的航天器近尾迹内电子数密度渐近解

本文讨论了航天器近尾迹流场电子数密度分布,给出无碰撞假设下等离子体绕带电圆盘流动的近尾迹流场渐近解。用匹配渐近展开法求解实际可能现出的三种情形的电子数密度分布。所得的摄动解对近尾迹流动的理论和数值研究有指导意义。     

Spacecraft charging effects

Space Science Reviews - This paper gives an overview of electrostatic charging which occurs on spacecraft in different plasma environments. Particular emphasis is given to differential charging...     

高精度有限差分格式的色散优化及耗散控制

本文综述了我们在高精度有限差分格式的色散优化和耗散控制方面的研究进展。首先,我们提出了半离散有限差分格式色散和耗散相互独立的充分条件,实现了差分格式色散和耗散特性的独立调节。在此基础上,提出了色散最小、耗散可控的高精度差分格式,称为MDCD格式。MDCD格式已经得到了广泛应用,取得了很好的计算效果,但其主要缺点是耗散的调节依赖于经验。为了解决这一问题,我们进一步提出耗散的自适应调节方法。具有自适应耗散特性的高精度有限差分格式的基本特征是,差分格式的耗散能够随解的局部尺度自适应调节。为了构造这类格式,我们提出了一种新型的尺度识别器,它能够以等效无量纲波数的形式来定量衡量数值解的局部长度尺度。在此基础上,设计差分格式耗散参数与尺度识别器得到的等效无量纲波数之间的关系,从而构造了一类色散最小、耗散自适应的差分格式,称为MDAD格式。为了计算含有间断的问题,同时保持在光滑区的良好耗散特性,我们利用尺度识别器对一种经典的激波探测器进行改进,提出了一种新的激波探测器,并将自适应耗散格式与对应的WENO格式相混合,得到自适应耗散混合格式。近似色散关系显示该混合格式兼具高分辨率和鲁棒性。多个含间断流场的标准算例测试结果显示,自适应耗散混合格式具有良好的分辨率和激波捕捉能力。     

一维ADI-FDTD方法的数值色散分析

给出了交替变向隐式时域有限差分法(ADI-FDTD)的一维差分格式，利用增长矩阵推导了数值色散关系式。将其与过去研究中给出的色散关系式进行了比较。利用牛顿迭代法对其进行了全面的分析，发现了时间步长的选取与网格、色散误差的大小有一定的联系。     

锥形液膜空间稳定性分析

对离心喷嘴喷出的锥形液膜做了空间不稳定性分析,导出了锥形液膜的色散方程,并对色散方程进行了数值求解和分析研究。研究结果表明,在液膜表面存在着对称扰动波和反对称扰动波。对于对称扰动波,液膜半锥角的增大使得液膜的不稳定范围和波增长率缩小,并且将扰动波的主波向长波的方向移动。而反对称扰动波既有类似于对称扰动波的变化规律,又有其自身的特点。仅考虑液膜曲率半径的变化时,半锥角的增大使得波增长率的减小趋缓。而同时考虑曲率半径和液膜形状的变化时,液膜的波增长率出现了两个局部峰值。这两个峰值分别对应长短不同的两个波长,并且短波的稳定范围和增长率均远小于长波。这说明锥形液膜的破碎受到两种长短不同的扰动波的共同影响,且在短波的影响下液膜更易破碎。      

命中精度Bayes推断中基于P值的验前可信度建模

在对散布参数验前可信度的定义与必要性进行分析的基础上,给出了给定散布参数（方差）的P值计算模型,构建了一维散布分析时验前分布可信度的P值模型,给出了验前P值与验前可信度的定义,并对其变动情况进行了阐述,给出了验前分布的拒绝条件.对二维散布分析条件下的验前可信度分析,分别构建了验前P值的独立求解模型和集成求解模型.并从0.05,0.2,0.4区分的数据区间,给出了验前分布选择的原则和要求.基于案例比较可见,验前可信度能较为显著地完成验前分布的差异化比较,相对现有的仅对验前可信度的定性说明,基于P值的验前可信度建模与计算,不仅能完成验前可信度的量化计算,而且能从概率的角度对验前分布选择的正确性进行假设检验.      

Effects of Superthermal Particles on Waves in Magnetized Space Plasmas

Distributions with excess numbers of superthermal particles are common in space environments. They are well modelled by the isotropic kappa distribution, or, where magnetic effects are important, the kappa-Maxwellian. This paper presents a review of some studies of electrostatic and electromagnetic waves in such plasmas, based on the associated generalized plasma dispersion functions, Z _κ and Z _κM. In particular, the effects of low values of κ are considered, i.e. strongly accelerated distribution functions. Recently the full susceptibility tensor for oblique propagation of electromagnetic waves in a kappa-Maxwellian magnetoplasma has been established and has been applied to the study of whistler waves.     

Magnetosphere dynamics with artificial plasma clouds

Addition of cold plasma to the magnetosphere outside the plasmasphere can enhance both ion and electron electromagnetic cyclotron (EMC) instabilities. To turn on the ion EMC mode, one needs a cold plasma ion which is not too heavy; in many respects, lithium is ideal. Calculations have been made of total ion-EMC amplification on a single pass through a lithium cloud; these show that as much as 40–80 dB gain can be achieved on a synchronous-orbit field line. The most important effects of adding lithium are to reduce the minimum anisotropy requirement considerably, and to broaden the unstable domain in k-space. The dynamics of the cold lithium cloud have been studied in detail; on a time scale of a few hours, the cloud behaves as an incompressible fluid in the presence of electric convection fields, and should not become so seriously distorted that the total amplification given above is substantially degraded. Some remarks are made about the effects of added cold plasma on the Post-Rosenbluth electrostatic mode; for the most part, growth rates are reduced with addition of cold plasma.     

Plasma kinetics in the solar wind

An account is given of the observations and theoretical ideas concerning the role of kinetic processes in the solar wind. This includes, first of all, the measurements on distribution functions of plasma electrons and protons, the relation of the observed non-thermal electron features with the concept of an exospheric expansion of the solar corona, and the connection of non-thermal proton distributions with bulk flow inhomogeneities of the wind. A discussion is given of the present understanding of the connection between observed features of the particle distributions and anomalous values of some plasma transport coefficients, which in turn determine the actual values of macroscopic plasma parameters.A further topic of the review is that of possible kinetic processes occurring within small scale structures in the solar wind, like collisionless shocks, various types of discontinuities and D-sheets.     

Plasma transport across the heliopause

Existing heliopause models are critically rediscussed under the new aspect of possible plasma mixing between the solar wind and the ambient ionized component of the local interstellar medium (LISM). Based on current kinetic plasma theories, effective diffusion rates across the heliopause are evaluated for several models with turbulence caused by electrostatic or electromagnetic interactions that could be envisaged in this context. Some specific cases that may lead to high diffusion rates are investigated, especially in regard to their LISM magnetic field dependence.For weak fields (less than 10^–7 G), macroscopic hydrodynamic instabilities, such as of Rayleigh-Taylor or Kelvin-Helmholtz-types, can be excited. The resulting plasma mixing rates at the heliopause may amount to 20–30% of the impinging mass flow.Recently, an unconventional new approach to the problem for the case of tangential magnetic fields at the heliopause was published in which a continuous change of the plasma properties within an extended boundary layer is described by a complete set of two-fluid plasma equations including a hybrid MHD-formulation of wave-particle interaction effects. If a neutral sheet is assumed to exist within the boundary layer, the magnetic field direction is proven to be constant for a plane-parallel geometry. Considering the electric fields and currents in the layer, an interesting relationship between the field-reconnection probability and the electric conductivity can be derived, permitting a quantitative determination of either of these quantities.An actual value for the electrical conductivity is derived here on the basis of electron distribution functions given by a superposition of Maxwellians with different temperatures. Using two-stream instability theory and retaining only the most unstable modes, an exact solution for the density, velocity, and magnetic and electric fields can be obtained. The electrical conductivity is then shown to be six orders of magnitude lower than calculated by conventional formulas. Interestingly, this leads to an acceptable value of 0.1 for the reconnection coefficient.By analogy with the case of planetary magnetopauses, it is shown here for LISM magnetic fields of the order of 10^–6 G or larger that field reconnection processes may also play an important role for the plasma mixing at the heliopause. The resulting plasma mixing rate is estimated to amount to an average value of 10% of the incident mass flow. It is suggested here that the dependence of the cosmic-ray penetration into the heliosphere on the distribution of reconnecting areas at the heliopause may provide a means of deriving the strength and orientation of the LISM field.A series of observational implications for the expected plasma mixing at the heliopause is discussed in the last part of the paper. In particular, consequences are discussed for the generation of radio noise at the heliopause, for the penetration of LISM neutrals into the heliosphere, for the propagation of cosmic rays towards the inner part of the solar system and for convective electric field mergings into the heliosphere during the course of the solar cycle, depending on the solar cycle variations. With concern to a recent detection of electrostatic plasma waves by plasma receivers on Voyagers 1 and 2, we come to an interesting alternate explanation: the heliopause, rather than the heliospheric shock front, could be responsible for the generation of these waves.     

二维US-FDTD方法的数值稳定和色散分析

研究了二维US-FDTD方法的数值稳定性和数值色散特性。通过对增长因子的计算，证明了US-FDTD方法的无条件稳定性。利用增长因子的相位，推导出了US．FDTD方法的数值色散关系式。分析了US-FDTD方法的数值色散误差。数值分析表明，与ADI-FDTD方法一样，数值色散误差仍然是决定US-FDTD时间步长选取的关键因素。同时发现，数值色散受时间步长及网格大小的影响。     

Observations of inverted-V electron precipitation

The characteristics of inverted-V electron precipitation fluxes deduced predominantly from observations by the Atmosphere Explorer satellites are reviewed. The energy and pitch angle distributions are presented and shown to be generally in agreement with acceleration by a parallel electrostatic potential. Characteristics of secondary electrons are examined, and effects of beam plasma instabilities on these electrons are discussed. The properties of the monoenergetic component are compared with theoretical models of creating parallel DC electric fields, and found to favor the anomalous resistivity model. The article also discusses relations of inverted-V events with other auroral phenomena including auroras, electrostatic shocks, convective electric field reversals, field-aligned currents and wave emissions. The principal conclusions are: (1) plasma sheet electrons are continuously accelerated to form inverted-V structures in the pre-midnight hemisphere independent of substorm phase, (2) the acceleration processes are probably related to large scale electrostatic wave turbulence observed at altitudes of a few thousand kilometers, (3) narrow bursts of intense electron precipitation fluxes are found to be imbedded within some inverted-V's. It is argued that the narrow bursts of intense electron precipitation have the proper characteristics to cause discrete auroral arcs in the atmosphere. We suggest that these narrow bursts are accelerated by an electrostatic shock at higher altitude and capable of producing discrete auroral arcs below the observing satellite.     

涡轴发动机尾气静电监测信号影响因素分析

 针对某型航空涡轴发动机试车台实验所获得的尾气静电监测信号,结合发动机台架试车状态和性能数据,分别在两个时间尺度上展开分析研究。研究发现发动机的工作状态和健康状态均对尾气静电信号产生重要影响。在小时间尺度上的分析发现,无故障情况下影响尾气静电信号变化的主要因素为燃油供给量,尾气静电信号能量随燃油供给量的增加近似按指数规律上升;而在大时间尺度上的分析发现,在一定的燃油供给和恒定的自由涡轮转速条件下,尾气静电信号能量随着发动机性能的缓慢衰退而逐渐上升。实测尾气静电信号所反映的趋势与初步的理论分析结果相一致,为建立涡轴发动机尾气静电信号的健康"基线",进而用于气路状态监测及故障识别提供了初步的依据。研究还发现,静电监测技术不仅能够为突发性故障提供预警信息,而且能够反映发动机整机性能衰退,进一步拓展了静电传感器的监测能力及其在航空发动机健康管理中的应用。     

Wave-particle diagnostics for plasma simulation

One important type of problem for particle simulation of plasmas, is one which is bounded and has external sources and sinks. For example, there are problems with antennas for studying RF heating or current drive in fusion plasmas, or problems in space simulation where particles are injected at one boundary with some specified energy or momentum distribution. In understanding such simulation results, it is useful to know how energy and momentum are flowing inside the plasma. This can be accomplished in electrostatic particle simulations on the basis of some theorems for energy and momentum flow. An important application of these theorems occurs when many waves are involved in producing some effect, e.g., generating a current by RF. One can then extract the contribution of each wave to the effect to identify which are most important. Examples of such wave-particle diagnostics will be given.     

基于压缩感知的金属加筋板兰姆波健康监测技术

针对大型复杂板结构安全评价需要，发展了一种基于压缩感知的金属加筋板结构兰姆波健康监测技术。利用压缩感知技术从稀疏阵列得到的少量检测数据中恢复出加筋板结构中兰姆波的频散特性，并提出了一种将余弦相似度和皮尔森相似度相结合的稀疏阵列兰姆波复合成像方法，以实现加筋板结构中大范围缺陷检测和成像。实验结果表明，压缩感知技术可以恢复出金属加筋板中兰姆波的频率-波数关系，提出的兰姆波复合成像方法能够实现金属加筋板中单缺陷和多缺陷的检测及定位。研究工作为复杂板结构损伤检测提供了一种可行的技术方案。     

Solar Radio Bursts with Drifting Stripes in Emission and Absorption

This review covers fairly comprehensively experimental and theoretical research on the fine structure of types zebra pattern (ZP) and fiber bursts (FB) in solar type II + IV radio bursts. The basic attention is given to the latest experimental data. A comparative analysis of several recent solar type IV radio outbursts with these fine structure in dynamical radio spectra is carried out using available ground-based and satellite data (Yohkoh, SOHO, TRACE, RHESSI). New data on microwave zebra structures and fiber bursts testifies that they are analogous to similar structures observed at meter wavelengths. The discovery of the superfine structure, in the form of millisecond spikes is the most significant new effect in the cm range. All basic theoretical models of the zebra pattern and fiber bursts are discussed critically. Two main models are studied for their interpretation: (i) interactions between electrostatic plasma waves and whistlers, (ii) radio emission at double plasma resonance (DPR). The relative significance of several possible mechanisms remains uncertain.     

高压静电场中油液射流特性的实验研究

依据静电学和液体荷电的基本原理,分析了高压静电场中荷电油液在射流区、过渡区和雾化区的特性,提出射流长度,雾化角和液滴粒径分布是描述液体荷电射流特性的主要指标。通过自行设计和组装实验装置,分别探讨了不同电压下油液的射流长度和雾化角随电压的变化关系以及液滴粒径在电场中的分布规律。研究表明：射流长度随着电压的增大,总趋势是减小的,但在不同区域,电压对射流长度的影响不同;雾化角随电压增大到一定程度后,逐渐减小,最后趋于稳定;液滴的粒径随着电压的升高不断减小,当电压在65kV左右时,粒径较小且分布最为均匀。     

高超声速飞行器滑行段最优弹道的间接算法

针对高超声速飞行器滑行段非线性程度高的特点,提出了逐步细分的参数法优化策略,采用序列二次规划(SQP)算法得到了问题的次优解.在此基础上,构建了原系统的等价系统,并给出了两个系统协态变量之间的关系,提出了沿次优弹道的分段打靶法,求解等价系统的两点边值问题(TPBVP) 后,经转化得到了原问题的最优解.优化结果表明,采用逐步细分的优化策略能克服优化算法对初值敏感的缺点,快速稳定地收敛到问题的解,沿次优弹道的分段打靶法更能适应非线性程度高的系统.     

基于试验与蒙特卡洛法的子母弹子弹落点计算模型

针对目前子母弹子弹落点散布计算模型存在不足,影响子母弹毁伤效能评估准确性的问题,提出一种基于试验数据的子弹落点散布计算模型。对子母弹靶场试验数据进行分析处理,根据相邻子弹间距、不同环带中子弹数量的规律,建立了子弹落点散布模型;结合母弹散布,建立了子母弹子弹落点散布计算模型。该模型在给定子母弹散布参数后,可以快速生成群射子母弹子弹群的地面散布,且与实际情况基本相符,为子母弹毁伤效能评估奠定了基础。